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Feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions against infectious diseases among crisis-affected populations: a scoping review

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2022年第1期11卷 8-26页

作者： jonathan A.Polonsky Sangeeta Bhatia Keith Fraser Arran Hamlet janetta Skarp Isaac j.Stopard Stéphane Hugonnet Laurent Kaiser Christian Lengeler Karl Blanchet paul Spiegel World Health Organization GenevaSwitzerland Institute of Global Health Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis Department of Infectious Disease EpidemiologyImperial College LondonLondonUK Abdul Latif jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics Imperial College LondonLondonUK Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute BaselSwitzerland University of Basel BaselSwitzerland Geneva Centre of Humanitarian Studies University of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland Center for Humanitarian Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreUSA

Background:Non-pharmaceutical interventions(NPIs)are a crucial suite of measures to prevent and control infectious disease *** being particularly important for crisis-affected populations and those living in informal settlements,who typically reside in overcrowded and resource limited settings with inadequate access to healthcare,guidance on NPI implementation rarely takes the specific needs of such populations into *** therefore conducted a systematic scoping review of the published evidence to describe the landscape of research and identify evidence gaps concerning the acceptability,feasibility,and effectiveness of NPIs among crisis-affected populations and informal ***:We systematically reviewed peer-reviewed articles published between 1970 and 2020 to collate available evidence on the feasibility,acceptability,and effectiveness of NPIs in crisis-affected populations and informal *** performed quality assessments of each study using a standardised *** analysed the data to produce descriptive summaries according to a number of categories:date of publication;geographical region of intervention;typology of crisis,shelter,modes of transmission,NPI,research design;study design;and study ***:Our review included 158 studies published in 85 peer-reviewed *** research used low quality study *** acceptability,feasibility,and effectiveness of NPIs was highly context *** general,simple and cost-effective interventions such as community-level environmental cleaning and provision of water,sanitation and hygiene services,and distribution of items for personal protection such as insecticide-treated nets,were both highly feasible and ***,financial,and human resource constraints affected both the implementation and sustainability of *** engagement emerged as a strong factor contributing to the effectiveness of ***,measures that involve po

关键词： Disease outbreaks Communicable disease control Prevention & control Vulnerable populations Warfare and armed conflicts Disasters Relief work Poverty areas

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Uncovering the genetic diversity of Giardia intestinalis in isolates from outbreaks in New Zealand

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2022年第3期11卷 27-36页

作者： paul Ogbuigwe Patrick j.Biggs juan Carlos Garcia-Ramirez Matthew A.Knox Anthony Pita Niluka Velathanthiri Nigel P.French David T.S.Hayman School of Veterinary Science Massey UniversityPalmerston NorthManawatu-WanganuiNew Zealand School of Natural Sciences Massey UniversityPalmerston NorthManawatu-WanganuiNew Zealand

Background:Giardia intestinalis is one of the most common causes of diarrhoea worldwide. Molecular techniques have greatly improved our understanding of the taxonomy and epidemiology of this parasite. Co-infection with mixed (sub-) assemblages has been reported, however, Sanger sequencing is sometimes unable to identify shared subtypes between samples involved in the same epidemiologically linked event, due to samples showing multiple dominant subtypes within the same outbreak. Here, we aimed to use a metabarcoding approach to uncover the genetic diversity within samples from sporadic and outbreak cases of giardiasis to characterise the subtype diversity, and determine if there are common sequences shared by epidemiologically linked cases that are missed by Sanger ***:We built a database with 1109 unique glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) locus sequences covering most of the assemblages of G. intestinalis and used gdh metabarcoding to analyse 16 samples from sporadic and outbreak cases of giardiasis that occurred in New Zealand between 2010 and ***:There is considerable diversity of subtypes of G. intestinalis present in each sample. The utilisation of metabarcoding enabled the identification of shared subtypes between samples from the same outbreak. Multiple variants were identified in 13 of 16 samples, with Assemblage B variants most common, and Assemblages E and A present in mixed ***:This study showed that G. intestinalis infections in humans are frequently mixed, with multiple subtypes present in each host. Shared sequences among epidemiologically linked cases not identified through Sanger sequencing were detected. Considering the variation in symptoms observed in cases of giardiasis, and the potential link between symptoms and (sub-) assemblages, the frequency of mixed infections could have implications for our understanding of host–pathogen interactions.

关键词： DNA sequencing Epidemiology Genetic diversity Giardiasis Metabarcoding

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Species Concepts as Applied to the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Systematics:How Many Species Are There?

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journal of Integrative Agriculture 2012年第2期11卷 176-186页

作者： LIU Shu-sheng john Colvin paul j De Barro Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology Ministry of Agriculture~Institute of lnsect Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P.R. China Natural Resources Institute University of Greenwich Kent ME4 4TB United Kingdom CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences Brisbane QLD 4001 Australia

The worldwide distribution and extensive genetic diversity of the whitefly,Bemisia tabaci,has long been ***,the levels of separation within *** and the nomenclature of the various genetic groups have been a subject of *** phylogenetic analyses indicate that *** is a complex composed of 28 morphologically indistinguishable *** this article,we first review the debate and difficulties associated with ***＇s taxonomy and systematics,and argue for the need to apply the biological species concept in order to elucidate ***＇s *** summarize the accumulated genetic and behavioural data on reproductive incompatibilities evident amongst phylogenetic mtCOI groups of *** studies have been conducted with 14 of the 28 putative species covering 54 reciprocal inter-species pairs,and observations on mating behaviour have been conducted for seven species *** from both crossing trials and behavioural observations indicate a consistent pattern of reproductive isolation among the putative *** then discuss the technical and conceptual complexities associated with crossing experiments and behavioural observations designed to reveal reproductive ***,we elaborate on a strategy for further clarifying the pattern of reproductive isolation between *** groups and propose future research directions on the systematics of this complex.

关键词： whitefly systematics biological species cryptic species phylogenetic species reproductive isolation mating behavior taxonomy

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Selenoprotein expression is regulated at multiple levels in prostate cells

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Cell Research 2006年第12期16卷 940-948页

作者： Cheryl M Rebsch Frank j Penna Ⅲ paul R Copeland Department of Molecular Genetics Microbiology and immunology Department of Molecular Genetics Microbiology and immunologyThe Cancer Institute of New JerseyUMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School675 Hoes LanePiscatawayNJ 08854USA

Selenium supplementation in a population with low basal blood selenium levels has been reported to decrease theincidence of several cancers including prostate *** on the clinical findings,it is likely that the antioxidantfunction of one or more selenoproteins is responsible for the chemopreventive effect,although low molecular weightseleno-compounds have also been posited to selectively induce apoptosis in transformed *** address the effects ofselenium supplementation on selenoprotein expression in prostate cells,we have undertaken an analysis of antioxidantselenoprotein expression as well as selenium toxicity in non-tumorigenic prostate epithelial cells(RWPE-1)and prostatecancer cells(LNCaP and PC-3).Our results show that two of the glutathione peroxidase family members(GPX1 andGPX4)are highly induced by supplemental selenium in prostate cancer cells but only slightly induced in RWPE-1 *** addition,GPX1 levels are dramatically lower in PC-3 cells as compared to RWPE-1 or LNCaP ***2 proteinand mRNA,however,are only detectable in RWPE-1 *** the three selenium compounds tested(sodium selenite,sodium selenate and selenomethionine),only sodium selenite shows toxicity in a physiological range of *** and in contrast to previous studies,RWPE-1 cells were significantly more sensitive to selenitethan either of the prostate cancer cell *** results demonstrate that selenoproteins and selenium metabolism areregulated at multiple levels in prostate cells.

关键词： prostate selenium selenoproteins glutathione peroxidase selenocysteine

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Management of extracranial carotid artery stenosis during endovascular treatment for acute ischaemic stroke:results from the MR CLEAN Registry

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Stroke & Vascular Neurology 2023年第3期8卷 229-237,I0074-I0085页

作者： Sabine L Collette Michael P Rodgers Marianne A A van Walderveen Kars C j Compagne paul j Nederkoorn jeannette Hofmeijer jasper M Martens Gert j de Borst Gert jan R Luijckx Charles B L M Majoie Aad van der Lugt Reinoud P H Bokkers Maarten Uyttenboogaart University Medical Centre Groningen University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands Leiden University Medical Centre LeidenThe Netherlands Erasmus MC University Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands Amsterdam University Medical Centres University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands Rijnstate Hospital ArnhemThe Netherlands University Medical Centre Utrecht University of UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands

Background The optimal management of ipsilateral extracranial internal carotid artery(ICA)stenosis during endovascular treatment(EVT)is *** compared the outcomes of two different strategies:EVT with vs without carotid artery stenting(CAS).Methods In this observational study,we included patients who had an acute ischaemic stroke undergoing EVT and a concomitant ipsilateral extracranial ICA stenosis of≥50%or occlusion of presumed atherosclerotic origin,from the Dutch Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke in the Netherlands(MR CLEAN)Registry(2014-2017).The primary endpoint was a good functional outcome at 90 days,defined as a modified Rankin Scale score≤*** endpoints were successful intracranial reperfusion,new clot in a different vascular territory,symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage,recurrent ischaemic stroke and any serious adverse *** Of the 433 included patients,169(39%)underwent EVT with *** 123/168(73%)patients,CAS was performed before intracranial *** 42/224(19%)patients who underwent EVT without CAS,a deferred carotid endarterectomy or CAS was *** with and without CAS were associated with similar proportions of good functional outcome(47%vs 42%,respectively;adjusted OR(aOR),0.90;95%CI,0.50 to 1.62).There were no major differences between the groups in any of the secondary endpoints,except for the increased odds of a new clot in a different vascular territory in the EVT with CAS group(aOR,2.96;95%CI,1.07 to 8.21).Conclusions Functional outcomes were comparable after EVT with and without *** during EVT might be a feasible option to treat the extracranial ICA stenosis but randomised studies are warranted to prove non-inferiority or superiority.

关键词： stenosis carotid treatment

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Why ecosystem characteristics predicted from remotely sensed data are unbiased and biased at the same time-and how this affects applications

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Forest Ecosystems 2024年第1期11卷 24-31页

作者： Goran Ståhl Terje Gobakken Svetlana Saarela Henrik j.Persson Magnus Ekstrom Sean P.Healey Zhiqiang Yang johan Holmgren Eva Lindberg Kenneth Nystrom Emanuele Papucci Patrik Ulvdal Hans OleØrka Erik Næsset Zhengyang Hou Håkan Olsson Ronald E.McRoberts Department of Forest Resource Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research StationOgdenUTUSA The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing100083China Department of Forest Resources University of MinnesotaSt.PaulMNUSA

Remotely sensed data are frequently used for predicting and mapping ecosystem characteristics,and spatially explicit wall-to-wall information is sometimes proposed as the best possible source of information for ***,wall-to-wall information typically relies on model-based prediction,and several features of model-based prediction should be understood before extensively relying on this type of *** such feature is that model-based predictors can be considered both unbiased and biased at the same time,which has important implications in several areas of *** this discussion paper,we first describe the conventional model-unbiasedness paradigm that underpins most prediction techniques using remotely sensed(or other)auxiliary *** this point of view,model-based predictors are typically ***,we show that for specific domains,identified based on their true values,the same model-based predictors can be considered biased,and sometimes severely *** suggest distinguishing between conventional model-bias,defined in the statistical literature as the difference between the expected value of a predictor and the expected value of the quantity being predicted,and design-bias of model-based estimators,defined as the difference between the expected value of a model-based estimator and the true value of the quantity being *** show that model-based estimators(or predictors)are typically design-biased,and that there is a trend in the design-bias from overestimating small true values to underestimating large true ***,we give examples of applications where this is important to acknowledge and to potentially make adjustments to correct for the design-bias *** argue that relying entirely on conventional model-unbiasedness may lead to mistakes in several areas of application that use predictions from remotely sensed data.

关键词： Bias Model-based inference Design-based inference

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Globalization and Chinese Education in the Early 20th Century

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Frontiers of Education in China 2013年第3期8卷 398-419页

作者： paul j.BAILEY Department of History University of DurhamDurham DH13EXUK

With China’s growing significance in the global economy ever more evident,studies in recent years have highlighted multiple aspects of China’s“Globalization”(or global connections)that predate the contemporary *** article focuses on educational reform in the late Qing and early Republic as a way of illuminating a significant aspect of China’s Globalization during this *** particular,the article highlights the role of an emerging Chinese educational“lobby”that was involved in administration,teaching,and textbook compilation;furthermore,this lobby pioneered the introduction of new ideas,concepts,and innovative practice from abroad in the specialized journals on education-the first of their kind in China-which they edited and contributed *** significantly,contributors to these journals engaged with and discussed educational issues and problems that were simultaneously being debated in the *** the process Chinese educators and officials were able to draw upon,either to valorize or critique,a wide spectrum of contemporary foreign educational debate and practice in their prognosis of domestic education and its *** picture that emerges of Chinese education during this period is one in which Chinese educators perceived themselves very much as active participants in a global educational community.

关键词： Globalization nation-building educational reform Chinese educational lobby educational press

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A simulation program for demonstration and analysis of closed loop negative feedback control

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通讯和计算机（中英文版） 2009年第7期6卷 6-15页

作者： Thomas scott Deering paul Department of Industrial Technology Ohio University Athens 45701 USA

Increased emphasis on fuel consumption minimization and energy efficiency encourages more careful attention to control strategies for automobile vehicle systems. Simplified yet accurate simulation propulsion system models are needed to provide the control system designer an analytical platform for experimental assessment of novel and atypical control approaches. The structure of a simulation model for an automobile system including power train (energy supply) and propulsion (energy consumption) contributors is explained. This model has been developed for use in studying closed loop negative feedback control systems using ON/OFF, PID, and other control algorithms. Results from exercising the simulation model are illustrated for several vehicle operation scenarios, including steady state, acceleration, and deceleration, with future work targeted at terrain varying conditions. The approach to the development of the vehicle system model is explained, and examples of the dynamic operation of the model are provided. This model provides an easily modifiable process description that can be used to show visually and quantifiably the benefits and shortcomings of selected control strategies, as well as the influence of gain magnitudes on system stability and response. Further, this paper provides illustration of the model operation with a simple ON/OFF control strategy, as well as a straightforward proportional control strategy to demonstrate the potential of using the simulation model to produce useful results. Global energy efficiency parameters of merit are identified and sample calculations are provided to illustrate potential benefits of alternative strategies.

关键词：计算机仿真仿真程序模拟控制

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Malignant transformation by oncogenic K-ras requires IDH2-mediated reductive carboxylation to promote glutamine utilization

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Cancer Communications 2023年第2期43卷 285-289页

作者： Rui Liu Panpan Liu Huichang Bi jianhua Ling Huiqin Zhang Mingquan Zhang Yumin Hu paul j Chiao Peng Huang jinyun Liu Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineGuangzhouGuangdong 510060P.R.China School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong 510275P.R.China School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong 510515P.R.China Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas 77030USA Metabolic Research Platform Center for Precision MedicineZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong 510080P.R.China

Dear Editor,Oncogenic K-ras mutation plays a major role in malignant transformation and induces significant alterations in cancer cell metabolism[1–4].However,the major molecular players mediating metabolic alterations during K-ras-driven cancer development remain *** observations that tumorigenesis often requires multiple hits suggest that K-ras mutation likely needs the coordination of other molecular events that enable adaptive cellular metabolism for a full malignant *** on our previous study on the impact of K-ras onmitochondrial metabolism[1,5]and our recent findings that mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase 2(IDH2)could promote the“reverse”flow of the tricarboxylic acid(TCA)cycle fromα-KG to isocitrate and enhance the survival and proliferation of acute myeloid leukemia cells[6],we investigated the potential role of IDH2 in metabolic adaptation during K-ras-driven tumorigenesis.

关键词： metabolism alterations cancer

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Multiplexed laser particles for spatially resolved single-cell analysis

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Light(Science & Applications) 2019年第1期8卷 526-530页

作者： Sheldon j.j.Kwok Nicola Martino paul H.Dannenberg Seok-Hyun Yun Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital50 Blossom StreetBostonMA 02114USA Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA 02139USA LASE Innovation Inc. 650 E.Kendall Street2nd FLCambridgeMA 02142USA

Biomolecular analysis at the single-cell level is increasingly important in the study of cellular heterogeneity and its consequences,particularly in organismic development and complex diseases such as ***-cell molecular analyses have led to the identification of new cell types1 and the discovery of novel targets for diagnosis and *** these analyses are performed predominantly on dissociated single cells,emerging techniques seek understanding of cellular state,cellular function and cell–cell interactions within the native tissue environment by combining optical microscopy and single-cell molecular *** techniques include in situ multiplexed imaging of fluorescently labeled proteins and nucleotides,as well as low-throughput ex vivo methods in which specific cells are isolated for downstream molecular ***,these methods are limited in either the number and type of molecular species they can identify or the number of cells that can be ***-throughput methods are needed for comprehensive profiling of many cells(>1000)to detect rare cell types,discriminate relevant biomarkers from intrinsic population noise,and reduce the time and cost of *** established,highthroughput single-cell analyses are not directly applicable because they require tissue dissociation,leading to a loss of spatial *** current methods exist that can seamlessly connect spatial mapping to single-cell *** this Perspective,we review current methods for spatially resolved single-cell analysis and discuss the prospect of novel multiplexed imaging probes,called laser particles,which allow individual cells to be tagged in tissue and analyzed subsequently using high-throughput,comprehensive single-cell techniques.

关键词： diagnosis spatially resolved

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