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Stagnant lid tectonics:Perspectives from silicate planets,dwarf planets, large moons,and large asteroids

Geoscience Frontiers 2018年第1期9卷 103-119页

作者： Robert j.Stern Taras Gerya paul j.Tackley Geosciences Department University of Texas at Dallas Department of Earth Sciences ETH-Zurich

To better understand Earth's present tectonic style-plate tectonics—and how it may have evolved from single plate(stagnant lid) tectonics, it is instructive to consider how common it is among similar bodies in the Solar System. Plate tectonics is a style of convection for an active planetoid where lid fragment(plate) motions reflect sinking of dense lithosphere in subduction zones, causing upwelling of asthenosphere at divergent plate boundaries and accompanied by focused upwellings, or mantle plumes;any other tectonic style is usefully called "stagnant lid" or "fragmented lid". In 2015 humanity completed a 50+ year effort to survey the 30 largest planets, asteroids, satellites, and inner Kuiper Belt obj.cts,which we informally call "planetoids" and use especially images of these bodies to infer their tectonic activity. The four largest planetoids are enveloped in gas and ice(j.piter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune)and are not considered. The other 26 planetoids range in mass over 5 orders of magnitude and in diameter over 2 orders of magnitude, from massive Earth down to tiny Proteus; these bodies also range widely in density, from 1000 to 5500 kg/m^3. A gap separates 8 silicate planetoids with ρ = 3000 kg/m^3 or greater from 20 icy planetoids(including the gaseous and icy giant planets) with ρ = 2200 kg/m^3 or less. We define the "Tectonic Activity Index"(TAI), scoring each body from 0 to 3 based on evidence for recent volcanism, deformation, and resurfacing(inferred from impact crater density). Nine planetoids with TAI = 2 or greater are interpreted to be tectonically and convectively active whereas 17 with TAI <2 are inferred to be tectonically dead. We further infer that active planetoids have lithospheres or icy shells overlying asthenosphere or water/weak ice. TAI of silicate(rocky) planetoids positively correlates with their inferred Rayleigh number. We conclude that some type of stagnant lid tectonics is the dominant mode of heat loss and that plate tectonics

关键词： Stagnant lid Solar system Plate tectonics Planets Moons

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The controlling factors of high suspended sediment concentration in the intertidal flat off the Huanghe River Estuary

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2020年第10期39卷 96-106页

作者： Bowen Li Yonggang j.a j.paul Liu j.anfeng Su Xiaolei Liu Mingzheng Wen Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China Laboratory for Marine Geology Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)Qingdao 266237China Department of Marine Earth and Atmospheric SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC 27695USA State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Tianj.n Center China Geological SurveyTianjin 300170China

The Huanghe River(Yellow River)is known by its high suspended sediment concentration(SSC)in its river mouth tidal ***,the factors controlling the high SSC over there are not well ***,we conducted 7-d hydrodynamic observations(water depth,wave height,and current velocity)and SSC measurements on the tidal flat off the Huanghe River *** data shows that in most of time,under the calm sea condition,the SSC ranges 0.1–3.5 g/L,and sediment discharge from the river is the main ***,when hydrodynamics are enhanced in a tidal cycle and large-scale erosion occurs on the seafloor,resuspended sediment becomes the main source,and the SSC in the water column reaches 17.3 g/*** find the suspended sediment flux is mainly controlled by the tidal current and Stokes drift,while the wave-induced shear stress could also affect the variation of suspended sediment *** the observation period,when sea under calm-rippled conditions,the current-induced resuspended sediment concentration(RSC)was greater than the wave-induced *** contrast,in smooth-wavelet sea conditions,the wave-induced RSC was greater than the current-induced RSC,for instance,a single wave event was found to cause 11.8 cm seabed erosion within 6 *** study reveals different controlling factors for the high SSC near a river-influenced tidal flat,and helps us get a better understanding of a delta's depositional and erosional mechanisms.

关键词： Huanghe River(Yellow River) sediment re-suspension sediment transport wave current in-situ observation

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Patient Characteristics, Safety, and Tolerability With Telaprevir Treatment for HCV in the Clinic:a Retrospective, Multicenter Study

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j.urnal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology 2014年第2期2卷 65-73页

作者： Steven L. Flamm paul j. Pockros Leif Bengtsson Mark Friedman Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois USA Scripps Clinic and Scripps Translational Science Institute La Jolla California USA Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Boston Massachusetts USA

Background and Aims: There is a paucity of information regarding similarities and differences between patients from the phase 3 studies of telaprevir and those receiving telaprevir in clinical practice. Methods: This retrospective chart review evaluated baseline characteristics and follow-up safety and tolerability data for patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection treated with telaprevir and peginterferon alfa and ribavirin (PR) in clinical practice. Results: In total, 338 charts from patients at four academic and three community US treatment centers who received telaprevir and PR and had at least 12 weeks of follow-up data were included;62%were from academic centers and 38% were from community centers. Of the 338 patients, 269 completed 12 weeks of telaprevir and PR;32 discontinued due to adverse events. Mean age was 55 years;patients were predominantly white (79.3%) males (58.9%) with genotype 1a HCV infection (61.8%);35.5%were reported to have cirrhosis at baseline;and 55.3%previously received PR. Hypertension and depres-sion were the most common comorbidities. Patient charac-teristics outside the per-protocol minimum criteria used in the phase 3 studies of telaprevir were, e.g., hemoglobin, 9.2%;albumin, 5.3%;platelets, 11.5%;and neutrophil count, 5.6%. Adverse events occurred in 329/338 (97.3%) patients, with anemia, fatigue, nausea, and rash being the most common. Of 38 hospitalizations, 26 were deemed related to telaprevir and PR. Three patients died due to pneumonia, septic shock, and hepatorenal syndrome (n=1 each). Conclusions: These findings complement those reported from rigorous, randomized controlled studies with telaprevir-based treatment and provide a general assess-ment of similarities and/or differences between patients from the phase 3 studies of telaprevir and those treated with telaprevir in clinical practice.

关键词： Hepatitis C virus Combination drug therapy Protease inhibitors Liver diseases

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Frankenstein

Frankenstein

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作者： Mary Shelley edited by j. paul Hunter.

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Recent advances in the study of Mesozoic-Cenozoic petrified wood from Thailand

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2006年第5期16卷 501-506页

作者： Pratueng j.NTASAKUL paul j.GROTE Nareerat BOONCHAI Northeastern Research Center and Museum for Petrified Wood and Mineral Resources Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand Geography ProgramNakhon Ratchasima Rajabhat UniversitySuranarai RoadMuang DistrictNakhon Ratchasima 30000Thailand School of Biology Institute of Science Suranaree University of TechnologyNakhon Ratchasima 30000Thailand Northeastern Research Center and Museum for Petrified Wood and Mineral Resources Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand School of BiologyInstitute of ScienceSuranaree University of TechnologyNakhon Ratchasima 30000Thailand

Mesozoic to Cenozoic petrified woods are very rich and well preserved in the Khorat Plateau, Northeast Thailand, serving as remarkable material for investigations of tropical vegetation history, paleoclimatic evolution, and paleoenvironmental changes. Our recent field survey and investigations have defined about 50 species of fossil wood assigned to 19 genera and 11 families from Mesozoic to Cenozoic deposits in this region. These woods are ascribed to two groups, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Among them, about 20 species assigned to 7 genera and 5 families are the first reports of the taxa in Thailand. The fossil wood floras indicate that during the late Mesozoic period, the tropical conifer vegetation in Northeast Thailand was dominated by the family Araucariaceae. From the Miocene to Pleistocene, a tropical climate prevailed in this region with perhaps both deciduous and evergreen broadleaf forests comprising the vegetation.

关键词： fossil wood tropical vegetation Mesozoic Cenozoic Thailand.

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Sublimated Colonialism： The Persistence of Actually Existing Settler-Colonialism

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j.urnal of Philosophy Study 2013年第3期3卷 193-202页

作者： j. Moufawad-paul York University

In my paper, “Sublimated Colonialism： The Persistence of Actually Existing Settler-Colonialism,” I interrogate the remaining settler-colonialisms that refused to disappear during the epoch of decolonization. I am most concerned with those settler-colonialisms that persist at the centers of world capitalism, and examine bow this social context often produces an ideology that relegates the concrete reality of settler-colonialism to the past, pushing its existence under supposedly “modem” social relations. Since Frantz Fanon＇s analysis of settler-colonialism, and the class contradiction between colonizer and colonized, was developed in an era where settler-colonialism was partially defined by the relationship between motherland and colony, some often imagine that the era of settler-colonialism is over. Clearly settler-colonialism did not vanish along with this distinction; internal colonies are retained in North America, for example, and the state of Israel is perhaps the most recent historical of this type of colonialism since it was settled and established in the 20th century. Moreover, there is often talk of a “world-wide indigenous movement” which claims to represent a global anti-colonialist front. The point of my paper, therefore, is to examine how settler-colonialism functions and persists when the settler-colony has become synonymous with the motherland. In this social context, colonizers often imagine themselves as the native inhabitants, while those who remain colonized are pushed even further out of history than they were during the previous era of settler-colonialism.

关键词： Marxism colonialism anti-colonialism post-colonialism imperialism capitalism

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Rapid Determination of Ranitidine in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Its Application to a Clinical Pharmacokinetic Study

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Chemical Research in Chinese Universities 2010年第6期26卷 910-914页

作者： ZHANG Chao WANG Lu GUAN Xin j. paul Fawcett ZHAO Li-mei SUN Yan-tong GU j.ng-kai Research Center for Drug Metabolism College of Life Science Jilin University Changchun 130021 P R. China Liaoning Province Academy of Analytic Science Shenyang 110015 P. R. China School of Pharmacy University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin New Zealand Second Clinical Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese Medical University Shenyang 110004 P. R. China

A rapid and sensitive assay based on high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry（LC-MS/MS） was developed for the determination of ranitidine（RAN） in human plasma with codeine as internal standard（IS）.After protein precipitation with acetonitrile,the analyte and IS were separated on a Zorbax SB-Aq C18 column（150 mm×4.6 mm i.d.,5 μm） eluted with a mobile phase consisting of methanol/acetonitrile/10 mmol/L ammonium acetate containing 1% formic acid（pH=2.4）（volume ratio 12.5：12.5：75） at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/*** was performed by electrospray ionization in the positive ion mode followed by the multiple reaction monito-ring（MRM） of the transitions of RAN at m/z 315.1→176.3 and of IS at m/z 300.1→*** method was linear over a concentration range of 1―1000 ng/mL（r=0.9991） with a lower limit of quantitation（LLOQ） of 1 ng/mL and a limit of detection（LOD） of 0.3 ng/*** as relative error was from-0.01% to-1.7% and intra-day and inter-day precisions as relative standard deviation were ≤8.9% and ≤5.5%,*** method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of ranitidine,getting a single oral dose（160 mg） to healthy volunteers.

关键词： Ranitidine Pharmacokinetics Human plasma Protein precipitation LC-MS/MS

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Involvement of eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer: the roles of cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase

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World j.urnal of Gastroenterology 2014年第31期20卷 10729-10739页

作者： Lawrence M Knab paul j.Grippo David j.Bentrem Department of Surgery Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center Northwestern University j.sse Brown VA Medical Center

The interplay between inflammation and cancer progression is a growing area of research. A combination of clinical, epidemiological, and basic science investigations indicate that there is a relationship between inflammatory changes in the pancreas and neoplastic progression. Diets high in ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids provide increased substrate for arachidonic acid metabolism by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) to form eicosanoids. These eicosanoids directly contribute to pancreatic cancer cell proliferation. Both COX-2 and 5-LOX are upregulated in multiple cancer types, including pancreatic cancer. In vitro studies using pancreatic cancer cell lines have demonstrated upregulation of COX-2 and 5-LOX at both the mRNA and protein levels. When COX-2 and 5-LOX are blocked via a variety of mechanisms, cancer cell proliferation is abrogated both in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism of COX-2 has been shown to include effects on apoptosis as well as angiogenesis. 5-LOX has been implicated in apoptosis. The use of COX-2 and 5-LOX inhibitors in clinical studies in patients with pancreatic cancer has been limited. Patient enrollment has been restricted to those with advanced disease which makes evaluation of these drugs as chemopreventive agents difficult. COX-2 and 5-LOX expression have been shown to be present during the early neoplastic changes of pancreatic cancer, well before progression to invasive disease. This indicates that the ideal role for these interventions is early in the disease process as preventive agents, perhaps in patients with chronic pancreatitis or hereditary pancreatitis.

关键词： Arachidonic acid Eicosanoid Cyclooxygenase-2 5-lipoxygenase Pancreatic cancer Inflammation

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Influences of Biochar and Biochar-Mineral Complex on Mycorrhizal Colonisation and Nutrition of Wheat and Sorghum

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Pedosphere 2015年第5期25卷 686-695页

作者： paul BLACKWELL Stephen j.SEPH paul MUNROE Hossain M.ANAWAR paul STORER Robert j.GILKES Zakaria M.SOLAIMAN Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia Geraldton Regional Office School of Materials Science and Engineering University of New South WalesSydney Discipline of Chemistry University of Newcastle University of Wollongong School of Earth and Environment and UWA Institute of Agriculture The University of Western Australia Australian Mineral Fertilisers Pty Ltd. Soil Biology and Molecular Ecology Group School of Earth and Environment and UWA Institute of AgricultureThe University of Western Australia

The high price of synthetic fertilisers and the price barrier for biochar as a soil amendment have encouraged the exploration of using biochar in fertiliser replacement formulations. Biochars coupled with fertilisers can be applied at lower application rates to achieve benefits in plant growth and nutrition, as well as soil biological fertility. It is necessary to evaluate the use of biochar as a fertiliser substitute. Therefore, this study investigated the comparative influences of biochars, including Acacia saligna （AS）, Simcoa j.rrah （S j. and Wundowie j.rrah （W j., mineral fertiliser with microbes （MF ＋ M）, biochar-mineral complex （BMC） and their combination on mycorrhizal colonisation, growth and nutrition of wheat in a glasshouse experiment and sorghum in field conditions. BMC ＋ MF ＋ M treatment produced higher mycorrhizal colonisation than MF ＋ M alone, indicating that BMC had a significant role in increasing mycorrhizal colonisation. Sj.（treated with acetic acid） and MF ＋ M treatments, as well as AS ＋ MF ＋ M application, showed similar effects on mycorrhizal colonisation, but lower colonisation than the BMC ＋ MF ＋ M treatment. Ovcrall~ the BMC ＋ MF ＋ M treatment supported the maximum shoot, root and total plant dry weight followed by AS ＋ MF ＋ M and Wj.＋ MF ＋ M. The MF ＋ M treatment had the maximum shoot N and K concentrations, while BMC ＋ MF ＋ M application had the maximum shoot P concentration. AS ＋ MF -4- M and Wj.＋ MF ＋ M treatments supported the maximum N uptake by wheat shoots, while BMC ＋ MF ＋ M supported the maximum P uptake. The results showed that biochars and BMCs could increase mycorrhizal colonisation, plant growth and nutrient uptake of wheat, particularly N, P, K, S and Zn. The field experiment confirmed that BMC application at a rate of 300 kg ha-1 could increase the yield of irrigated sorghum on a loam soil and provide better applied P use efficiency compared to a water-soluble fertiliser alone. These results indicated that biochar-based fer

关键词： carbon sequestration nutrient uptake P use efficiency soil biological fertility wheat production

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Species Concepts as Applied to the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Systematics:How Many Species Are There?

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j.urnal of Integrative Agriculture 2012年第2期11卷 176-186页

作者： LIU Shu-sheng j.hn Colvin paul j.De Barro Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology Ministry of Agriculture~Institute of lnsect Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P.R. China Natural Resources Institute University of Greenwich Kent ME4 4TB United Kingdom CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences Brisbane QLD 4001 Australia

The worldwide distribution and extensive genetic diversity of the whitefly,Bemisia tabaci,has long been ***,the levels of separation within *** and the nomenclature of the various genetic groups have been a subj.ct of *** phylogenetic analyses indicate that *** is a complex composed of 28 morphologically indistinguishable *** this article,we first review the debate and difficulties associated with ***＇s taxonomy and systematics,and argue for the need to apply the biological species concept in order to elucidate ***＇s *** summarize the accumulated genetic and behavioural data on reproductive incompatibilities evident amongst phylogenetic mtCOI groups of *** studies have been conducted with 14 of the 28 putative species covering 54 reciprocal inter-species pairs,and observations on mating behaviour have been conducted for seven species *** from both crossing trials and behavioural observations indicate a consistent pattern of reproductive isolation among the putative *** then discuss the technical and conceptual complexities associated with crossing experiments and behavioural observations designed to reveal reproductive ***,we elaborate on a strategy for further clarifying the pattern of reproductive isolation between *** groups and propose future research directions on the systematics of this complex.

关键词： whitefly systematics biological species cryptic species phylogenetic species reproductive isolation mating behavior taxonomy

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