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A short-chain α-neurotoxin f.om Naja naja atra produces potent cholinergic-dependent analgesia

Neuroscience Bulletin 2006年第2期22卷 103-109页

作者： Hui-Ling ZHANG Rong HAN Zhen-Lun GU Zhi-Xing CHEN Bo-Wen CHEN paul f. reid Laurence N. Raymond Zheng-Hong QIN Department of.Pharmacology Soochow University School of Medicine Suzhou 215007 China ReceptoPharm Plantation Florida USA

Objective To investigate the analgesia induced by cobrotoxin （CT） f.om venom of.Naja naja atra, and the ef.ects of.atropine and naloxone on the antinociceptive activity of.CT in rodent pain models. Methods CT was administered intraperitoneally （33.3, 50, 75 μg/kg）, intra-cerebral venticularly （2.4 μg/kg） or microinjected into periaqueductal gray （PAG, 1.2 μg/kg）. The antinociceptive action was tested using the hot-plate test and the acetic acid writhing test in mice and rats. The involvement of.cholinergic system and the opioid system in CT-induced analgesia was examined by pretreatment of.animals with atropine （0.5 mg/kg, im or 10 mg/kg, ip） or naloxone （3 mg/kg, ip）. The ef.ect of.CT on motor activity was tested using the Animex test. Results CT （33.3, 50 and 75 μg/kg, ip） exhibited a dosedependent analgesic action in mice as determined with hot-plate test and acetic acid writhing test. In the mouse acetic acid writhing test, the intra-cerebral ventricle administration of.CT 2.4 μg/kg （1/23th of.a systemic dose） produced marked analgesic ef.ects. Microinjection of.CT 1.2 μg/kg （1/46th of.systemic dose） into the PAG also elicited a robust analgesic action in the hot-plate test in rats. Atropine at 0.5 mg/kg （ira） or naloxone at 3 mg/kg （ip） f.iled to block the analgesic ef.ects of.CT, but atropine at 10 mg/kg （ip） did antagonize the analgesia mediated by CT in the mouse acetic acid writhing test. At the highest ef.ective dose of.antinociception （75 μg/kg）, CT did not change the spontaneous mobility of.mice. Conclusion These results suggest that CT f.om Naja naja atra venom has analgesic ef.ects. Central nervous system may be involved in CT＇ analgesic ef.ects and the PAG may be the primary central site where CT exerts its ef.ects. The central cholinergic system but not opioid system appears to be involved in the antinociceptive action of.CT.

关键词： cobrotoxin analgesia periaqueductal gray matter atropine naloxone

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Analgesic ef.ects of.receptin, a chemically modif.ed cobratoxin f.om Thai-land cobra venom

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2006年第5期22卷 267-273页

作者：张慧灵韩蓉陈志欣顾振纶 paul f.reid Laurence N.Raymond 秦正红苏州大学医学院药理学教研室苏州215123 ReceptoPharm Inc.

Objective To investigate the analgesia induced by receptin （REC）, a chemically modif.ed cobratoxin （CTX, a long-chain postsynaptic α-neurotoxin f.om Thailand cobra venom）, and the ef.ects of.atropine and naloxone on antinociceptive activity of.REC in rodent pain models. Methods REC was administered intraperitoneally （5 mg/kg, 7.07 mg/kg, or 10 mg/kg, i.p.） or intra-cerebral venticularly （62.5 μg/kg, i.c.v.）. The antinociceptive action was determined using the hotlate test, the acetic acid writhing test and tail f.ick assay in mice and rats. The involvement of.cholinergic and the opioid peptidergic systems in REC-induced analgesia were examined by pretreatment of.animals with atropine （Atr; 0.5 mg/kg, i.m. or 10 mg/kg, i.p.） or naloxone （Nal; 3 mg/kg, i.p.）. The ef.ect of.REC on motor activity was tested using the Animex test in mice. Results REC （5 mg/kg, 7.07 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg, i.p.） exhibited a dose-dependent analgesic action in mice as determined with hot-plate test and acetic acid writhing test. The signif.cant analgesia of.REC was seen 2 h to 3 h af.er its administration. In the rat-tail f.ick assay, the administration of.REC at 62.5 μg/kg （1/160 of.systemic dose; i.c.v.）produced marked analgesic ef.ects. Atropine at 0.5 mg/kg （i.m.）, 10 mg/kg （i.p.） or naloxone at 3 mg/kg （i.p.） f.iled to block the analgesic ef.ects of.REC. REC at the highest ef.ective dose of.10 mg/kg did not change the spontaneous mobility of.mice. Conclusion These results demonstrate that REC has analgesic ef.ect. This activity appears to be mediated through the peripheral nervous system though central nervous system may contribute to REC＇s analgesic ef.ects. The central cholinergic system and opioid peptidergic system appear not to be involved in the antinociceptive action of.REC.

关键词： receptin analgesia central nervous system atropine naloxone

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Autophagy is involved in cytotoxic ef.ects of.crotoxin in human breast cancer cell line MCf.7 cells

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Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2007年第4期28卷 540-548页

作者： paul reid Celtic Biotech LtdDublinIreland

Aim:To investigate the role of.crotoxin (CrTX)-induced autophagy in the death of.Cf.7 cells,a caspase-3-def.cient,human breast cancer cell ***:Cul-tured MCf.7 cells were treated with various doses of.CrTX,a phospholipase A2(PLA2) isolated f.om the venom of.the South American rattlesnake,Crotalusdurissus *** cytotoxicity of.CrTX in the presence and absence of.aspase inhibitors was measured with methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) andlactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage *** activation of.autophagy wasdetermined with transmission electron microscope and monodansylcadaverin(MDC) *** upregulation of.lysosomal enzymes,the release of.cyto-chrome c (cyto-c),and the nuclear translocation of.the apoptosis inducing f.ctor(AIf. were examined by immunoblotting and ***:CrTXinhibited the viability of.MCf.7 cells in a dose-and time-dependent ***-activated autophagy was revealed by punctuate MDC labeling,and an increase inthe f.rmation of.autophagosomes as well as apoptosis,as evidenced by nuclearcondensation and *** activation of.cathepsin B,D,and L,inaddition to the release of.cytochrome c and the relocation of.AIf.into nuclei,wereobserved af.er CrTX *** inhibitors 3-methyladenine (3-MA),NH4Cl,and the pan-caspase inhibitor,Z-Val-Ala-Asp-f.uoromethylketone (Z-Vad-f.k),attenuated CrTX-induced cell ***:An autophagic mecha-nism contributes to the apoptosis of.MCf.7 cells induced by CrTX.

关键词： crotoxin autophagy apoptosis cytochrome c apoptosis inducing f.ctor

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Recent Advances in Simple Model f.r 4f.5d Transitions of.Lanthanide Ions in Solids

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Journal of.Rare Earths 2007年第S1期25卷 262-267页

作者： Ma Chonggeng M f.reid Duan Changkui Xia Shangda Yin Min Department of.Physics and Hef.i National Laboratory f.r Physical Science at Microscale University of Science and Technology of ChinaHeifei 230026 Department of.Physics and Astronomy and MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and NanotechnologyUniversity of CanterburyChristchurch8140New Zealand Department of.Biology and Chemistry City University of Hong KongKowloon.Hong Kong S.A.R.China Institute of.Modern Physics Chongqing University of Post and TelecommunicationsChongqing 400065 China

The simple model f.r 4f.5d transitions of.lanthanide ions in crystals was extended to deal with the case of.the octahedral crystal f.eld,where f.r the t_(2)component of.5d orbitals the spin-orbit interaction could not be neglected due to incomplete quenching of.the 5d orbital angular *** energy levels f.r the 4f.(N-1)5d conf.guration and the relative line strengths f.r the 4f.(N)\4f.(N-1)5d transition were calculated in *** result was applied to the interpretation of.the low-temperature 4f.5d excitation spectrum of.Cs_(2)NaYCl_(6)∶Tb^(3+).

关键词： simple model f.d transition 5d spin-orbit interaction crystal f.eld Tb^(3+) rare earths

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f.uidization behavior of.graphitized glassy particles in a f.uidized carbon bed cooling process f.r investment casting

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Particuology 2022年第6期20卷 32-38页

作者： paul Git Matthias Hof.eister Robert f.Singer Carolin Körner Chair of.Materials Science and Engineering f.r Metals(WTM) Friedrich-Alexander UniversitätErlangen-Nürnberg(FAU)Martensstr.591058 ErlangenGermany

f.uidized Carbon Bed Cooling(f.BC)is an innovative investment casting process f.r directional solidif.cation of.superalloy *** takes advantage of.a f.uidized bed with a base of.small glassy carbon beads f.r cooling and other low-density particles that f.rm an insulating layer by f.oating to the bed *** so-called“Dynamic Baf.le”protects the f.uidized bed f.om the direct heat input f.om the high-temperature heating zone and provides the basis f.r an improved bed *** prerequisites f.r a stable casting process are stable f.uidization conditions where neither collapse of.the bed nor particle blow out at excessive bubble f.rmation *** work aimed to investigate the f.uidization behavior of.spherical carbon bed material in argon and air at temperatures between 20 to 350℃.Systematic studies at reduced pressures using the f.BC prototype device were perf.rmed to understand the stable f.uidization conditions at all stages of.the investment casting *** particle shape f.ctor and size distribution characterization and the measurement of.the powder’s minimum f.uidization velocity and bed voidage show that this material can be f.lly utilized as a cooling and buoyancy medium during the f.BC process.

关键词： Gas-solid f.uidization Glassy carbon Reduced pressure Increased temperature f.uidized carbon bed

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An evolutionary perspective on conf.ict and compensation in physiological and f.nctional traits

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Current Zoology 2014年第6期60卷 755-767页

作者： Jerry f. HUSAK Simon R LAILVAUX Department of.Biology University of St. Thomas 2115 Summit Avenue St Paul MN 55105 USA Department of.Biological Sciences University of New Orleans 2000 Lakeshore Drive New Orleans LA 70148 USA

Physiological and f.nctional traits, especially those related to behavior and whole-organism perf.rmance capacities, are subject to a variety of.both parallel and opposing natural and sexual selection pressures. These selection pressures show considerable interspecif.c variation, shaping contemporary behavioral and f.nctional diversity, but the f.rm and intensity of.selection on physiological and f.nctional traits can also vary intraspecif.cally. The same suites of.traits can experience quite dif.erent se- lection pressures, depending on the sex or age of.a given individual, as well as the presence and nature of.alternative reproductive strategies and tactics. These inter- and intra-locus genetic conf.icts have potentially important consequences f.r the evolutionary trajectories of.traits subject to them. Consequently, any intraspecif.c conf.icts which could displace traits f.om their selective op- tima in certain classes of.individuals relative to others are expected to result in selection f.r mechanisms to compensate f.r devia- tion f.om those optima. Such conf.icts include interlocus sexual conf.ict, intralocus sexual conf.ict, and interacting phenotypes, as well as conf.ict within a sex. In this paper, we consider the evidence f.r, and implications of. such conf.icts f.r physiological and f.nctional traits in diverse taxa, including both vertebrates and invertebrates, and evaluate the various mechanisms, ranging f.om behavioral and mechanical to energetic and genetic, enabling compensation. We also discuss how pre- and post-mating conf.icts, as well as interacting phenotypes, might af.ect the evolution of.behavior and physiological and f.nctional traits. Investigators that seek to understand the links among behavior, morphology, physiology, and f.nction should consider such conf.icts.

关键词： Sexual Conf.ict Compensation Sexual Selection Whole-organism Perf.rmance

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Preserving the literary past, looking to the f.ture: the f.rst Hong Kong Literature Database

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Journal of.Zhejiang University-Science A(Applied Physics & Engineering) 2005年第11期6卷 1341-1347页

作者： MA Leo f.H. WONG Rita LAU paul University Library System The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong ChinaUniversity Library System The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong ChinaUniversity Library System The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China

In the last two decades of.the 20th century, there has been an increasing interest in and emphasis on the study of.the Hong Kong literature in both the academic and general public in Hong Kong. Recognizing the emergent need of.the resources on Hong Kong literature, the University Library System of.the Chinese University of.Hong Kong set up the Hong Kong Literature Database （the “Database”）, which was the f.rst Chinese literature database in the Internet in 2000. The paper will examine how the database is constructed using XML technology andometadata schema, The database also employs Unicode UTf.8 as the internal code. A mapping table f.r traditional and simplif.ed Chinese characters was created based on Unihan and is used behind the scene so that a user can either input traditional or simplif.ed Chinese characters and retrieval will give both traditional and simplif.ed Chinese characters. Currently 65% of.journals use OCR technology so that f.ll-text searching is possible. The Chinese OCR technology will be examined in greater detail. Special f.atures of.the Database such as, page-by-page browse mode, position-highlight f.r f.ll-page newspaper, linking Table-Of.Contents and book jackets f.om the Library catalogue, etc. are described. The paper will also bring out the problem of.massive downloading and compare the state-of.the-art technology and their shortcomings. This paper shows how the Hong Kong Literature Database f.cilitates f.ture collaboration and data exchange by using open standard, shareable structure and the latest technology.

关键词： Hong Kong Literature Hong Kong Literature Database XML Metadata schema Database structure UnicodeUTf.8 OCR technology

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Early terrestrial and lunar anorthosites:Comparative geochemistry and evolutionary processes

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Geoscience f.ontiers 2024年第6期15卷 348-366页

作者： paul Sotiriou Ali Polat Tim Kusky Brian f.Windley School of.the Environment University of WindsorWindsorON N9B 3P4Canada GeoZentrum Nordbayern Friedrich-Alexander-UniversitätErlangen 91054BayernGermany Center f.r Global Tectonics State Key Laboratory for Geological Processes and Mineral ResourcesChina University of GeosciencesWuhanHubei ProvincePR China School of.Geography Geology and the EnvironmentUniversity of LeicesterLeicester LE17RHUK

In a paper in 1970,Brian Windley f.rst recognised that early terrestrial and lunar anorthosites both have calcic plagioclase,and low TiO_(2)and high CaO and Al_(2)O_(3)*** these similarities,the geochemistry of.early terrestrial and lunar anorthosites has not been rigorously compared and *** this end,we compiled 425 analyses f.om 212 early terrestrial anorthosite occurrences and 306 analyses f.om 16 lunar anorthosite *** was supplemented by a compilation of.plagioclase anorthite(An)contents and pyroxene Mg#f.om early terrestrial and lunar *** terrestrial anorthosites have lower whole-rock An contents but similar Mg#to lunar *** CaO contents of.lunar anorthosites are higher than those of.early terrestrial anorthosites f.r a given MgO and Al_(2)O_(3)content,early terrestrial anorthosites have higher SiO_(2)contents than lunar anorthosites at a given MgO content,and lunar anorthosites have higher Eu/Eu*anomaly ratios yet broadly similar La/Yb and Nd/Sm ratios than early terrestrial *** early terrestrial anorthosites have less f.actionated chondrite-normalised rare earth element(REE)patterns and less prominent positive Eu anomalies than lunar *** anorthosites have higher plagioclase An contents,yet a similar range of.pyroxene Mg#compared to their early terrestrial *** early terrestrial anorthosites are more f.actionated than some lunar *** interpretations imply that most early terrestrial anorthosites crystallised f.om basaltic parental magmas that were generated by high-degree partial melting of.sub-arc asthenosphere mantle wedge sources that were hydrated by slab-derived f.uids,with the remainder being associated with mid-ocean ridge and mantle plume *** of.the arc-related early terrestrial anorthosites were inf.uenced by crustal *** addition,early terrestrial anorthosites originated f.om partial melting of.the mantle at variou

关键词： Early terrestrial anorthosites Lunar anorthosites Geochemistry Mineral chemistry

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Improving operating ef.iciency with emphasis on prosthetic surgery

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Asian Journal of.Andrology 2015年第4期17卷 686-688页

作者： Neil Baum David f.Mobley paul Perito Tulane Medical School 3525 Prytania New Orleans LA USA Institute f.rAcademic MedJcine Houston TX USA Urologist Cora Gables Florida USA.Correspondence: Dr. David F Mobley (mobleyresearch@***)

Dear Editor, Physicians are looking f.r methods and techniques to become more ef.icient and more productive. Not only is ef.iciency important in the of.ice and clinical setting, but in the operating room as well. ~his article will discuss ef.iciency and productivity in the operating room and its benef.t to patients, surgeons and hospitals.

关键词： Improving ef.iciency prosthetic

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Analysis of.Solvent Ef.ect on Mechanical Properties of.Poly(ether ether ketone) Using Nano-indentation

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Chinese Journal of.Chemical Physics 2018年第2期31卷 211-215,246页

作者： Tanveer Iqbal Saima Yasin Ahmad Shakeel Hamayoun Mahmood f.had Nazir paul f. Luckham Department of.Chemical Polymer ＆ Composite Materials Engineering University of Engineering ＆ Technology Lahore KSK Campus 54890 Pakistan Department of.Chemical Engineering ＆ Technology Imperial College London South Kensington 5W7 2 AZ UK

Poly（ether ether ketone）（PEEK） is a high-perf.rmance semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer. Exposure of.the polymeric surf.ce to solvents can have a strong ef.ect like sof.ening/swelling of.polymeric network or dissolution. In this study, nano-indentation analysis was perf.rmed to study the ef.ect of.acetone on the surf.ce mechanical properties of.PEEK using dif.erent exposure time. The experiments were perf.rmed with a constant loading rate （10 nrn/s） to a maximum indentation displacernent （1000 nrn）. A 30-second hold segrnent was included at the maximum load to account f.r any creep ef.）ors f.llowed by an unloading segrnent to 80% unloading. The indentation hardness and the elastic modulus were corn- puted as a continuous f.nction of.the penetration displacernent in the continuous stif.ness mode （CSM） indentation. The experirnental data showed that the peak load decreased f.om -5.2 mN to -1.7 mN as exposure tirne in solvent environrnent increased f.om 0 to 18 days. The elastic modulus and the hardness of.PEEK samples also displayed a decreasing trend as a f.nction of.exposure tirne in the solvent environrnent. Two empirical models were used to f.t the experirnental data of.hardness as a f.nction of.exposure tirne which showed a good agreernent with the experirnental values.

关键词： Solvent Nano-indentation Poly(ether ether ketone) Modulus Hardness

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