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Microinjection of Ghrelin into the Ventral Tegmental Area Potentiates Cocaine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2013年第8期3卷 576-580页

作者： Lindsey M. Schuette Christopher C. Gray paul J. currie Department of Psychology Reed College Portland USA

Prior work has shown that systemic cocaine pretreatment augments cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats. In contrast, ghrelin receptor antagonism attenuates cocaine and amphetamine-induced CPP. In order to further investigate ghrelin’s role in dopamine-mediated reward, the present report examined whether pretreament with ghrelin, administered directly into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain, would potentiate the rewarding properties of cocaine as measured by CPP. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were given access to either side of the CPP chamber in order to determine initial side preferences. The rats were then restricted to either their non-preferred or preferred side over the course of conditioning which lasted for a total of 16 consecutive days. This was followed by a final test day to then reassess preference. On days where rats were confined to their non-preferred side, ghrelin (30-300 pmol) and cocaine (0.625-10 mg/kg IP) were administered immediately prior to the conditioning trial. On alternate days rats were treated with vehicle and placed into what was initially determined to be their preferred side. CPP was calculated as the difference in percentage of total time spent in the treatment-paired compartment during the post-conditioning session and the pre-conditioning session. Our results indicated that both cocaine and ghrelin elicited CPP and that ghrelin pretreatment potentiated the effect of cocaine on place preference. Overall, these findings provide additional support for the argument that ghrelin signaling within the VTA enhances the rewarding effects of psychostimulant compounds.

关键词： Cocaine Conditioned Place Preference Ghrelin Psychostimulant Midbrain Ventral Tegmental Area

Effect of Chronic DL-Amphetamine Exposure on Brain Volume, Anxiogenic, Locomotor, and Social Behaviors in Male SD Rats

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2014年第8期4卷 375-383页

作者： Alison F. Kafka Daniel A. Heinz Timothy M. Flemming paul J. currie Department of Psychology Reed College Portland USA

Research examining the long-term effects of drugs such as AdderallTM, a mixed DL-amphetamine, as a first-line treatment strategy for those diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is very much lacking. In order to address this, the present study sought to examine possible behavioral and neuroanatomical effects of chronic oral exposure to DL-amphetamine administered at a relatively low dose to the developing male Sprague Dawley rat. Animals were administered a mixture of chocolate drink and DL-amphetamine at a dose of 1.6 mg/kg for 36 days, beginning at PD 24 and ending at PD 60. Anxiety, a potential side effect of stimulant treatment, was assessed using three paradigms: The open field test (OF), the social interaction test (SI), and the elevated plus maze (EPM). The OF and SI were conducted using repeated testing over the course of five weeks. Testing occurred immediately after drug administration on a given day. The EPM was used only once on the penultimate day of treatment, before the drug was administered. Following drug treatment on PD 60, brain-to-body weight ratios were obtained. Results indicated that there were no group differences in brain-to-body weight ratios nor were differences in locomotor and social behaviors observed. However, rats treated with DL-amphetamine did show an anxiogenic response in the EPM. This was represented as a significant reduction in open arm entries. Overall our findings suggest that while chronic drug treatment fails to alter multiple measures of behavior, or reliable changes in brain volume, such treatment may impact a behavioral index of anxiety. Future research should seek to examine the implications of this heightened anxiogenic response in animals treated chronically with oral, low-dose DL-amphetamine.

关键词： DL-Amphetamine Brain Elevated Plus Maze Open Field Psychostimulant Social Interaction

Towards Urban Resource Flow Estimates in Data Scarce Environments: The Case of African Cities

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2015年第9期6卷 1066-1083页

作者： paul currie Ethan Lay-Sleeper John E. Fernández Jenny Kim Josephine Kaviti Musango School of Public Leadership Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa Department of Architecture Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge USA School of Public Leadership and the Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies (CRSES) Stellenbosch South Africa

Data sourcing challenges in African nations have led many African urban infrastructure developments to be implemented with minimal scientific backing to support their success. In some cases this may directly impact a city’s ability to reach service delivery, economic growth and human development goals, let alone the city’s ability to protect ecosystem services upon which it relies. As an attempt to fill this gap, this paper describes an exploratory process used to determine city-level demographic, economic and resource flow data for African nations. The approach makes use of scaling and clustering techniques to form acceptable and utilizable representations of selected African cities. Variables that may serve as the strongest predictors for resource consumption intensity in African nations and cities were explored, in particular, the aspects of the Koppen Climate Zones, estimates of average urban income and GDP, and the influence of urban primacy. It is expected that the approach examined will provide a step towards estimating and understanding African cities and their resource profiles.

关键词： Urban Metabolism Resource Flows African Cities Data Scaling City Clustering

Exogenous Urocortin 1 Alters the Respiratory Exchange Ratio after Administration into the Lateral Septum

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2014年第2期4卷 99-104页

作者： Anna I. Fimmel Lindsey M. Dono Matthew N. Yee paul J. currie Department of Psychology Reed College Portland USA

Previous reports have suggested that hypothalamic urocortin 1 (Ucn1) exerts inhibitory control on energy metabolism as direct paraventricular nucleus injections dose-dependently decrease the respiratory energy exchange ratio (RER). Other evidence indicates that Ucn1 injections into the lateral septum may alter metabolic function. Consequently, the present study was designed to further characterize the effects of lateral septal Ucn1 signaling on eating and energy metabolism of adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Ucn1 was infused at the onset of the nocturnal cycle at doses of 10 - 100 pmol. In both females and males the peptide elicited a reliable suppression of food intake and significantly lowered RER over a 4 h postinjection period. The decrease in RER is consistent with enhanced lipid oxidation. Overall these findings suggest that, similar to the paraventricular nucleus, the lateral septum is a critical site of action in mediating the effects of Ucn1 on food intake and energy substrate utilization.

关键词： Energy Substrate Oxidation Food Intake Lateral Septum Respiratory Quotient Urocortin

A Functional Inhibitory Role of Habenular Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) in Forebrain Reward Signaling

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2021年第9期11卷 205-215页

作者： Max Johnson Alev M. Brigande Jiahe Yue Kayla J. Colvin Olivia Dao paul J. currie Department of Psychology Reed College 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd. Portland OR USA

There is emerging evidence implicating glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in reward, including palatable food reinforcement and alcohol-based reward circuitry. While recent findings suggest that mesolimbic structures, such as the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc), are critical anatomical sites mediating the role of GLP-1’s inhibitory actions, the present study focused on the potential novel impact of GLP-1 within the habenula, a region of the forebrain expressing GLP-1 receptors. Given that the habenula has also been implicated in the neural control of reward and reinforcement, we hypothesized that this brain region, like the VTA and NAc, might mediate the anhedonic effects of GLP-1. Rats were stereotaxically implanted with guide cannula targeting the habenula and trained on a progressive ratio 3 (PR3) schedule of reinforcement. Separate rats were trained on an alcohol two-bottle choice paradigm with intermittent access. The GLP-1 agonist exendin-4 (Ex-4) was administered directly into the habenula to determine the effects on operant responding for palatable food as well as alcohol intake. Our results indicated that Ex-4 reliably suppressed PR3 responding and that this effect was dose-dependent. A similar suppressive effect on alcohol consumption was observed. These findings provide initial and compelling evidence that the habenula may mediate the inhibitory action of GLP-1 on reward, including operant and drug reward. Our findings further suggest that GLP-1 receptor mechanisms outside of the midbrain and ventral striatum are critically involved in brain reward neurotransmission.

关键词： Alcohol Anhedonia Appetitive Motivation Brain Reward Ethanol Exendin-4 GLP-1 Receptors Operant Responding Palatable Food Intake Reward Salience

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阅读让你成为更好的人

英语学习 2015年第5期 12-15页

作者： Annie Murphy paul 晨尘黄湘淇

“在商品快餐化的网络时代，我们的阅读也被电子化和碎片化了。曾经的那份“书卷多情似故人，晨昏忧乐每相亲”，还有“赌书消得泼茶香，当时只道是寻常”，现在真的变得不寻常了。回归书卷，不仅仅是为了情怀，还为了让我们成为“更好... 详细信息

“在商品快餐化的网络时代，我们的阅读也被电子化和碎片化了。曾经的那份“书卷多情似故人，晨昏忧乐每相亲”，还有“赌书消得泼茶香，当时只道是寻常”，现在真的变得不寻常了。回归书卷，不仅仅是为了情怀，还为了让我们成为“更好的人”。

关键词：阅读网络时代碎片化电子化快餐商品茶