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Role of small bowel capsule endoscopy in the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anemia in elderly: A comprehensive review of the current literature

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第26期20卷 8416-8423页

作者： Adnan Muhammad Gitanjali Vidyarthi patrick brady Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition University of South FloridaMorsani College of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology James A Haley VA Hospital

Iron deficiency anemia(IDA)is common and often under recognized problem in the elderly.It may be the result of multiple factors including a bleeding lesion in the gastrointestinal tract.Twenty percent of elderly patients with IDA have a negative upper and lower endoscopy and two-thirds of these have a lesion in the small bowel(SB).Capsule endoscopy(CE)provides direct visualization of entire SB mucosa,which was not possible before.It is superior to push enteroscopy,enteroclysis and barium radiography for diagnosing clinically significant SB pathology resulting in IDA.Angioectasia is one of the commonest lesions seen on the CE in elderly with IDA.The diagnostic yield of CE for IDA progressively increases with advancing age,and is highest among patients over 85 years of age.Balloon assisted enteroscopy is used to treat the lesions seen on CE.CE has some limitations mainly lack of therapeutic capability,inability to provide precise location of the lesion and false positive results.Overall CE is a very safe and effective procedure for the evaluation of IDA in elderly.

关键词： Small bowel Capsule endoscopy Iron deficiency anem

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Biliary leaks after laparoscopic cholecystectomy:time to stent or time to drain

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Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International 2008年第6期7卷 628-632页

作者： Haim Pinkas patrick G.brady Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition University of South Florida

BACKGROUND:Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopan- creatography(ERCP)with placement of a biliary stent or nasobiliary(NB)drain is the procedure of choice for treatment of post-cholecystectomy bile duct leaks.The aim of this study was to compare the effect of NB drainage versus internal biliary stenting on rates of leak closure, time elapsed until drain or stent removal,length of hospital stay and number of required endoscopic procedures. METHODS:Charts were reviewed on 20 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy complicated by Luschka or cystic duct leak.Ten patients were treated with NB drains connected to low intermittent suction and repeat NB cholangiograms were performed until leak closure was observed.Ten patients were treated with internal biliary stents.Biliary sphincterotomies were performed for stone extraction or a presumed papillary stenosis.Large bilomas were drained percutaneously prior to stenting. RESULTS:In all 20 patients,a cholangiogram and successful placement of a NB drain or internal stent was achieved.Four patients(20%)were found to have bile duct stones,which were extracted following a sphincterotomy. Sixteen patients required percutaneous drains to evacuate large bilomas prior to biliary instrumentation.Fifteen cystic duct leaks and 5 Luschka duct leaks were reviewed. There were no complications related to ERCP.Closure of the leak was documented within 2 to 11 days(mean 4.7±0.9 days)in patients receiving a NB drain.The drains were removed non-endoscopically following leak closure. The internal stent group required stenting for 14 to 53 days(mean 29.1±4.4 days).The stent was then removed endoscopically after documentation of leak closure.Bile leaks following laparoscopic cholecystectomy closed rapidly after NB drainage and did not require repeat endoscopy for removal of the NB drain,resulting in fewer ERCPs required for treatment of biliary leaks.Internal biliary stents were in place longer owing to the nature of this intermittent endoscopic approach but an accurate comparison of tim

关键词： biliary leak cholecystectomy,laparoscopic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography nasobiliary drain biliary stent

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CO_2和温度对硅酸盐风化作用的影响——对气候控制的可能影响

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地质科学译丛 1995年第2期12卷 16-19页

作者： patrick V.brady 卢鸿 Geochemistry Research Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque NM87185 USA

全球碳循环与气候模式中一个关键的不确定性因素就是:有机质活动、温度和大气CO_2对硅酸盐风化作用的综合效应。本文首次指出辉石和钙长石的溶解速率表明,硅酸盐在富有机质溶液中的风化作用并不受土壤CO_2的直接影响,但对温度却很敏感... 详细信息

全球碳循环与气候模式中一个关键的不确定性因素就是:有机质活动、温度和大气CO_2对硅酸盐风化作用的综合效应。本文首次指出辉石和钙长石的溶解速率表明,硅酸盐在富有机质溶液中的风化作用并不受土壤CO_2的直接影响,但对温度却很敏感。很明显,CO_2通过增加有机质的活度和产生腐蚀性有机酸而间接地加速了硅酸盐的风化。当将这种风化因素引入稳态碳循环和气候模式中的输入时,就能加强硅酸盐风化而起到扮演全球恒温箱的作用并抑制气候的变化。

关键词：二氧化碳硅酸盐风化作用气候控制

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The Plant Vascular System: Evolution, Development and Functions

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2013年第4期55卷 294-388页

作者： William J. Lucas Andrew Groover Raffael Lichtenberger Kaori Furuta Shri-Ram Yadav Yk Helariutta Xin-Qiang He Hiroo Fukuda Julie Kang Siobhan M. brady John W. patrick John Sperry Akiko Yoshida Ana-Flor López-Millan Michael A. Grusak Pradeep Kachroo Department of Plant Biology College of Biological Sciences University of California US Forest Service Pacific SW Res Stn Institute for Forest Genetics Institute of Biotechnology/Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research College of Life Sciences Peking University Department of Biological Sciences Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo Biology Department University of Northern Iowa School of Environmental and Life Sciences The University of Newcastle Biology Department University of Utah Plant Nutrition Department Aula Dei Experimental Station (CSIC) USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center Department of Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine Department of Plant Pathology College of Agriculture University of Kentucky

The emergence of the tracheophyte-based vascular system of land plants had major impacts on the evolution of terrestrial biology, in general, through its role in facilitating the development of plants with increased stature, photosynthetic output, and ability to colonize a greatly expanded range of environmental habitats. Recently, considerable progress has been made in terms of our understanding of the developmental and physiological programs involved in the formation and function of the plant vascular system. In this review, we first examine the evolutionary events that gave rise to the tracheophytes, followed by analysis of the genetic and hormonal networks that cooperate to orchestrate vascular development in the gymnosperms and angiosperms. The two essentialfunctions performed by the vascular system, namely the delivery of resources （water, essential mineral nutrients, sugars and amino acids） to the various plant organs and provision of mechanical support are next discussed. Here, we focus on critical questions relating to structural and physiological properties controlling the delivery of material through the xylem and phloem. Recent discoveries into the role of the vascular system as an effective long-distance communication system are next assessed in terms of the coordination of developmental, physiological and defense-related processes, at the whole-plant level. A concerted effort has been made to integrate all these new findings into a comprehensive picture of the state-of-the-art in the area of plant vascular biology. Finally, areas important for future research are highlighted in terms of their likely contribution both to basic knowledge and applications to primary industry.

关键词： Evolution vascular development phloem xylem nutrient delivery long-distance communication systemic signaling.

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