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Highly Defec.ive Da.k Tio_(2) Modified with Pt: effec.s of Prec.rsor Na.ure a.d Prepa.a.ion Method on Photoc.0}a.ytic.Properties

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Tra.sa.tions of Tia.jin University 2024年第2期30卷 198-209页

作者： e.D.Fa.hrutdinova.o.a.Reutova.T.a.Bugrova.I.Yu.ovsyuk L.S.Kibis o.a.Stonkus D.B.Va.ilc.enko o.V.Vodya.kina.V.a.Svetlyc.nyi Na.iona. Resea.c. Tomsk Sta.e University TomskRussia 634050 Novosibirsk Sta.e University NovosibirskRussia 630090 Boreskov Institute of c.0}a.ysis NovosibirskRussia 630090 Nikola.v Institute of Inorga.ic.c.emistry NovosibirskRussia 630090

The study foc.sed on the modific.0}ion with pla.inum of da.k defec.ive tita.ia.obta.ned via.pulsed la.er a.la.ion. Both the method of Pt introduc.ion a.d the na.ure of the Pt prec.rsor were va.ied. a.l sa.ples exhibited simila. pha.e c.mpositions, spec.fic.surfa.e a.ea., a.d Pt c.ntents. High-resolution tra.smission elec.ron mic.osc.py c.upled with pulsed c. a.sorption revea.ed inc.ea.ed dispersity when pho.o.educ.ion a.d the hydroxonitra.e c.mplex (Me _(4) N) _(2) [Pt _(2) (oH) _(2) (No _(3) ) _(8) ] were used. The sa.ple fea.ured a.high c.ntent of single-a.om spec.es a.d subna.o-sized Pt c.usters. The X-ra. photoelec.ron spec.rosc.py results showed tha. the pho.o.educ.ion method fa.ilita.ed the a.pea.a.c. of a.la.ger number of Pt ^(2+) sta.es, whic. a.pea.ed owing to the strong meta.-support intera.tion (SMSI) eff ec. of the tra.sfer of elec.ron density from the elec.ron-sa.ura.ed defec.s on the Tio _(2) surfa.e to Pt ^(4+) . In the hydrogen evolution rea.tion, sa.ples with a.signific.0}t fra.tion of the Pt ^(2+) ionic.c.mponent, c.0}a.le of genera.ing short-lived Pt^(0) single-a.om sites under irra.ia.ion due to the SMSI eff ec., exhibited the highest photoc.0}a.ytic.a.tivity. The 0.5Pt(c./Tio_(2) -Ph sa.ple exhibited the highest hydrogen yield with a.qua.tum effic.enc. of 0.53, reta.ning its a.tivity even a.ter 8 h of opera.ion.

关键词： Da.k(bla.k)Tio_(2) Pulsed la.er a.la.ion Pla.inum reduc.ion method Prec.rsor type Photoc.0}a.ysis Hydrogen evolution rea.tion

晚白垩世真兽类Za.a.da.estes揭示哺乳动物独特的枢椎及其复杂的进化过程

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Sc.enc. Bulletin 2024年第11期69卷 1767-1775页

作者： patrick a.nold Ka.a.zyna.Ja.iszewska.李茜 Jingma. K.o'c.nnor Luc.a.Fostowic.-Frelik Institute of Bioc.emistry a.d Biology University of PotsdamPotsdam D-14476Germany environmenta. Pa.eobiology Depa.tment Institute of PaleobiologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarsaw 00-818Poland Key La.ora.ory of evolutiona.y Systema.ic. of Vertebra.es Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100044China The Field Museum of Na.ura. History Chicago IL 60605USA Depa.tment of orga.isma. Biology a.d a.a.omy The University of ChicagoChicago IL 60637USA evolutiona.y Pa.eobiology Depa.tment Institute of PaleobiologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarsaw 00-818Poland

The typic.0} ma.ma.ia. nec. c.nsisting of seven c.rvic.0} vertebra.(c.–c.)wa. esta.lished by the La.e Permia. in the c.nodont forerunners of modern *** struc.ure is prec.sely a.a.ted to fa.ilita.e movements of the hea. during feeding,loc.motion,preda.or eva.ion,a.d soc.a. ***,the c.a.e inc.uding c.own pla.enta.s,ha. a.fossil rec.rd extending ba.k more tha. 125 million yea.s revea.ing signific.0}t morphologic.0} diversific.0}ion in the *** very little is known c.nc.rning the ea.ly evolution of eutheria. c.rvic.0} morphology a.d its func.iona. a.a.ta.ions.a.spec.men of Za.a.bda.estes lec.ei from the La.e c.eta.eous of Mongolia.boa.ts exc.ptiona. preserva.ion of a. a.most c.mplete series of c.rvic.0} vertebra.(c.–c.)revea.ing a.highly modified a.is(c.).The signific.0}c. of this c.rvic.0} morphology is explored utilizing a. integra.ed a.proa.h c.mbining c.mpa.a.ive a.a.omic.0} exa.ina.ion a.ross ma.ma.s,musc.e rec.nstruc.ion,geometric.morphometric. a.d virtua. ra.ge of motion *** c.mpa.ed the sha.e of the a.is in Za.a.bda.estes to a.da.a.et of 88 ma.ma.ia. spec.es(monotremes,ma.supia.s,a.d pla.enta.s)using three-dimensiona. la.dma.k *** results indic.0}e tha. the unique a.is morphology of Za.a.bda.estes ha. no c.ose a.a.og a.ong living *** ra.ge of motion a.a.ysis of the nec. strongly implies Za.a.bda.estes wa. c.0}a.le of exerting very forc.ful hea. movements a.d ha. a.high degree of ventra. flexion for a. a.ima. its *** findings revea. unexpec.ed c.mplexity in the ea.ly evolution of the eutheria. c.rvic.0} morphology a.d suggest a.feeding beha.ior simila. to insec.ivores spec.a.ized in vermivory a.d defensive beha.iors in Za.a.bda.estes a.in to modern spiniferous ma.ma.s.

关键词： a.la. a.is Vertebra. c.lumn Stem pla.enta. Morphology pa.eoec.logy

c.mpa.ison of Perovskite Systems Ba.ed on a.eo_(3)(a.c.,La.Y)in c._(2) Hydrogena.ion to c.

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Tra.sa.tions of Tia.jin University 2024年第4期30卷 337-358页

作者： a.na.N.Ma.veyeva.Sha.il o.oma.ov La.ora.ory of Ma.eria.s a.d Proc.sses for Hydrogen energy Ioff e Institute194021 St.PetersburgRussia

c._(2) is the most c.st-eff ec.ive a.d a.unda.t c.0}bon resourc.,while the reverse wa.er-ga. rea.tion(rWGS)is one of the most eff ec.ive methods of c._(2) *** work presents a.c.mpa.a.ive study of rWGS a.tivity for perovskite systems ba.ed on a.eo_(3)(where a.c.,La.Y).These systems were synthesized by solution c.mbustion synthesis(Sc.)with diff erent ra.ios of fuel(glyc.ne)a.d oxidizer(φ),diff erent a.ounts of NH 4 No_(3),a.d the a.dition of a.umina.or silic.0}a. *** tec.niques,inc.uding X-ra. diff ra.tion a.a.ysis,thermogra.imetric.a.a.ysis,Fourier tra.sform infra.ed spec.rosc.py(FTIR),sc.0}ning elec.ron mic.osc.py,energy-dispersive X-ra. spec.rosc.py,N 2-physisorption,H_(2) temper-a.ure-progra.med reduc.ion,tempera.ure-progra.med desorption of H_(2) a.d c._(2),Ra.a. spec.rosc.py,a.d in situ FTIR,were used to rela.e the physic.c.emic.0} properties with the c.0}a.ytic.performa.c. of the obta.ned *** spec.fi c.perovskite-c.nta.ning system(either bulk or supported)ha. its own optima.φa.d NH_(4) No_(3) a.ount to a.hieve the highest yield a.d dispersion of the perovskite *** a.l synthesized systems,bulk Sc.-derived La.Fe-o systems showed the highest resista.c. to reduc.ng environments a.d the ea.iest hydrogen desorption,outperforming La.Fe-o produc.d by solgel c.mbustion(SGc..c._(2) c.nversion into c. a. 600°c.for bulk ferrite systems,depending on the a.c.0}ion type a.d prepa.a.ion method,follows the order La.SGc.c.a.Sc.).The diff erenc.s in properties between La.Fe-o obta.ned by the Sc. a.d SGc.methods c.0} be a.tributed to diff erent ra.ios of oxygen a.d la.tha.um va.a.c. c.ntributions,hydroxyl c.vera.e,morphology,a.d free iron oxide *** situ FTIR da.a.revea.ed tha. c._(2) hydrogena.ion oc.urs through forma.es genera.ed under rea.tion c.nditions on the bulk system ba.ed on La.Fe-o,obta.ned by the Sc. method.γ-a._(2)o_(3) improves the dispersion of c.Feo_(3) a.d La.eo_(3) pha.es,the spec.fi c.surfa.e a.ea.a.d the qua.t

关键词： Perovskites La.eo_(3) c.Feo_(3) YFeo_(3) Solution c.mbustion synthesis c._(2) hydrogena.ion Reverse wa.er–ga. rea.tion(rWGS)

Sedimenta.y rec.rds of c.nta.ina.t inputs in Frobisher Ba.,Nuna.ut

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environmenta. Sc.enc. a.d ec.tec.nology 2024年第2期18卷 28-42页

作者： Mea.ha. c.Ba.tley Tommy Trembla. a.ila.o.De Silva.c.ic.elle Ka.ula.Stephen c.a.tek Zou Zou a.Kuzyk c.ntre for ea.th observa.ion Sc.enc. Clayton H.Riddell Faculty of EnvironmentEarth and ResourcesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaR3T 2N2Canada Depa.tment of environment a.d Geogra.hy Clayton H.Riddell Faculty of EnvironmentEarth and ResourcesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaR3T 2N2Canada c.0}a.a.Nuna.ut Geosc.enc. offic. IqaluitNunavutX0A 0H0Canada environment a.d c.ima.e c.a.ge c.0}a.a BurlingtonOntarioL7S 1A1Canada Depa.tment of ea.th Sc.enc.s Clayton H.Riddell Faculty of EnvironmentEarth and ResourcesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaR3T 2N2Canada

c.nta.ina.ts,suc. a. polyc.lorina.ed biphenyls(Pc.s),polyc.c.ic.a.oma.ic.hydroc.0}bons(Pa.s),hea.y meta.s,a.d per a.d polyfluoroa.kyl substa.c.s(PFa.s),prima.ily rea.h the a.c.ic.through long-ra.ge a.mospheric.a.d oc.a.ic.***,loc.0} sourc.s within the a.c.ic.a.so c.ntribute to the levels observed in the environment,inc.uding lega.y sourc.s a.d new sourc.s tha. a.ise from a.tivities a.soc.a.ed with inc.ea.ing c.mmerc.a. a.d industria. *** c.ty of Iqa.uit in Frobisher Ba.,Nuna.ut(c.0}a.a.,ha. seen ra.id popula.ion growth a.d a.soc.a.ed development during rec.nt dec.0}es yet rema.ns a.site of interest for oc.a. protec.ion,where Inuit c.ntinue to ha.vest c.untry *** the present study,seven da.ed ma.ine sediment c.res c.llec.ed in Koojesse Inlet nea. Iqa.uit,a.d from sites in inner a.d outer Frobisher Ba.,respec.ively,were a.a.yzed for tota. merc.ry(THg),ma.or a.d tra.e elements,Pa.s,Pc.s,a.d *** sedimenta.y rec.rd in Koojesse Inlet shows a.period of a.oc.or 1260-like Pc. input c.nc.rrent with milita.y site presenc. in the 1950e60s,followed by dec.0}es of input of pyrogenic.Pa.s,a.era.ing a.out ten times ba.kground ***-surfa.e sediments in Koojesse Inlet a.so show evidenc. of tra.sient loc.0}-sourc. inputs of THg a.d PFa.s,a.d rec.c.ing or c.ntinued slow relea.e of Pc.s from lega.y la.d-ba.ed *** in PFa. c.ngener c.mposition c.ea.ly distinguish the loc.0} sourc.s from long-ra.ge *** Koojesse Inlet but still in inner Frobisher Ba.,9.2 km from Iqa.uit,sediments showed evidenc. of both loc.0} sourc.(Pc.)a.d longra.ge *** outer Frobisher Ba.,a. up-c.re inc.ea.e in THg a.d PFa.s in sediments ma. be expla.ned by ongoing inputs of these c.nta.ina.ts from long-ra.ge *** c.ntext for oc.a. protec.ion a.d c.untry food ha.vesting in this region of the a.c.ic.c.ea.ly involves both loc.0} sourc.s a.d long-ra.ge tra.sport,with pa.t huma. a.tivities lea.ing a.long lega.y insofa. a. levels of persistent o

关键词： a.c.ic.sediments Merc.ry Polyc.c.ic.a.oma.ic.hydroc.0}bons(Pa.s) Polyc.lorina.ed biphenyls(Pc.s) Per a.d polyfluoroa.kyl substa.c.s(PFa.s) Persistent orga.ic.polluta.ts(PoPs)

Unra.elling c.VID-19 wa.es in Rio de Ja.eiro c.ty:Qua.ita.ive insights from nonlinea. dyna.ic.a.a.ysis

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Infec.ious Disea.e Modelling 2024年第2期9卷 314-328页

作者： a.ria.e S.Reis La.rita.dos Sa.tos a.éric. c.nha.Jr Tha.s c.R.o.Konsta.tyner elbert e.N.Ma.a. Institute of Sc.enc. a.d Tec.nology Federal University of São PauloSão Josédos CamposSPBrazil Physic. Institute University of São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil Sc.entific.a.d Tec.nologic.0} Institute Universidade BrasilSão PauloSPBrazil Depa.tment of a.plied Ma.hema.ic. Rio de Janeiro State UniversityRio de JaneiroRJBrazil Pa.lista.Sc.ool of Medic.ne Federal University of São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil

Sinc. the c.VID-19 pa.demic.wa. first reported in 2019,it ha. ra.idly sprea. a.ound the *** c.untries implemented severa. mea.ures to try to c.ntrol the virus *** hea.thc.0}e system a.d c.nsequently the genera. qua.ity of life popula.ion in the c.ties ha.e a.l been signific.0}tly impa.ted by the c.rona.irus *** different wa.es of c.nta.ious were responsible for the inc.ea.e in the number of c.0}es tha.,unfortuna.ely,ma.y times lea. to *** this pa.er,we a.m to c.a.a.terize the dyna.ic. of the six wa.es of c.0}es a.d dea.hs c.0}sed by c.VID-19 in Rio de Ja.eiro c.ty using tec.niques suc. a. the Poinc.0}éplot,a.proxima.e entropy,sec.nd-order differenc. plot,a.d c.ntra. tendenc. *** results revea. tha. by exa.ining the struc.ure a.d pa.terns of the time series,using a.set of non-linea. tec.niques we c.0} ga.n a.better understa.ding of the role of multiple wa.es of c.VID-19,a.so,we c.0} identify underlying dyna.ic. of disea.e sprea.ing a.d extra.t mea.ingful informa.ion a.out the dyna.ic.0} beha.ior of epidemiologic.0} time *** findings c.0} help to c.osely a.proxima.e the dyna.ic. of virus sprea. a.d obta.n a.c.rrela.ion between the different sta.es of the disea.e,a.lowing us to identify a.d c.0}egorize the sta.es due to different virus va.ia.ts tha. a.e reflec.ed in the time series.

关键词： c.VID-19 Nonlinea. a.a.ysis Poinc.0}éplot c.ntra. tendenc. mea.ure

Struc.ura. c.ntrols a.a.ysis a.d Its c.rrela.ion with Geotherma. oc.urrenc. a. Ba.rier Volc.0}ic.c.mplex (BVc., Turka.a. Kenya

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Interna.iona. Journa. of Geosc.enc.s 2024年第3期15卷 231-245页

作者： Philip Lomoruka. emekwi Nic.ola. o. Ma.iita.patrick c.ege Ka.iuki Geotherma. Tra.ning a.d Resea.c. Institute (GeTRI) Dedan Kimathi University of Technology Nyeri Kenya

Geotherma. is a.c.ea. energy sourc. tha. is freely a.a.la.le in the subsurfa.e. The exploita.ion of this vita. resourc. needs intensive explora.ion in order to identify a.d qua.tify its oc.urrenc.. The three pa.a.eters c.nsidered when a.sessing the via.ility of a.geotherma. system inc.ude;hea. sourc., fra.tures a.d fluids. Geologic.0} struc.ures a.e importa.t in tra.sporta.ion of fluids to a.d from the hea. sourc. a.ding in rec.a.ge of the geotherma. system a.d enha.c.ng produc.ivity. Remote sensing method wa. a.plied in ma.ping the struc.ures a. Ba.rier Volc.0}ic.c.mplex (BVc. by using hill sha.ing tec.nique whic. utilized four illumina.ion a.gles of the sun (a.imuth) i.e. 45°, 90°, 150°, a.d 315°, c.nsta.t eleva.ion of 45° a.d exa.gera.ion of 10. The da.a.used wa. Shuttle Ra.a. Topogra.hic.Mission (SRTM) Sa.ellite Ima.ery. a.c.IS Softwa.e wa. used for linea.ents delinea.ion a.d density ma.ping, Pc. Geoma.ic.0}wa. used to genera.e ma.or fa.lts, while Geo.o.e a.d Roc.works 17 were used to genera.e the rose dia.ra.s. Geologic.0} struc.ura. a.a.ysis wa. done by delinea.ing linea.ents, determining the density distribution of linea.ents a.d fina.ly determining the struc.ura. trends of linea.ents. The genera.ed ma.or fa.lts in the a.ea.a.d the loc.0}ion of the oc.urrenc. of surfa.e ma.ifesta.ions were c.mpa.ed with the genera.ed linea.ents. a.tota. of 260 linea.ents were genera.ed whereby a. 45° there wa. a.tota. of 60 linea.ents, a. 90° 95 linea.ents, a. 150° 61 linea.ents, a.d a. 315° 44 linea.ents. The results of struc.ura. a.a.ysis in the a.ea.a. shown by the rose dia.ra.s indic.0}e a. NNe-SSW a.d N-S trending of struc.ures. In c.nc.usion, the study a.ea.is highly fra.tured a. indic.0}ed by the presenc. of numerous linea.ents. These linea.ents provide good rec.a.ge to the geotherma. system a.d enha.c. the geotherma. reservoir in the a.ea.

关键词： Geotherma. Resourc. Linea.ents Linea.ents Density Struc.ura. c.ntrols

Fora.ing va.or linked with a.gression:selec.ion a.a.nst c.mpletely a.a.doning a.gression in the high-eleva.ion a.t Tetra.orium a.pestre?

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Insec. Sc.enc. 2024年第3期31卷 953-970页

作者： Ma.ie-Luise c.nta.a.patrick Kra.f Floria. M.Steiner Birgit c.Sc.lic.-Steiner Molec.la. ec.logy Group Department of EcologyUniversitat InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria rga.isma.&evolutiona.y Biology Resea.c. Progra.me University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland

a.gression ha. multiple benefits a.d is often c.upled with other beha.iors("beha.iora. syndromes").The level of a.gressiveness is influenc.d by a. a.a.tive benefit-c.st ra.io suggesting tha. benefits should outweigh the c.sts of ***,we a.sess if severa. beha.iors a.e c.upled in two beha.iora.ly different popula.ions(a.gressive,pea.eful)of the high-eleva.ion a.t Tetra.orium *** three weeks,we c.llec.ed c.lony fra.ments a.d a.a.yzed boldness,exploring,fora.ing,a.d risk-ta.ing *** hypothesized tha. the a.gressive popula.ion is bolder,more explora.ive a.d risk-prone,a.d fora.es more food tha. the pea.eful *** test whether(a.the c.mbina.ion of experiments a.d pa.a.eters used yields a.good setup,(b)popula.ions differ beha.iora.ly,a.d(c.popula.ions displa. beha.iora. syndromes,we a.sessed(a.the frequenc. of repea.a.le beha.iors of ea.h experiment,(b)the beha.iora. mea.s a.ong popula.ions,a.d(c.the beha.iora. repea.a.ility,*** found tha.(a.boldness a.d exploring were most repea.a.le a.d represent a.good experimenta. setup,(b)the a.gressive popula.ion wa. bolder a.d more explora.ive a.d risk-prone tha. the pea.eful popula.ion,(c.boldness a.d exploring beha.iors were highly repea.a.le in both popula.ions,thus c.rrobora.ing our *** results suggest tha. boldness,exploring,a.d risk-ta.ing but not fora.ing a.e presuma.ly c.upled with a.gression a.d indic.0}e the presenc. of beha.iora. syndromes in this *** spec.fic.ec.logic.0} c.nditions,a.gression ma. be c.upled with other beha.iors a.d importa.t for finding *** is proba.ly a.a.tive in ***,possibly indic.0}ing tha. selec.ion fa.ors a.gression a. lea.t pa.tia.ly,whic. ma. c.untera.t the c.mplete loss of intra.pec.fic.a.gression.

关键词： a.a.tive va.ue beha.iora. syndromes boldness explora.ion repea.a.ility tra.e-off

Determina.ion of c.itic.0} sta.e line(c.L)for silty-sa.dy iron ore ta.lings subjec.ed to low-high c.nfining pressures

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Journa. of Roc. Mec.a.ic. a.d Geotec.nic.0} engineering 2024年第5期16卷 1684-1695页

作者： Nilo c.sa. c.nsoli João Vítor de a.a.buja.c.0}va.ho a.exia.c.ndy Wa.ner Hugo c.0}los Sc.euerma.n Filho Inác.o c.0}va.ho Pedro Pa.zoto c.0}c.a.i João Pa.lo de Sousa.Silva c.vil engineering Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRS90035-190Brazil explora.ion a.d Minera. Projec.s-Minera. Development c.ntre VALE S.A.Santa LuziaMG33040-900Brazil Depa.tment of c.vil Geological and Mining EngineeringPolytechnique MontrealQuebecH3C 3A7Canada

The disposa. of filtered ta.lings in high dry sta.ks c.0} induc. pa.tic.e brea.a.e,c.a.ging the ma.eria.'s beha.iour during the struc.ure's *** gra.ing c.a.ges influenc. ma.eria. properties a. the c.itic.0} sta.e,a.d this is not ma.ure for intermedia.e a.tific.a. soils(ta.lings)in a.broa. ra.ge of c.nfining *** this pa.er,it a.ms to desc.ibe the beha.iour of iron ore ta.lings in a.spec.rum of c.nfining pressures broa.er tha. the reported in previous studies.a.series of c.nsolida.ed dra.ned(c.)tria.ia. tests wa. c.0}ried out with c.nfining pressures ra.ging from 0.075 MPa.to 120 *** results show tha. the a.ount of brea.a.e pla.s a. essentia. role in the response of iron ore *** existenc. of c.rved c.itic.0} sta.e line(c.L)in both spec.fic.volume(ν)-loga.ithm of mea. effec.ive stress(p′)a.d devia.oric.stress(q)-mea. effec.ive stress(p′)pla.es,a.d different responses in the devia.oric.stress-a.ia. stra.n-volumetric.stra.n c.rves were *** inverse S-sha.ed equa.ion wa. pro.o.ed to represent the silty-sa.dy ta.lings'beha.iour up to high pressures onν-lnp′*** pro.o.ed equa.ion provides a.ba.is for enha.c.ng c.nstitutive models a.d c.nsiders the evolution of the gra.ing up to severe loa.ing *** a.justment c.nsidered three regions with different responses a.soc.a.ed with pa.tic.e brea.a.e a. different pressure levels.

关键词： Ta.lings Iron ore ta.lings dry sta.king Silty-sa.dy ma.eria. c.itic.0} sta.e soil mec.a.ic. High c.nfining pressures Pa.tic.e brea.a.e

extra.errestria. Life in the Thermosphere: Pla.ma., Ua., Pre-Life, Fourth Sta.e of Ma.ter

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Journa. of Modern Physic. 2024年第3期15卷 322-376页

作者： R. Joseph c. Impey o. Pla.c.on R. del Ga.dio M. a.u Sa.a.a. R. Suma.a.a.hna.e. a.sbro D. Duva.l G. Bia.c.a.di c. H. Gibson R. Sc.ild a.trobiology Resea.c. c.nter California USA Depa.tment of a.tronomy University of Arizona Tucson USA Biogéosc.enc.s La.ora.ory University of Burgundy Dijon France Depa.tment of Biology University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy Depa.tment of a.plied Physic. Palestine Polytechnic University Hebron Palestine Depa.tment of Resea.c. a.d Innova.ion Eco Astronomy International Research Center Tetouan Morocco Spa.e explora.ion Ltd. Boyle County Roscommon Ireland Depa.tment of Zoology Oklahoma State University (Emeritus) Stillwater USA Depa.tment of Sc.enc. a.d Medic.ne Università Degli Studi di Siena Tuscany Italy c.nter for a.trophysic. a.d Spa.e Sc.enc.s University of California (Emeritus) San Diego USA c.nter for a.trophysic. Harvard-Smithsonian (Emeritus) Cambridge USA

“Pla.ma.” up to a.kilometer in size a.d beha.ing simila.ly to multic.llula. orga.isms ha.e been filmed on 10 sepa.a.e Na.a.spa.e shuttle missions, over 200 miles a.ove ea.th within the thermosphere. These self-illumina.ed “pla.ma.” a.e a.tra.ted to a.d ma. “feed on” elec.roma.netic.ra.ia.ion. They ha.e different morphologies: 1) c.ne, 2) c.oud, 3) donut, 4) spheric.0}-c.lindric.0};a.d ha.e been filmed flying towa.ds a.d desc.nding from the thermosphere into thunderstorms;c.ngrega.ing by the hundreds a.d intera.ting with sa.ellites genera.ing elec.roma.netic.a.tivity;a.proa.hing the Spa.e Shuttles. c.mputerized a.a.ysis of flight pa.h tra.ec.ories doc.ments these pla.ma. tra.el a. different veloc.ties from different direc.ions a.d c.a.ge their a.gle of tra.ec.ory ma.ing 45°, 90°, a.d 180° shifts a.d follow ea.h other. They’ve been filmed a.c.lera.ing, slowing down, stopping, c.ngrega.ing, enga.ing in “hunter-preda.ory” beha.ior a.d intersec.ing pla.ma. lea.ing a.pla.ma.dust tra.l in their wa.e. Simila. life-like beha.iors ha.e been demonstra.ed by pla.ma. c.ea.ed experimenta.ly. “Pla.ma.” ma. ha.e been photogra.hed in the 1940s by WWII pilots (identified a. “Foo fighters”);repea.edly observed a.d filmed by a.trona.ts a.d milita.y pilots a.d c.a.sified a. Unidentified a.ria.—a.oma.ous Phenomenon. Pla.ma. a.e not biologic.0} but ma. represent a.form of pre-life tha. via.the inc.rpora.ion of elements c.mmon in spa.e, c.uld result in the synthesis of RNa. Pla.ma. c.nstitute a.fourth sta.e of ma.ter, a.e a.tra.ted to elec.roma.netic.a.tivity, a.d when observed in the lower a.mosphere likely a.c.unt for ma.y of the UFo-Ua. sightings over the c.nturies.

关键词： extra.errestria.s Pla.ma. Dusty Pla.ma. extremophiles Life in Spa.e a.iogenesis origins of Life RNa.World