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Tree diversity increases levels of herbivore damage in a subtropical forest canopy:evidence for dietary mixing by arthropods?

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2017年第1期10卷 13-27页

作者： Matteo Brezzi Bernhard Schmid pascal a.niklaus Andreas Schuldt Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center University of ZürichWinterthurerstr.190CH-8057 ZürichSwitzerland Institute of Ecology Animal Ecology GroupLeuphana University LueneburgScharnhorststr.1D-21335 LünebourgGermany

Aims Plant diversity has been linked to both increasing and decreasing levels of arthropod herbivore damage in different plant *** far,these links have mainly been studied in grasslands or in artificial tree plantations with low species ***,most studies provide results from newly established experimental plant communities where trophic links are not fully established or from stands of tree saplings that have not yet developed a ***,we test how tree diversity in a species-rich subtropical forest in China with fully developed tree canopy affects levels of herbivore damage caused by different arthropod feeding *** We established 27 plots of 30×30 m *** plots were selected randomly but with the constraint that they had to span a large range of tree diversity as required for comparative studies in contrast to sample *** recorded herbivore damage caused by arthropod feeding guilds(leaf chewers,leaf skeletonizers and sap feeders)on canopy leaves of all major tree *** Findings Levels of herbivore damage increased with tree species richness and tree phylogenetic *** effects were most pronounced for damage caused by leaf *** the two diversity measures were highly correlated,we additionally found a significant interaction between them,whereby species richness increased herbivory mostly at low levels of phylogenetic *** species with the lowest proportion of canopy leaf biomass in a plot tended to suffer the highest levels of herbivore damage,which is in contrast to expectations based on the resource concentration *** results are in agreement with expectations of the dietary mixing hypothesis where generalist herbivores with a broad spectrum of food plants benefit from increased resource diversity in tree species-rich forest patches.

关键词： arthropod herbivore damage feeding guilds forest canopy generalist herbivores leaf biomass resource dilution specialist herbivores tree species richness tree phylogenetic diversity

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Leaf area increases with species richness in young experimental stands of subtropical trees

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2017年第1期10卷 128-135页

作者： Siyi Peng Bernhard Schmid Josephine Haase pascal a.niklaus Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of ZürichWinterthurerstrasse 190CH-8057 ZürichSwitzerland

Aims Most biodiversity-ecosystem functioning research has been carried out in grassland ecosystems,and little is known about whether forest ecosystems,in particular outside the temperate zone,respond ***,we tested whether productivity,assessed as leaf area index(LAI),increases with species richness in young experimental stands of subtropical trees,whether this response is similar for early-season leaf area(which is dominated by evergreens)and seasonal leaf area increase(which is dominated by deciduous species),and whether responses saturate at high species *** We used a planted tree biodiversity experiment in south-east China to test our *** was determined three times by digital hemispheric photography in 144 plots that had been planted with 400 trees each,forming communities with 1,2,4,8 or 16 tree *** Findings LAI increased significantly with tree species richness in the fifth year of stand ***,but weaker,statistically non-significant trends were observed 1 year *** did not observe leaf area overyielding and the presence of particularly productive and unproductive species explained large amounts of variation in leaf area,suggesting that selection-type effects contributed substantially to the biodiversity effects we found in this early phase of stand *** sizes were moderate to large and comparable in magnitude to the ones reported for grassland ***(and tropical)forests harbor substantial parts of global net primary production and are critical for the Earth’s carbon and hydrological cycle,and our results suggest that tree diversity critically supports these ecosystem services.

关键词： BEF-China digital hemispheric photography field biodiversity experiment overyielding subtropical forest

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Positive effects of tree species diversity on litterfall quantity and quality along a secondary successional chronosequence in a subtropical forest

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2017年第1期10卷 28-35页

作者： Yuanyuan Huang Yinlei Ma Ke Zhao pascal a.niklaus Bernhard Schmid Jin-Sheng He Department of Ecology College of Urban and Environmental Sciencesand Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of EducationPeking University5 Yiheyuan RoadBeijing 100871China Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center University of ZürichWinterthurerstrasse 190CH-8057 ZürichSwitzerland

Aims Litterfall,as an important link between aboveground and belowground processes,plays a key role in forest ***,we test for effects of tree species richness on litter production and litter quality in subtropical *** study further encompasses a factorial gradient of secondary succession that resulted from human *** that a large percentage of subtropical forests are in secondary successional stages,understanding the role of biodiversity on forest re-growth after disturbance appears *** From January 2009 to December 2014,we monitored forest litterfall in 27 Comparative Study Plots that spanned a gradient of tree species richness(3-20 species)and secondary successional ages(~20 to 120 years)in Gutianshan Natural Nature Reserve,Zhejiang Province,*** experiment is part of the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning research platform‘BEF-China’.Tree litterfall was collected in monthly intervals using litter *** were separated into leaf and non-leaf *** litter was further sorted into dominant and other *** level monthly leaf litter C and N contents were analysed through a full *** linear mixed-effects models were applied to test for effects of tree species richness and successional age on litter quantity and leaf litter C/*** Findings Litterfall increased with species richness among and within successional age and this effect was consistent across *** older stands had higher litterfall and this effect was related to increased tree species ***,species richness did not change the intra-and inter-annual temporal stability of *** tree species richness increased leaf litter quality(decreased C/N),while successional age had no *** study indicates that more diverse forest stands produce more leaf litter and that this litter has higher N concentrations,which could promote forest growth through accelerated nutrient re-cycling.

关键词： species richness BEF-China litterfall leaf litter C/N subtropical forest secondary succession structural equation models

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Effect of clear-cutting silviculture on soil respiration in a subtropical forest of China

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2013年第5期6卷 335-348页

作者： Yinlei Ma Yan Geng Yuanyuan Huang Yue Shi pascal a.niklaus Bernhard Schmid Jin-Sheng He Department of Ecology College of Urban and Environmental Sciencesand Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of EducationPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 190CH-8057 ZurichSwitzerland Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota Northwest Institute of Plateau BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesXining 810008China

Aims Clear-cutting is a common forest management practice,especially in subtropical ***,the potential ecological consequences of clear-cutting remain *** particular,the effect of clear-cutting on soil processes,such as the carbon cycle,has not been quantified in subtropical ***,we investigated the response of soil respiration(Rs)to clear-cutting during a 12-month period in a subtropical forest in eastern *** We randomly selected four clear-cut(CC)plots and four corresponding undisturbed forest(UF)*** of Rs were made at monthly time points and were combined with continuous climatic measurements in both CC and *** Rs was estimated by interpolating data with an exponential model dependent on soil *** Rs was cumulated to annual Rs *** Findings In the first year after clear-cutting,annual estimates of Rs in CC(508±23g C m^(−2) yr^(−1))showed no significant difference to UF plots(480±12g C m^(−2) yr^(−1)).During the summer,soil temperatures were usually higher,whereas the soil volumetric water content was lower in CC than in UF *** long-term effects of clear-cutting on Rs are not significant,although there might be effects during the first several months after *** with previous work,this pattern was more pronounced in our subtropical forest than in the temperate and boreal forests that have been studied by *** aboveground residuals off-site after clear-cutting,our results indicate that the stimulation of increasing root debris,as well as environmental changes,will not lead to a significant increase in *** addition,long-term Rs will not show a significant decrease from the termination of root respiration,and this observation might be because of the influence of fast-growing vegetation after clear-cutting in situ.

关键词： clear-cutting subtropical forest soil respiration soil temperature

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基于生态学原理的作物品种混合种植建立

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2023年第6期16卷 46-60页

作者： Emanuel B.Kopp pascal a.niklaus Samuel E.Wuest Agroscope Group Breeding ResearchDivision Plant BreedingMüller-Thurgau-Strasse 298820 W鋎enswilSwitzerland Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center University of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 1908057 ZurichSwitzerland University of Zurich Research Priority Program on Global Change and Biodiversity University of Zurich8057 ZurichSwitzerland

作物品种混合种植具有很多有益效应,包括抑制病原体和增加产量和产量稳定性。然而,这些效应并不一定在所有作物品种混合种植中都出现,多样性带来的效应可能会因作物异质性的增加而抵消。在田间建立作物品种混合种植,如果没有预先预测组... 详细信息

作物品种混合种植具有很多有益效应,包括抑制病原体和增加产量和产量稳定性。然而,这些效应并不一定在所有作物品种混合种植中都出现,多样性带来的效应可能会因作物异质性的增加而抵消。在田间建立作物品种混合种植,如果没有预先预测组合哪些基因型可以产生表现良好的混合种植,会导致工作量过于庞大。因此,需要有效的工具来缩减有希望的品种混合种植组合,并在实验中确定其中哪些组合会带来最大效应。在这里,我们首先综述已有的关于生态多样性实验和当前农业应用效应及其机理,然后讨论应用这些知识开发良好品种混合种植组合时出现的一些主要困难。我们还讨论了解决其中一些问题的非常规方法。我们特别强调基于性状确定好的品种混合种植伙伴的潜力和局限性,并认为非传统性状和性状衍生的指标可能需要基于性状的方法来充分发挥其潜力。具体而言,我们认为可以使用现代遗传和基因组方法确定良好的混合种植伙伴。或者,可以通过组合对环境变化做出不同反应的品种(这些品种可以在标准品种测试试验中轻松识别)来获得良好的混作组合。初步分析结果表明,解释对不同环境响应的生态位差异,可以指示功能互补性并提高混合种植组合的产量及其稳定性。

关键词：农业生态学品种混合种植作物多样性群落生态学植物育种病原物/疾病控制产量稳定性

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Opposing intraspecific *** diversity effects on herbivory and growth in subtropical experimental tree assemblages

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2017年第1期10卷 242-251页

作者： Christoph Z.Hahn pascal a.niklaus Helge Bruelheide Stefan G.Michalski Miaomiao Shi Xuefei Yang Xueqin Zeng Markus Fischer Walter Durka Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ Department of Community Ecology(BZF)Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4D-06120 HalleGermany Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of ZürichWinterthurerstrasse 190CH-8057 ZürichSwitzerland Institute of Biology Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergAm Kirchtor 106108 HalleGermany German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research(iDiv)Halle-Jena-Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e04103 LeipzigGermany South China Botanical Garden 723 Xingke RoadGuangzhou 510650China Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of Sciences132 Lanhei RoadKunming 650204China Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden Lam Kam RoadTai PoNew TerritoriesHong Kong Institute of Plant Sciences University of BernAltenbergrain 21CH-3013 BernSwitzerland

Aims Positive plant diversity-ecosystem function relations are ultimately driven by variation in functional traits among individuals that form a *** date,research has largely focused on the role of species diversity for ecosystem ***,substantial intraspecific trait variation is common and a significant part of this variation caused by genetic differences among ***,we studied the relative importance of species diversity and seed family(SF)diversity within species for growth and herbivory in experimental subtropical tree *** In 2010,we set up a field experiment in subtropical China,using four species from the local species *** were raised from seeds,with seeds from the same mother tree forming an *** established 23 plots containing one or four species(species diversity treatment)and one or four SFs per species(SF diversity treatment).Tree growth(stem diameter,plant height and crown expansion)and herbivory(percentage leaf loss due to leaf chewers)were monitored annually from 2011 to *** findings Tree species richness promoted growth but had no effect on *** contrast,SF diversity reduced growth and increased herbivory but only so in species *** of the observed effects were time dependent,with the largest effect found in *** results suggest that biodiversity can affect plant performance directly via tree species-species interactions,or context dependent,via potential effects on inter-trophic *** important conclusions should be drawn from our ***,in future studies regarding biodiversity and ecosystem functioning(BEF)relationships,intraspecific genetic diversity should be given similar weight as species diversity as it has often been neglected and its effects are not well ***,we demonstrate opposite effects of biodiversity among and within species,stressing the importance to consider the effects of multiple levels of biodiversity simul

关键词： BEF-China species diversity genetic diversity growth herbivory

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On the combined effect of soil fertility and topography on tree growth in subtropical forest ecosystems—a study from SE China

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2017年第1期10卷 111-127页

作者： Thomas Scholten Philipp Goebes Peter Kühn Steffen Seitz Thorsten Assmann Jürgen Bauhus Helge Bruelheide Francois Buscot Alexandra Erfmeier Markus Fischer Werner Härdtle Jin-Sheng He Keping Ma pascal a.niklaus Michael Scherer-Lorenzen Bernhard Schmid Xuezheng Shi Zhengshan Song Goddert von Oheimb Christian Wirth Tesfaye Wubet Karsten Schmidt Department of Geosciences Soil Science and GeomorphologyUniversity of TübingenRümelinstraße 19-2372070 TübingenGermany Institute of Ecology Leuphana University LüneburgScharnhorststr.121335 LüneburgGermany Faculty of Forest and Environmental Sciences SilvicultureUniversity of FreiburgTennenbacherstraße 479085 Freiburg im BreisgauGermany Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle WittenbergAm Kirchtor 106108 HalleGermany German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research(iDiv)Halle-Jena-Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e04103 LeipzigGermany Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ Theodor-Lieser-Straße 406120 HalleGermany Department of Plant Sciences University of BernAltenbergrain 213013 BernSwitzerland Peking University No.5 Yiheyuan RoadHaidian DistrictBeijing 100871China Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of SciencesNo.20 NanxincunXiangshanBeijing 100093China Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of ZürichWinterthurerstrasse 1908057 ZürichSwitzerland Faculty of Biology Department of GeobotanyUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 179104 FreiburgGermany Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of SciencesNo.71 East Beijing RoadNanjingChina TU Dresden Biodiversity and Nature ConservationPienner Straße 701737 TharandtGermany Department of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity University of LeipzigJohannisallee 2104103 LeipzigGermany

Aims The aim of our research was to understand small-scale effects of topography and soil fertility on tree growth in a forest biodiversity and ecosystem functioning(BEF)experiment in subtropical SE *** Geomorphometric terrain analyses were carried out at a spatial resolution of 5×5 *** samples of different depth increments and data on tree height were collected from a total of 566 plots(667 m2 each).The soils were analyzed for carbon(soil organic carbon[SOC]),nitrogen,acidity,cation exchange capacity(CEC),exchangeable cations and base saturation as soil fertility *** plots were classified into geomorphological *** of variance and linear regressions were applied to all terrain,soil fertility and tree growth *** Findings In general,young and shallow soils and relatively small differences in stable soil properties suggest that soil erosion has truncated the soils to a large extent over the whole area of the *** explains the concurrently increasing CEC and SOC stocks downslope,in hollows and in ***,colluvial,carbon-rich sediments are missing widely due to the convexity of the footslopes caused by uplift and removal of eroded sediments by adjacent *** results showed that soil fertility is mainly influenced by ***-Carlo flow accumulation(MCCA),curvature,slope and aspect significantly affected soil ***,soil fertility was affected by the different geomorphological positions on the experimental sites with ridge and spur positions showing lower exchangeable base cation contents,especially potassium(K),due to *** geomorphological effect of soil fertility is most pronounced in the topsoil and decreases when considering the subsoil down to 50 cm *** soil fertility attributes affect tree height after 1-2 years of growth,among which C stocks proved to be most important while pH_(KCl)and CEC only played minor ***,soil acidity and a hig

关键词： soil fertility topography soil erosion matter transport biodiversity DSM carbon stocks tree forest BEF-China China

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从程序语言设计到计算机构造

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计算机科学 1986年第2期 1-6页

作者： niklaus Wirth 鲁汉榕

这是1984年度ACM图灵奖讲演。众所周知,***在开发一系列有革新意义的程序语言(如Euler、ALGOL-W、Modula和pascal)方面有杰出的贡献。据评Wirth语言的特点是其简洁性、设计的经济性和工程上的高质量。在CACM杂志编者按中写道:“Wirth对... 详细信息

这是1984年度ACM图灵奖讲演。众所周知,***在开发一系列有革新意义的程序语言(如Euler、ALGOL-W、Modula和pascal)方面有杰出的贡献。据评Wirth语言的特点是其简洁性、设计的经济性和工程上的高质量。在CACM杂志编者按中写道:“Wirth对系统程序设计适当的形式表述的探求获得了引人入胜的见识和令人惊奇的结果。”讲演中Wirth介绍了他的主要项目的简短历史、得出的结论,特别强调了指导他工作的原则。他目前正在设计和研制与Modula-2语言有关的个人计算机Lilith。

关键词：语言设计代码计算机编译器编译程序

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计算机工程与应用 1976年第Z1期 1-91页

作者： kathleen Jensen,niklaus Wirth 瑞士苏黎世联邦工业大学瑞士苏黎世联邦工业大学

序言本手册可供已经具有一些程序设计技巧的读者阅读。目的是要提供一个在没有外界指导下自学pascal的工具。pascal的基本定义以及为熟练的pascal程序员使用的简明参考手册,均以pascal程序设计语言(修订报告)为准。线性组织的书对于... 详细信息

序言本手册可供已经具有一些程序设计技巧的读者阅读。目的是要提供一个在没有外界指导下自学pascal的工具。pascal的基本定义以及为熟练的pascal程序员使用的简明参考手册,均以pascal程序设计语言(修订报告)为准。线性组织的书对于介绍一种语言决不是理想的,无论它是形式语言还是自然语言。虽然

关键词：定义主程序软件嵌套程序员标识符

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程序设计语言pascal的评注

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计算机工程 1978年第3期 1-10页

作者： niklaus Wirth 王家增

——评论程序设计语言pascal是以“可靠的程序设计”为指导思想并在使用此语言达五年经验这一背景下进行的。选择的一些特点指出其存在的问题,或是固有的或是特有的,从中我们可以得出一些关于可靠的程序设计之语言的设计或选取的启示。... 详细信息

——评论程序设计语言pascal是以“可靠的程序设计”为指导思想并在使用此语言达五年经验这一背景下进行的。选择的一些特点指出其存在的问题,或是固有的或是特有的,从中我们可以得出一些关于可靠的程序设计之语言的设计或选取的启示。在讨论的一些特点中有数据类型概念,顺序的文件结构和并类型。

关键词： pascal 概念思维形式定义程序员软件工程数组操作系统计算机系统数学公理文件序列编译程序编译器

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