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Electrophysiological neuromonitoring of the laryngeal nerves in thyroid and parathyroid surgery: A review

World Journal of Experimental Medicine 2015年第2期5卷 120-123页

作者： Ahmed Deniwar parisha bhatia Emad Kandil Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery Department of SurgeryTulane University School of Medicine

Recurrent laryngeal nerve(RLN) injury is one of the most common complications of thyroid surgery. Injury to the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve is less obvious and affects the voice variably; however, it can be of great significance to professional voice users. Recent literature has led to an increase in the use of neuromonitoring as an adjunct to visual nerve identification during thyroid surgery. In our review of the literature, we discuss the application, efficacy and safety of neuromonitoring in thyroid surgery. Although intraoperative neuromonitoring(IONM) contributes to the prevention of laryngeal nerves injury, there was no significant difference in the incidence of RLN injury in thyroid surgery when IONM was used compared with visual identification alone. IONM use is recommended in high risk patients; however, there are no clear identification criteria for what constitutes "high risk". There is no clear evidence that IONM decreases the risk of laryngeal nerve injury in thyroid surgery. However, continuous IONM provides a promising tool that can prevent imminent nerve traction injury by detecting decreased amplitude combined with increased latency.

关键词： Neuromonitoring Superior laryngeal nerve Recurrent laryngeal nerve Thyroid surgery

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Stem cell biology in thyroid cancer: Insights for novel therapies

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World Journal of Stem Cells 2014年第5期6卷 614-619页

作者： parisha bhatia Koji Tsumagari Zakaria Y Abd Elmageed Paul Friedlander Joseph F Buell Emad Kandil Departments of Surgery Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans LA 70112 United States Departments of Otolaryngology Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans LA 70112 United States

Currently, thyroid cancer is one of the most common endocrine cancer in the United States. A recent involvement of sub-population of stem cells, cancer stem cells, has been proposed in different histological types of thyroid cancer. Because of their ability of self-renewal and differentiation into various specialized cells in the body, these putative cells drive tumor genesis, metastatic activity and are responsible to provide chemo- and radioresistant nature to the cancer cells in the thyroid gland. Our Review was conducted from previously published literature to provide latest apprises to investigate the role of embryonic, somatic and cancer stem cells, and discusses the hypothesis of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Different methods for their identification and isolation through stemness markers using various in vivo and in vitro methods such as flow cytometry, thyrosphere formation assay, aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 efflux-pump mediated Hoechst 33342 dye exclusion have been discussed. The review also outlines various setbacks that still remain to target these tumor initiating cells. Future perspectives of therapeutic strategies and their potential to treat advanced stages of thyroid cancer are also disclosed in this review.

关键词： Stem cells Cancer Stem cells Thyroid Neoplasms Carcinogenesis Cell Differentiation Epithelial-Mesenchymal transition

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