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Profile of the Functional Categories of Food Additives in Industrial Foods Marketed in Senegal

Food and Nutrition Sciences 2023年第12期14卷 1244-1258页

作者： Alé Kane Ngoné Fall Bèye Alioune Sow papa Amadou Diakhaté Ndèye Yacine ndiaye Mady Cissé Laboratoire des Sciences Biologiques Agronomiques Alimentaires et de Modélisation des Systèmes Complexes (LABAAM) Université Gaston Berger (UGB) Dakar Senegal Département des Technologies Agroalimentaires UFR des Sciences Agronomiques de l’Aquaculture et des Technologies Alimentaires (S2ATA) Saint-Louis Senegal Institut de Technologie Alimentaire (ITA) Dakar Senegal Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique (ESP) Dakar Senegal

Food additives, whether natural or artificial substances, are widely used around the world to improve the sensory quality of products, extend their shelf life and make them more competitive. However, the abusive and uncontrolled consumption of food additives is the cause of numerous illnesses and diseases such as poisoning, allergies, diabetes and numerous cancers. So, in addition to setting up control and regulatory bodies, it is becoming essential to keep a constant watch on the presence of food additives on the market. The aim of this study is to highlight the main categories of food additives in food products frequently sold on the Senegalese market. The methodology of the study is based on the identification of food additives from the information given on the labels of food packaging. Information was collected in markets in two (2) major regions of Senegal: Dakar and Saint-Louis. The results of our study show the presence of 153 food additives on the labels of 514 samples collected. Moreover, the frequency and diversity of additives depended on the food category. On the other hand, beyond their important technological and functional roles, some additives such as aspartame and monosodium glutamate have been implicated in pathologies, and others, such as titanium dioxide, are the subject of much controversy and even withdrawal in certain legislations for their impacts deemed potentially negative on consumer health.

关键词： Additives Labels Food Categories Quality Food Safety

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Ipsilateral Simultaneous Shoulder and Elbow Dislocation: A Case Report

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Open Journal of Orthopedics 2022年第5期12卷 236-241页

作者： Abdoulaye Lindor Diop Cheikh Coundoul papa Amadou Ba Madior Diouf René André Macodou ndiaye Coumba Diouf Niang Hô pital Principal de Dakar-Senegal Dakar Senegal

Simultaneous shoulder and elbow dislocation is an uncommon condition, with only about ten cases reported in the literature. It is also called bipolar humeral dislocation or floating humerus. Nerve involvement is sometimes associated but radial nerve impairment is yet to be described. We report a case of bipolar dislocation of the humerus associated with radial nerve impairment occurring on a young 22 years old. Non-surgical treatment was undertaken with a reduction of the elbow followed by a reduction of the shoulder under general anaesthesia. Nerve and functional recovery were achieved at two and ten months respectively.

关键词： Bipolar Dislocation Humerus Nerve Involvement

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Impact of Storage Conditions on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) Seed Oil

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2022年第4期13卷 373-386页

作者： Edouard Mbarick ndiaye papa Guédel Faye Alioune Sow Khadim Niane Seyni ndiaye Samba Baldé Omar Ibn Khatab Cisse Nicolas Cyrille Ayessou Mady Cisse Laboratory of Water Energy Environment and Industrial Processes (LE3PI) Polytechnic Higher School Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar (ESP-UCAD) Dakar Center of Studies on Food Security and Functional Molecules (CESAM-RESCIF) ESP-UCAD Dakar Senegal UFR of Agronomic Sciences Aquaculture and Food Technologies (S2ATA) Gaston Berger University of Saint-Louis Saint-Louis Senegal National School of Agriculture Iba Der Thiam University of Thies Thies Senegal

The evolution of some quality markers of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) was studied. Baobab oil extracted by pressing was packaged in 30 mL non-amber glass bottles and stored at different temperatures: 20°C, 30°C and 45°C. The physicochemical parameters (acid, peroxide, iodine, saponification, refraction and color indices) were determined during three months’ storage. A significant 5% increase in acid, peroxide and saponification value was observed over time. However, the iodine value decreased. The yellowing and refractive index remained stable while storage at 45°C caused the most significant changes in chemical parameters. The results obtained show that oils stored at 20°C had the lowest acid (2.42 ± 0.26 mg KOH/g) and peroxide (0.82 ± 0.25 mEqO2/Kg) value after three months of follow-up.

关键词： Adansonia digitata L. Oil Seeds Physicochemical Storage

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Geomechanical Characterization of Sandstones Cliffs of Segou (Senegal, West Africa) in the Madina Kouta Basin

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International Journal of Geosciences 2012年第1期3卷 166-174页

作者： Déthié Sarr Meissa Fall papa Malick Ngom Mapathé ndiaye Cheikh H. Kane Makhaly Ba Laboratoire de Mécanique et Modélisation-UFR Sciences de l’Ingénieur Université de Thiès Thiès Sénégal

This work presents the behavior of Segou sandstones in the laboratory and in the field conditions. Four types of sandstone are collected in the northern part of the Madina Kouta basin (eastern Senegal). These types of specimens are the white sandstones, the red sandstones, the purple sandstones and the sandstones with intercalation of pelites. Uniaxial tests are carried out on these specimens of sandstones. The Young Moduli (E) and the Uniaxial Compression Strengths (Rc) are higher for the white sandstone. Values of the mechanical parameters decrease slightly for red sandstones due to an increase of the amount of pelites in the composition of the rock. Decrease of mechanical parameters is more important for the purple facies due to an important network of fractures. The facies with weaker characteristics corresponds to the sandstones with intercalation of pelites. This is due to the soft nature of the pelites. The slope stability of the Cliff sides depends also on to these characteristics.

关键词： Unconfined Compression Test-Uniaxial Compression Strength (UCT Rc) JRC (Joint Roughness Coefficient) Young Modulus (E) Roughness Segou-Madina Kouta Basin Discontinuities Dihedral Slope Cliff

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Sweetener and Flavor Enhancer Food Additives in Industrial Food Products Marketed in Dakar: Frequency and Diversity

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第1期14卷 101-117页

作者： Alé Kane Alioune Sow Ndèye Adiara ndiaye Coumba Gueye Sagna papa Amadou Diakhaté Mady Cissé Amadou Diop Laboratoire des Sciences Biologiques Agronomiques Alimentaires et de Modélisation des Systèmes Complexes (LABAAM) Université Gaston Berger (UGB) Saint-Louis Senegal Département des Technologies Agroalimentaires|UFR des Sciences Agronomiques de l’Aquaculture et des Technologies Alimentaires (S2ATA) Saint-Louis Senegal Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique (ESP) Dakar Senegal Laboratoire de chimie analytique et bromatologie UCAD Dakar Senegal

Sweeteners and flavor enhancers are food additives widely used in industry, respectively, to add sweetness and flavor to foods. However, the presence of these substances is often criticized by consumers for their effects on health. What’s more, some scientific studies link these substances to certain pathologies. To guarantee food safety, competent authorities should have food standards based on risk analysis using consistent, reliable data. However, in developing countries, such data is often weak or non-existent. The aim of this study is therefore to carry out a pilot survey to establish the profile of sweeteners and flavour enhancers present in industrial food products marketed in Senegal. The methodology consisted of sampling various food products sold on the Senegalese market, based on analysis of labels containing information on ingredients, including additives. The investigation involved nine stores, one supermarket and 5 mini-markets in Dakar. The results showed the presence of 6 taste enhancers in food products, the most frequent being sodium L-monoglutamate (E621), inosinate (E631) and disodium guanylate (E627). Solid broths are the foodstuffs with the highest number of taste exhalters. As for sweeteners, 12 substances were identified, the most frequent being acesulfame potassium (E950), aspartame (E951), sucralose (E955) and saccharin (E954). Given the potential health risks associated with the consumption of these food additives, their control and monitoring on the market should be a priority for the competent authorities.

关键词： Exhalter Sugar Acesulfame Potassium Sodium Monoglutame Artificial Health Risk

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Optimization of the Aqueous Decoction Process of Combretum micranthum Leaves

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2023年第3期14卷 277-286页

作者： papa Guedel Faye Edouard Mbarick ndiaye Samba Baldé Alioune Sow Omar Khatab Cissé Nicolas Cyrille Ayessou Mady Cisse Laboratory of Water Energy Environment and Industrial Processes (LE3PI) Polytechnic Higher School Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar (ESP-UCAD) Dakar Senegal UFR Agronomic Sciences Aquaculture and Agrifood Technologies Gaston BERGER University Dakar Senegal National School of Agriculture Iba Der THIAM University Thies Senegal Center for Studies on Food Security and Functional Molecules (CESAM) Dakar Senegal

This work proposes to compare the extraction of total polyphenols and the coloring obtained after several series of decoction at 100°C/20min, of whole or crushed leaves of Combretum micranthum. The total phenolic content of the extracts obtained after decoction was determined by Folin’s method. The color parameters were measured using a colorimeter based on the CIELAB system. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows significant differences (p 0.05) on different parameters evaluated. The Minitab 19 software was used to classify the extracts according to the color parameters (L, A, and B). The results showed that the maximum of polyphenols (21.67%) was extracted in the crushed leaves after three series of decoctions while with the whole leaves the maximum of 16.17% is obtained after six series of decoctions. The concentration of total polyphenols becomes low from four series of decoctions with 0.146 g·AG·100 g-1 MS. The red and yellow coloring drops respectively by 85 and 69% with crushed leaves and 64 and 21% with whole leaves. The conductivity and the brix of the extracts fall according to the series of decoctions. These results show that for optimal use of C. micranthum leaves in traditional medicine, crushed leaves and three series of decoctions are indicated and sufficient.

关键词： Combretum micranthum Extraction Decoction Polyphenols Coloring

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Ischemic Stroke Complicating Neuromeningeal and Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Children: About a Case in Senegal

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Open Journal of Pediatrics 2023年第1期13卷 92-96页

作者： papa Souleye Sow Khadim Bop Khalifa Ababacar Mbaye Guillaye Diagne Pape Malick Dibor Diouf Idrissa Demba Ba papa Moctar Faye Amadou Lamine Fall Ousmane ndiaye National Hospital Center of Children Albert Royer Dakar Sénégal National Hospital Center of Fann Dakar Sénégal

Tuberculosis is a major public health problem, especially in developing countries. Neuro-meningeal involvement is rare but represents one of the most severe forms with high morbidity and mortality. We report the case of an ischemic stroke complicating neuromeningeal and pulmonary tuberculosis in a four-month-old infant at the National Hospital Center of children Albert Royer (Senegal). The case was a four-month-old, male infant with no history. His vaccination was up to date according to Senegal’s expanded vaccination program. There was no notion of tuberculosis contagion. He was seen for a prolonged fever for more than a month and chronic cough. He had moderate malnutrition. Neurological examination revealed coma, meningeal syndrome, generalized tonic convulsions and hypertonia. The pupils were in bilateral miosis. Osteotendinous reflexes were abolished with a bilateral Babinski sign. He also had severe respiratory distress, bilateral pulmonary condensation syndrome. Brain computed tomography was in favor of an ischemic stroke. The test GeneXpert MTB/RIF was positive on cerebrospinal fluid and gastric tubing fluid. The curative treatment was based on a quadruple therapy based on rifampicin, isoniazid, pirazinamide and ethambutol. The evolution was unfavorable with the death of the patient.

关键词： Tuberculosis Meningitis Child Senegal

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Effect of Sodium Carbonate on Extraction by Aqueous Decoction of Total Polyphenols from Crushed and Whole Leaves of Combretum micranthum

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2023年第9期14卷 812-823页

作者： papa Guedel Faye Lahat Niang Edouard Mbarick ndiaye Oumar Ibn Khatab Cisse Alioune Sow Nicolas Cyrille Ayessou Mady Cisse Laboratory of Water Energy Environment and Industrial Processes (LE3PI) Polytechnic Higher School Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar (ESP-UCAD) Dakar Senega Center for Studies on Food Security and Functional Molecules (CESAM) Dakar Senegal National School of Agriculture Iba Der THIAM University Thiès Senegal UFR Agronomic Sciences Aquaculture and Agrifood Technologies Gaston BERGER University Saint Louis USA

Sodium bicarbonate is sometimes used to aid in the extraction of total polyphenols. Its main effect is to increase the pH of the extraction solution. Raising the pH can cause changes in the chemical structure of polyphenols. This can lead to variations in their biological properties, solubility and stability. This work studied the effect of sodium carbonate on the extraction by aqueous decoction of total polyphenols from the leaves of Combretum micranthum. The content of total phenolic compounds in the extracts was estimated by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The color of the samples was measured using a colorimeter (type: KONICA MINOLTA. Japan) based on the CIELAB color system. The results obtained were subjected to a one-way ANOVA analysis of variance with R software version 3.2.4 Revised (2018) and Minitab-18 software. The results reveal a drop in the concentration of extracted polyphenols proportional to the addition of sodium carbonate, i.e. a drop from 3.30 to 1.04 mg·AG·100 g-1 of extract on whole leaves and 3.921 to 2.551 mg·AG·100 g-1 extract on crushed leaves. On the other hand, the intensity of the coloring of the extracts increases significantly with the addition of sodium carbonate from 0.0 g·L -1 to 0.666 g·L-1.

关键词： Baking Soda Combrutum micranthum Extraction Decoction Polyphenols

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Enhancing Precision in Radiotherapy Delivery: Validating Monte Carlo Simulation Models for 6 MV Elekta Synergy Agility LINAC Photon Beam Using Two Models of the GAMOS Code

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World Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 2024年第2期14卷 146-163页

作者： Nogaye ndiaye Oumar ndiaye papa Macoumba Faye Kodjo Joël Fabrice N’Guessan Djicknack Dione Khady Sy Moussa Hamady Sy Jean Paul Latyr Faye Alassane Traoré Ababacar Sadikhe Ndao Institute of Applied Nuclear Technology University Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar Senegal International Cancer Center of Dakar Dakar Senegal Department of Physics Faculty of Sciences and Technology University Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar Senegal

The most crucial requirement in radiation therapy treatment planning is a fast and accurate treatment planning system that minimizes damage to healthy tissues surrounding cancer cells. The use of Monte Carlo toolkits has become indispensable for research aimed at precisely determining the dose in radiotherapy. Among the numerous algorithms developed in recent years, the GAMOS code, which utilizes the Geant4 toolkit for Monte Carlo simula-tions, incorporates various electromagnetic physics models and multiple scattering models for simulating particle interactions with matter. This makes it a valuable tool for dose calculations in medical applications and throughout the patient’s volume. The aim of this present work aims to vali-date the GAMOS code for the simulation of a 6 MV photon-beam output from the Elekta Synergy Agility linear accelerator. The simulation involves mod-eling the major components of the accelerator head and the interactions of the radiation beam with a homogeneous water phantom and particle information was collected following the modeling of the phase space. This space was po-sitioned under the X and Y jaws, utilizing three electromagnetic physics mod-els of the GAMOS code: Standard, Penelope, and Low-Energy, along with three multiple scattering models: Goudsmit-Saunderson, Urban, and Wentzel-VI. The obtained phase space file was used as a particle source to simulate dose distributions (depth-dose and dose profile) for field sizes of 5 × 5 cm2 and 10 × 10 cm2 at depths of 10 cm and 20 cm in a water phantom, with a source-surface distance (SSD) of 90 cm from the target. We compared the three electromagnetic physics models and the three multiple scattering mod-els of the GAMOS code to experimental results. Validation of our results was performed using the gamma index, with an acceptability criterion of 3% for the dose difference (DD) and 3 mm for the distance-to-agreement (DTA). We achieved agreements of 94% and 96%, respective

关键词： GAMOS Monte Carlo LINAC Radiotherapy Dose Distribution Phase Space Gamma Index 6 MV Photon Beam

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Statural and Weight Growth of Low Birth Weight at 9 Months

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Open Journal of Pediatrics 2022年第1期12卷 19-25页

作者： Modou Gueye Amadou Sow Djibril Boiro Youssouf Mmadi Ibrahim Aissatou Cisse Bathily Benjeloun Amane Assane Sylla papa Moctar Faye Ousmane ndiaye Abass Ndao Hospital Center Dakar Senegal Aristide le Dantec Hospital Center Dakar Senegal Albert Royer National Hospital Center Fann Dakar Senegal

Introduction: Low birth weight (LBW) is defined as a birth weight 2500 g at birth, regardless of the term of pregnancy. The objective of this study is to evaluate their stature and weight growth from 0 to 9 months of corrected age (CA) in Senegal. Methodology: This is a prospective, descriptive, and analytical cohort follow-up up to 9 months of CA including all live newborns of LBW hospitalized and followed up from 01 August 2019 to 31 May 2020. World Health Organization growth charts were used to assess stature and weight growth. Results: During the study 136 LBW newborns were included. The mean gestational age was 32 weeks of amenorrhea. At discharge, 46 children (33.82%) were exclusively breastfed. At birth, the mean weight was 1487 g (3rd-10th percentile) and the mean height was 41.52 cm (10th-25th percentile). At 9 months of CA, the mean weight was 8119 g (median) and the mean height was 74 cm (median). The children had achieved satisfactory growth in weight (84%) and height (89%). At 9 months of CA, 27% of the children were behind in one of the four areas of psychomotor development. Conclusion: At the end of 9 months of CA, stature and weighted growth was normal.

关键词： Low-Birth-Weight Growth Stature Weight Child Senegal

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