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Prevention,diagnostic evaluation,management and prognostic implications of liver disease in critically ill patients with COVID-19

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2023年第3期11卷 514-527页

作者： Asimina Valsamaki Maria Xanthoudaki Katerina G Oikonomou panagiotis J Vlachostergios AntoniosPapadogoulas Periklis Katsiafylloudis Ioanna Voulgaridi Apostolia-Lemonia Skoura Apostolos Komnos Panagiotis Papamichalis Intensive Care Unit General Hospital of LarissaLarissa 41221Greece Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology Department of MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNY 10065United States Department of Microbiology General Hospital of LarissaLarissa 41221Greece Transfusion Medicine Department University Hospital of LarissaLarissa 41110Greece

Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,broke out in December 2019 in Wuhan city of China and spread rapidly worldwide.Therefore,by March 2020,the World Health Organization declared the disease a global pandemic.Apart from the respiratory system,various other organs of the human body are also seriously affected by the virus.Liver injury in patients with a severe form of COVID-19 is estimated to be 14.8%-53.0%.Elevated levels of total bilirubin,aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase and low levels of serum albumin and prealbumin are the main laboratory findings.Patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease and cirrhosis are much more prone to develop severe liver injury.This literature review presented the recent scientific findings regarding the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for liver injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19,the various interactions between drugs used to treat the disease and the function of the liver and the specific tests providing the possibility of early diagnosis of severe liver injury in these patients.Moreover,it highlighted the burden that COVID-19 put on health systems worldwide and its effect on transplant programs and the care provided to critically ill patients in general and particularly to those with chronic liver disease.

关键词： Coronavirus disease 2019 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Liver disease Intensive care unit Liver unit Prealbumin

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Extracorporeal organ support for critically ill patients:Overcoming the past,achieving the maximum at present,and redefining the future

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World Journal of Critical Care Medicine 2024年第2期13卷 19-28页

作者： Panagiotis Papamichalis Katerina G Oikonomou Maria Xanthoudaki Asimina Valsamaki Apostolia-Lemonia Skoura Sophia K Papathanasiou Achilleas Chovas Intensive Care Unit General Hospital of LarissaLarissa 41221Greece Department of Transfusion Medicine University Hospital of LarissaLarissa 41110Greece Department of Internal Medicine General Hospital of LarissaLarissa 41221Greece

Extracorporeal organ support(ECOS)has made remarkable progress over the last few years.Renal replacement therapy,introduced a few decades ago,was the first available application of ECOS.The subsequent evolution of ECOS enabled the enhanced support to many other organs,including the heart[veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO),slow continuous ultrafiltration],the lungs(veno-venous ECMO,extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal),and the liver(blood purification techniques for the detoxification of liver toxins).Moreover,additional indications of these methods,including the suppression of excessive inflammatory response occurring in severe disorders such as sepsis,coronavirus disease 2019,pancreatitis,and trauma(blood purification techniques for the removal of exotoxins,endotoxins,or cytokines),have arisen.Multiple organ support therapy is crucial since a vast majority of critically ill patients present not with a single but with multiple organ failure(MOF),whereas,traditional therapeutic approaches(mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure,antibiotics for sepsis,and inotropes for cardiac dysfunction)have reached the maximum efficacy and cannot be improved further.However,several issues remain to be clarified,such as the complexity and cost of ECOS systems,standardization of indications,therapeutic protocols and initiation time,choice of the patients who will benefit most from these interventions,while evidence from randomized controlled trials supporting their use is still limited.Nevertheless,these methods are currently a part of routine clinical practice in intensive care units.This editorial presents the past,present,and future considerations,as well as perspectives regarding these therapies.Our better understanding of these methods,the pathophysiology of MOF,the crosstalk between native organs resulting in MOF,and the crosstalk between native organs and artificial organ support systems when applied sequentially or simultaneously,will lead to the multiplication of their effects and the mi

关键词： Kidney-liver replacement therapy Heart-lung support Blood purification Native–artificial organ crosstalk Multiple organ support therapy Extracorporeal organ support

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Gastroenterology and liver disease during COVID-19 and in anticipation of post-COVID-19 era: Current practice and future directions

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2021年第19期9卷 4918-4938页

作者： Katerina G Oikonomou Panagiotis Papamichalis Tilemachos Zafeiridis Maria Xanthoudaki Evangelia Papapostolou Asimina Valsamaki Konstantinos Bouliaris Michail papamichalis Marios Karvouniaris panagiotis J Vlachostergios Apostolia-Lemonia Skoura Apostolos Komnos Intensive Care Unit General Hospital of LarissaLarissa 41221ThessalyGreece Surgical Department General Hospital of LarissaLarissa 41221ThessalyGreece Department of Cardiology University Hospital of LarissaLarissa 41110ThessalyGreece Intensive Care Unit University Hospital of LarissaLarissa 41110ThessalyGreece Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology Department of MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNY 10065United States Transfusion Medicine Department University Hospital of LarissaLarissa 41110ThessalyGreece

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has emerged as a major threat to global public health.The virus causes the clinical syndrome known as coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),in which multiple organs can get affected.Apart from manifestations of the respiratory system,which predominate,its clinical presentation is frequently accompanied by symptoms of the gastrointestinal(GI)tract and liver abnormalities.The correlation of symptoms and abnormalities with disease severity is discussed,leading to ambiguous results from international literature.Moreover,the disease infects patients with coexisting liver and GI disorders affecting both their health status and the availability of healthcare services provided to them.The risk of transmission of the disease during aerosol-generating procedures has changed the diagnostic approach and follow-up algorithms for liver and GI diseases.For the safety of both doctors and patients,telemedicine and distant evaluation have become everyday practice,whereas several routines and emergency visits at outpatient and emergency departments have been postponed or delayed.Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is underway,providing hope to humanity and the expectation that the post-COVID-19 era is near.This review aims to update knowledge about the manifestations of COVID-19 related to liver and GI diseases and the effect of the pandemic on the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for these diseases with a special focus on how current practices have changed and what changes will possibly remain in the future.

关键词： COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Liver disease Gastroenterology practice Endoscopy

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Liver replacement therapy with extracorporeal blood purification techniques current knowledge and future directions

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2023年第17期11卷 3932-3948页

作者： Panagiotis Papamichalis Katerina G Oikonomou Asimina Valsamaki Maria Xanthoudaki Periklis Katsiafylloudis Evangelia Papapostolou Apostolia-Lemonia Skoura Michail papamichalis Marios Karvouniaris Antonios Koutras Eleni Vaitsi Smaragdi Sarchosi Antonios Papadogoulas Dimitrios Papadopoulos Intensive Care Unit General Hospital of LarissaLarissa 41221ThessalyGreece Department of Transfusion Medicine University Hospital of LarissaLarissa 41110ThessalyGreece Department of Cardiology University Hospital of LarissaLarissa 41110ThessalyGreece Intensive Care Unit AHEPA University HospitalThessaloniki 54636Greece 1^(st) Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology General Hospital of Athens“ALEXANDRA”National and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthens 11528Greece Department of Anesthesiology University Hospital of LarissaLarissa 41110ThessalyGreece

Clinically,it is highly challenging to promote recovery in patients with acute liver failure(ALF)and acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF).Despite recent advances in understanding the underlying mechanisms of ALF and ACLF,standard medical therapy remains the primary therapeutic approach.Liver transplantation(LT)is considered the last option,and in several cases,it is the only intervention that can be lifesaving.Unfortunately,this intervention is limited by organ donation shortage or exclusion criteria such that not all patients in need can receive a transplant.Another option is to restore impaired liver function with artificial extracorporeal blood purification systems.The first such systems were developed at the end of the 20th century,providing solutions as bridging therapy,either for liver recovery or LT.They enhance the elimination of metabolites and substances that accumulate due to compromised liver function.In addition,they aid in clearance of molecules released during acute liver decompensation,which can initiate an excessive inflammatory response in these patients causing hepatic encephalopathy,multiple-organ failure,and other complications of liver failure.As compared to renal replacement therapies,we have been unsuccessful in using artificial extracorporeal blood purification systems to completely replace liver function despite the outstanding technological evolution of these systems.Extracting middle to high-molecular-weight and hydrophobic/protein-bound molecules remains extremely challenging.The majority of the currently available systems include a combination of methods that cleanse different ranges and types of molecules and toxins.Furthermore,conventional methods such as plasma exchange are being re-evaluated,and novel adsorption filters are increasingly being used for liver indications.These strategies are very promising for the treatment of liver failure.Nevertheless,the best method,system,or device has not been developed yet,and its probability of getting developed in the near future is also lo

关键词： Liver failure Transplantation Blood purification Liver replacement therapy Artificial extracorporeal systems Transplant-free survival

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COVID-19 and the heart

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2022年第28期10卷 9970-9984页

作者： Andrew Xanthopoulos Angeliki Bourazana Grigorios Giamouzis Evangelia Skoularigki Apostolos Dimos Alexandros Zagouras Michail papamichalis Ioannis Leventis Dimitrios E Magouliotis Filippos Triposkiadis John Skoularigis Department of Cardiology University Hospital of LarissaLarissa 41110Greece Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery University of ThessalyLarissa BiopolisLarissa 41110Greece

An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) occurred in December 2019 due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-Co V-2),which is a strain of SARS-Co V.Patients infected with the virus present a wide spectrum of manifestations ranging from mild flu-like symptoms,cough,fever and fatigue to severe lung injury,appearing as bilateral interstitial pneumonia or acute respiratory failure.Although SARS-Co V-2 infection predominantly offends the respiratory system,it has been associated with several cardiovascular complications as well.For example,patients with COVID-19 may either develop type 2 myocardial infarction due to myocardial oxygen demand and supply imbalance or acute coronary syndrome resulting from excessive inflammatory response to the primary infection.The incidence of COVID-19 related myocarditis is estimated to be accountable for an average of 7% of all COVID-19 related fatal cases,whereas heart failure(HF) may develop due to infiltration of the heart by inflammatory cells,destructive action of pro-inflammatory cytokines,micro-thrombosis and new onset or aggravated endothelial and respiratory failure.Lastly,SARSCo V-2 can engender arrhythmias through direct myocardial damage causing acute myocarditis or through HF decompensation or secondary,through respiratory failure or severe res-piratory distress syndrome.In this comprehensive review we summarize the COVID-19 related cardiovascular complications(acute coronary syndromes,myocarditis,HF,arrhythmias) and discuss the main underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.

关键词： COVID-19 Virus Complications Cardiac Acute coronary syndromes Heart failure Myocarditis Arrhythmias

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Patent hemostasis of radial artery:Comparison of two methods

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World Journal of Cardiology 2021年第10期13卷 574-584页

作者： Vassileios Kyriakopoulos Andrew Xanthopoulos Michail papamichalis Spyridon Skoularigkis Chara Tzavara Emmanouil Papadakis Sotirios Patsilinakos Filippos Triposkiadis John Skoularigis Department of Cardiology Konstantopoulio General HospitalAthens 14233Greece Department of Cardiology University Hospital of LarissaLarissa 41110Greece Department of Health Medical SchoolUniversity of AthensAthens 11527Greece

BACKGROUND Radial artery obstruction is the most common complication of coronary angiography performed via transradial access.Patent hemostasis can significantly reduce the risk of radial artery occlusion.Previous studies utilized sophisticated methods to evaluate radial artery patency.Simplified and easily applicable methods for successful patent hemostasis are currently lacking.AIM To determine which method(pulse oximeter vs the traditional radial artery palpation)is better to achieve patent hemostasis.METHODS This prospective,single center study included 299 consecutive patients who underwent coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention between November 2017 and July 2019.Patients less than 18 years old,with a history of radial artery disease,or no palpable artery pulse were excluded from the study.Patients were randomly assigned to two groups.In the first group,radial artery flow was assessed by palpation of the artery during hemostasis(traditional method).In the second group,radial artery patency was estimated with the use of a pulse oximeter.Two different compression devices were used for hemostasis(air chamber and pressure valve).The primary study endpoint was the achievement of successful patent hemostasis.RESULTS The two groups(pulse oximeter vs artery palpation)had no significant differences in age,sex,body mass index,risk factors,or comorbidities except for supraventricular arrhythmias.The percentage of patients with successful patent hemostasis was significantly higher in the pulse oximeter group(82.2%vs 68.1%,P=0.005).A lower percentage of patients with spasm was recorded in the pulse oximeter group(9.9%vs 19.0%,P=0.024).The incidence of local complications,edema,bleeding,hematoma,vagotonia,or pain did not differ between the two groups.In the multivariate analysis,the use of a pulse oximeter(OR:2.35,95%CI:1.34-4.13,P=0.003)and advanced age(OR:1.04,95%CI:1.01-1.07,P=0.006),were independently associated with an increased probability of successful patent hemostasis.The type of hemostatic d

关键词： Radial access Patent hemostasis Palpation Oximeter Coronary angiography Radial artery occlusion

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Red blood cell distribution width in elderly hospitalized patients with cardiovascular disease

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World Journal of Cardiology 2021年第9期13卷 503-513页

作者： Andrew Xanthopoulos Konstantinos Tryposkiadis Apostolos Dimos Angeliki Bourazana Alexandros Zagouras Nikolaos Iakovis Michail papamichalis Grigorios Giamouzis George Vassilopoulos John Skoularigis Filippos Triposkiadis Department of Cardiology University Hospital of LarissaLarissa 41110Greece Independent Biostatistician Athens 15669Greece Department of Haematology University of Thessaly Medical SchoolLarissa 41110Greece

BACKGROUND Red blood cell distribution width(RDW)is elevated in patients with cardiovascular disease(CVD).AIM To determine RDW values and impact of CV and non-CV coexisting morbidities in elderly patients hospitalized with chronic CVD.METHODS This prospective study included 204 consecutive elderly patients(age 77.5[7.41]years,female 94[46%],left ventricular ejection fraction 53.00%[37.50,55.00])hospitalized with chronic CVD at the Cardiology Department of Larissa University General Hospital(Larissa,Greece)from January 2019 to April 2019.Elderly patients were selected due to the high prevalence of coexisting morbidities in this patient population.Hospitalized patients with acute CVD(acute coronary syndromes,new-onset heart failure[HF],and acute pericarditis/myocarditis),primary isolated valvular heart disease,sepsis,and those with a history of blood transfusions or cancer were excluded.The evaluation of the patients within 24 h from admission included clinical examination,laboratory blood tests,and echocardiography.RESULTS The most common cardiac morbidities were hypertension and coronary artery disease,with acutely decompensated chronic heart failure(ADCHF)and atrial fibrillation(AF)also frequently being present.The most common non-cardiac morbidities were anemia and chronic kidney disease followed by diabetes mellitus,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,and sleep apnea.RDW was significantly elevated 15.48(2.15);121(59.3%)of patients had RDW>14.5%which represents the upper limit of normal in our institution.Factors associated with RDW in stepwise regression analysis were ADCHF(coefficient:1.406;95%confidence interval[CI]:0.830-1.981;P<0.001),AF(1.192;0.673 to 1.711;P<0.001),and anemia(0.806;0.256 to 1.355;P=0.004).ADCHF was the most significant factor associated with RDW.RDW was on average 1.41 higher for patients with than without ADCHF,1.19 higher for patients with than without AF,and 0.81 higher for patients with than without anemia.When patients were grouped based on the presence or absence of anemia,ADCHF

关键词： Red blood cell distribution width Elderly Cardiovascular disease Coexisting morbidities

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