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Impact of Colonization on Language Policy in Cameroon

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Impact of Colonization on Language Policy in Cameroon

作者： Ngueguo Sandra pamela 湖南大学

学位级别：硕士

喀麦隆的语言政策受到了殖民化的巨大影响。这种影响至今依然存在。喀麦隆的官方语言,英语和法语,是殖民化的遗留产物。喀麦隆作为一个多语言国家,有250多种地方语言和2种通用语。即喀麦隆洋泾浜英语和英法混合语言(Camfranglais)。除... 详细信息

喀麦隆的语言政策受到了殖民化的巨大影响。这种影响至今依然存在。喀麦隆的官方语言,英语和法语,是殖民化的遗留产物。喀麦隆作为一个多语言国家,有250多种地方语言和2种通用语。即喀麦隆洋泾浜英语和英法混合语言(Camfranglais)。除官方双语外,其他语言都被归入第二计划,使得文化传承受到影响,许多语言正走向消亡。本研究采用定量研究方法,采用在线问卷调查的方式,调查了喀麦隆英语区和法语区的受访者112人,就殖民化对语言政策的影响和对当地和官方语言未来的发展看法,问卷共设26个问题。本研究通过谷歌平台进行问卷调查,以便喀麦隆受访者参与。结果显示,殖民化对喀麦隆语言政策的影响既有正面的,也有负面的。我们发现,在官方的外国双语氛围中,年轻人在学校或家里通过这些语言接触到更多的外国文化,更倾向于外国文化,致使当地的多语制形同虚设。我们还发现,由外国语言和当地语言结合而成的混合语言在喀麦隆获得了很大发展,特别是在年轻人中间,尽管这些语言还没有被正式获得官方语言政策的确定和支持。受殖民主义的影响,喀麦隆的语言氛围存在冲突,官方双语很大程度上主导了当地的多语制,忽视了当地语言,导致文化逐渐消亡。殖民化对喀麦隆语言政策最严重的影响是该国当前所谓的英语危机或安巴索尼亚战争。本研究表明,由于殖民主义对喀麦隆语言政策的长期影响,实施可持续的语言政策迫在眉睫。本研究对于保护喀麦隆当地语言、避免语言消亡从而促进国家文化和民族的团结统一具有重要的意义。

关键词：殖民化喀麦隆语言政策地方语言官方语言

Incidence and consequences of varicella in children treated for cancer in Guatemala

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世界儿科杂志:英文版 2016年第3期12卷 320-326页

作者： Amy e.Caruso Brown edwin J.Asturias Mario Melgar Federico A.Antillon-Klussmann pamela Mettler Myron J.Levin Center for Bioethics and Humanities and Department of Pediatrics SUNY Upstate Medical University Center for Global Health and Department of epidemiology Colorado School of Public HealthAuroraColoradoUSA National Unit of Pediatric Oncology Guatemala CityGuatemala Department of Biostatistics and Informatics Colorado Biostatistics ConsortiumColorado School of Public HealthAuroraColoradoUSA Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department of PediatricsUniversity of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA

Background:Varicella-zoster virus infection is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in immune-compromised children,despite treatment with antiviral *** varicella vaccine programs have significantly decreased this risk in many highincome countries,but in most low-income and middleincome countries,the burden of varicella in children treated for malignancy is poorly defi ***:We retrospectively reviewed records of children at the National Unit of Pediatric Oncology(UNOP)in Guatemala diagnosed with varicella between January 2009 and March 2013 in order to calculate incidence of varicella and evaluate morbidity,mortality,treatment interruption,and ***:Fifty-nine cases of varicella were *** was 23.4 cases per 1000 person-years(p-y).66.1%of cases occurred in children with leukemia(median age 5.2 years;interquantile range 3.4-7 years)and 41.0%of these occurred during maintenance *** of exposure was identified for 14/59(23.7%)*** were hospitalized(71.2%)and given intravenous acyclovir(64.4%).eight(13.6%)children required critical care,and two(3.4%)died from disseminated varicella with multiorgan *** was delayed or omitted due to varicella in 50%.No signifi cant differences in outcomes based on nutritional and immunologic status were *** minimum average cost of treatment per episode was 598.75 ***:Varicella is a significant problem in children treated for cancer in Guatemala,where effective post-exposure prophylaxis is *** the absence of universal varicella vaccination,strategies to improve recognition of exposure and the future use of novel inactivated vaccines currently under investigation in clinical trials could mitigate this burden.

关键词： cancer developing countries immunocompromised host oncology varicella

Temporal and spatial comparisons of angiosperm diversity between eastern Asia and North America

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National Science Review 2022年第6期9卷 38-42页

作者： Haihua Hu Jianfei Ye Bing Liu Lingfeng Mao Stephen A.Smith Russell L.Barrett pamela S.Soltis Douglas e.Soltis Zhiduan Chen Limin Lu State Key Laboratory of Systematic and evolutionary Botany Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Sino-Africa Joint Research Center Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing Botanical Garden Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of Sciences Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China College of Biology and the Environment Nanjing Forestry University Department of ecology and evolutionary Biology University of Michigan National Herbarium of New South Wales Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Department of Biology University of Florida

Comparative approaches that examine floras with similar environments, but different diversity patterns, provide good opportunities to elucidate how uneven distributions of biodiversity were assembled. eastern Asia(eA) and North America north of Mexico(NA; see definitions of eA and NA in Fig. S1 A) share similar geographical environments with comparable latitude, land area and climate,

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The Values and Significance of the Colonial Steel Railway Bridges of Pakistan

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Built Heritage 2017年第4期1卷 11-21页

作者： Ayesha pamela Rogers Ghulam Mustafa Baloch Cultural Studies Department National College of ArtsLahorePakistan

This paper proposes that Civil engineering Heritage is a distinct form of heritage,related to but differing from Industrial Heritage and a separate field that should be treated *** critical element that signifies engineering heritage is ingenium or innovation in development of complex technological responses to physical *** heritage requires specific approaches to its identification,documentation,conservation and *** important first step of this process is a clear understanding of the values and attributes that contribute to the significance of engineering heritage and must be *** example of engineering heritage examined here is the colonial steel railway bridges of Pakistan;three case study bridges are presented and the values and attributes of each are *** paper then identifies a set of shared essential values of this type of engineering heritage that can serve as a basis for value-based conservation and management.

关键词： civil engineering heritage bridges colonial Pakistan values innovation

Zebrafish as a Model for Human Ciliopathies

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Journal of Genetics and Genomics 2016年第3期43卷 107-120页

作者： Zhu Song Xiaoli Zhang Shuo Jia pamela C.Yelick Chengtian Zhao Institute of evolution & Marine Biodiversity College of Marine Life Science Ocean University of China Department of Orthodontics Division of Craniofacial and Molecular Genetics Tufts University Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology

Cilia, microtubule-based structures found on the surface of almost all vertebrate cells, play an array of diverse biological functions. Abnormal ciliary axonemal structure and function can result in a class of genetic disorders that are collectively termed ciliopathies. Model organisms, including Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Caenorhabditis elegans have been widely used to study the complex genetic basis of ciliopathies. Here, we review the advantages of the zebrafish as a vertebrate model for human ciliopathies. We summarize the features of zebrafish cilia, and the major findings and contributions of the zebrafish model in recent studies of human ciliopathies. We also discuss the new genome editing approaches being efficiently used in zebrafish, and the exciting prospects of these approaches in modeling human ciliopathies.

关键词： Cilia Zebrafish Ciliopathy Disease model

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高压条件下块体碳纳米管的制备(英文)

新型炭材料 2014年第3期29卷 193-202页

作者： pamela Andréa Mantey dos Santos Аrea de Ciências Tecnológicas Centro Universitário Franciscano UNIFRA Santa Maria 97010-032 RS Brasil Instituto de Química Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul UFRGS Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS Brasil Instituto de Ffsica Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul UFRGS Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS Brasil) Instituto de Ffsica Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul UFRGS Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS Brasil) Instituto de Ffsica Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul UFRGS Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS Brasil) Instituto de Ffsica Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul UFRGS Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS Brasil

分别以高纯碳纳米管(MWCNTs)、未纯化MWCNTs和盐酸纯化MWCNTs为原料,铅(Pb)和石墨(Gr)为压力传递媒介,在4GPa和7.7GPa高压和室温条件下制备块体碳纳米管。其直径约为6nm,呈圆柱形块体。采用拉曼光谱仪、X-射线衍射仪、氮吸附仪和透射电... 详细信息

分别以高纯碳纳米管(MWCNTs)、未纯化MWCNTs和盐酸纯化MWCNTs为原料,铅(Pb)和石墨(Gr)为压力传递媒介,在4GPa和7.7GPa高压和室温条件下制备块体碳纳米管。其直径约为6nm,呈圆柱形块体。采用拉曼光谱仪、X-射线衍射仪、氮吸附仪和透射电镜表征样品。结果表明,含有MgO催化剂杂质的未纯化MWCNTs,以Pb为媒介时,在7.7GPa下可获得最佳压缩样品。高压可引起MWCNTs压缩和剪切应力。Pb容器作为准静压传递媒介可提供更多压缩应力,同时杂质能作为黏结剂,从而有利于得到致密化度较高的MWCNTs。

关键词：碳纳米管高压块体碳纳米管拉曼光谱透射电镜

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Windsor Castle

Windsor Castle

Phylogenetic diversity of eastern Asia-eastern North America disjunct plants is mainly associated with divergence time

作者： pamela Hartshorne.

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Plant Diversity 2023年第1期45卷 27-35页

作者： Han-Yang Lin Miao Sun Ya-Jun Hao Daijiang Li Matthew A.Gitzendanner Cheng-Xin Fu Douglas e.Soltis pamela S.Soltis Yun-Peng Zhao Laboratory of Systematic and evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology(Ministry of education) Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan 430070China Florida Museum of Natural History University of FloridaGainesvilleFL 32611USA Department of Biology University of FloridaGainesvilleFL 32611USA Biodiversity Institute University of FloridaGainesvilleFL 32611USA Genetics Institute University of FloridaGainesvilleFL 32608USA School of Advanced Study Taizhou UniversityTaizhou 318000China

The underlying causes of biodiversity disparities among geographic regions have long been a fundamental theme in ecology and ***,the patterns of phylogenetic diversity(PD) and phylogenetic beta diversity(PBD) of congeners that are disjunctly distributed between eastern Asia-eastern North America(eA-eNA disjuncts) and their associated factors remain *** we investigated the standardized effect size of PD(SeS-PD),PBD,and potentially associated factors in 11natural mixed forest sites(five in eA and six in eNA) where abundant eA-eNA disjuncts *** found that the disjuncts in eNA possessed higher SeS-PD than those in eA at the continental scale(1.96vs-1.12),even though the number of disjunct species in eNA is much lower than in eA(128 vs 263).SeSPD of the eA-eNA disjuncts tended to decrease with increasing latitude in 11 *** latitudinal diversity gradient of SeS-PD was stronger in eA sites than in eNA *** on the unweighted unique fraction metric(UniFrac) distance and the phylogenetic community dissimilarity,PBD showed that the two northern sites in eA were more similar to the six-site eNA group than to the remaining southern eA *** on the standardized effect size of mean pairwise distances(SeS-MPD),nine of eleven studied sites showed a neutral community structure(-1.96 ≤SeS-MPD ≤1.96).Both Pearson’s r and structural equation modeling suggested that SeS-PD of the eA-eNA disjuncts was mostly associated with mean divergence ***,SeS-PD of the eA-eNA disjuncts was positively correlated with temperaturerelated climatic factors,although negatively correlated with mean diversification rate and community *** applying approaches from phylogenetics and community ecology,our work sheds light on historical patterns of the eA-eNA disjunction and paves the way for further research.

关键词： eA-eNA disjuncts Climatic factors Community assembly processes Diversification rate Divergence time Phylogenetic diversity

Heating Up the environmental Context of Chemical Pollution： ecotoxicology in a Changing Global Climate

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Current Zoology 2015年第4期61卷 614-616页

作者： pamela D. NOYeS Sean C. LeMA Guest editors Department of environmental & Molecular Toxicology Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory Oregon State University Corvallis OR USA Biological Sciences Department Center for Coastal Marine Sciences California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo CA USA

Humans and wildlife are exposed to an ever-increasing array of man-made chemicals that are now meas-ured in every habitat on our planet from the earth＇s highest mountain peaks to sediments in the deep ocean （e.g., Farrington and Takada, 2014; Quiroz et al., 2009; Veron et al., 1987; Villa et al., 2006）. In addition to the expanding variety of synthetic chemistries in use, there are many substances that are components of the earth that may through human activities concentrate at high- levels or be released into the environment in forms that enhance their bioavailability, exposure, and toxicity potential.

关键词：光环境生态毒理学全球气候化学污染加热化学物质人类活动生物利用度