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Neuroregeneration and plasticity: a review of the physiological mechanisms for achieving functional recovery postinjury

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Military Medical Research 2020年第4期7卷 464-481页

作者： palaniappan ganesh nagappan Hong Chen De-Yun Wang School of Clinical Medicine University of CambridgeCambridge CB21TNUK Shengli Clinical College of Fujian Medical University Department of NeurologyFujian Provincial HospitalFuzhouFujian 350001China Department of Otolaryngology Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore 119228Singapore

Neuronal networks,especially those in the central nervous system(CNS),evolved to support extensive functional capabilities while ensuring *** physiological"brakes"that maintain the stability of the neuronal networks in a healthy state quickly become a hinderance ***"brakes"include inhibition from the extracellular environment,intrinsic factors of neurons and the control of neuronal *** are distinct differences between the neuronal networks in the peripheral nervous system(PNS)and the *** these differences is the trade-off between reduced functional capabilities with increased adaptability through the formation of new connections and new *** PNS has"facilitators"that stimulate neuroregeneration and plasticity,while the CNS has"brakes"that limit *** studying how these"facilitators"and"brakes"work and identifying the key processes and molecules involved,we can attempt to apply these theories to the neuronal networks of the CNS to increase its *** difference in adaptability between the CNS and PNS leads to a difference in neuroregenerative properties and *** ensures quick functional recovery of abilities in the short and medium *** involves synthesizing new neurons and connections,providing extra resources in the long term to replace those damaged by the injury,and achieving a lasting functional ***,by understanding the factors that affect neuroregeneration and plasticity,we can combine their advantages and develop rehabilitation *** training methods,coordinated with pharmacological interventions and/or electrical stimulation,contributes to a precise,holistic treatment plan that achieves functional recovery from nervous system ***,these techniques are not limited to limb movement,as other functions lost as a result of brain injury,such as speech,can also be recovered with an appropriate training program.

关键词： Neuroregeneration Plasticity Neuronal systems Postinjury Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Rehabilitation

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Olfaction as a soldier——a review of the physiology and its present and future use in the military

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Military Medical Research 2017年第3期4卷 157-169页

作者： palaniappan ganesh nagappan Somasundram Subramaniam De-Yun Wang School of Clinical Medicine University of Cambridge Department of Otolaryngology Ng Teng Fong General Hospital Department of Otolaryngology National University of Singapore National University Health System Department of Otolaryngology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore

Olfaction is one of our 5 main qualitative sensory abilities. In this review, we have examined the physiology of olfaction from the olfactory receptor to the brain. Through analyzing the physiology of olfaction, we have found that the biochemistry of olfactory nerve stimulation is unique from that of other similar pathways. Upon receiving large amounts of input from the olfactory nerve, the olfactory bulb, followed by several layers of centrifugal and centripetal processing in the brain, has to sort the information from the input as well as integrate it with other inputs from the brain to develop a coherent understanding of the input. We then examined the implications of olfaction in the military, the practical applications of electronic noses and problems associated with injury to olfaction that could affect compensation and combat worthiness of a soldier following injury. In the military, olfaction can allow the army to perform at its best through 4 main methods, namely ensuring olfaction is consistent with other dimensions of perception(ensuring optimal olfaction ability in all soldiers in combat), understanding the impact of different common combat environments on the sense of smell, utilizing odor as a defense mechanism and using olfactory aids when necessary. Electronic noses are olfactory aids that have a large potential in the military ranging from saving lives through the detection of explosives to potential methods for improving combustion efficiency. There are several problems associated with injury to olfaction that should be considered when deciding on compensation and combat worthiness of the soldier following an injury.

关键词： Olfaction Military Electronic nose Compensation Physiology Injury Combat

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