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Higher Grain-Filling Rate in Inferior Spikelets of Tolerant Rice Genotype Offset Grain Yield Loss under post-Anthesis High Night Temperatures

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Rice Science 2024年第5期 572-589页

作者： Nitin SHARMA Bhupinder SINGH Subbaiyan Gopala KRISHNAN Haritha BOLLINEDI pranab Kumar MANDAL Milan Kumar LAL prakash Kumar JHA p.v.vara prasad Anjali ANAND Division of plant physiology Indian Council of Agricultural Research(ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute(IARI) Division of Environment Science ICAR-IARI Division of Genetics ICAR-IARI ICAR-National Institute for plant Biotechnology Division of Crop physiology and Biochemistry ICAR-National Rice Research Institute Department of plant and Soil Sciences Mississippi State University Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Collaborative Research on Sustainable Intensification Kansas State University Department of Agronomy Kansas State University

Increased nighttime respiratory losses decrease the amount of photoassimilates available for plant growth and yield. We hypothesized that the increased respiratory carbon loss under high night temperatures（HNT） could be compensated for by increased photosynthesis during the day following HNT exposure. Two rice genotypes, vandana（HNT-sensitive） and Nagina 22（HNT-tolerant）, were exposed to HNT（4 ℃ above the control） from flowering to physiological maturity. They were assessed for alterations in the carbon balance of the source（flag leaf） and its subsequent impact on grain filling dynamics and the quality of spatially differentiated sinks（superior and inferior spikelets）. Both genotypes exhibited significantly higher night respiration rates. However, only Nagina 22 compensated for the high respiration rates with an increased photosynthetic rate, resulting in a steady production of total dry matter under HNT. Nagina 22 also recorded a higher grain-filling rate, particularly at 5 and 10 d after flowering, with 1.5- and 4.0-fold increases in the translocation of14C sugars to the superior and inferior spikelets, respectively. The ratio of photosynthetic rate to respiratory rate on a leaf area basis was negatively correlated with spikelet sterility, resulting in a higher filled spikelet number and grain weight per plant, particularly for inferior grains in Nagina 22. Grain quality parameters such as head rice recovery, high-density grains, and gelatinization temperature were maintained in Nagina 22. An increase in the rheological properties of rice flour starch in Nagina 22 under HNT indicated the stability of starch and its ability to reorganize during the cooling process of product formation. Thus, our study showed that sink adjustments between superior and inferior spikelets favored the growth of inferior spikelets, which helped to offset the reduction in grain weight under HNT in the tolerant genotype Nagina 22.

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Higher Grain-Filling Rate in Inferior Spikelets of Tolerant Rice Genotype Offset Grain Yield Loss under post-Anthesis High Night Temperatures

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Rice science 2024年第5期31卷 572-586,I0059-I0061页

作者： Nitin SHARMA Bhupinder SINGH Subbaiyan Gopala KRISHNAN Haritha BOLLINEDI pranab Kumar MANDAL Milan Kumar LAL prakash Kumar JHA p.v.vara prasad Anjali ANAND Division of plant physiology Indian Council of Agricultural Research(ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute(IARI)New Delhi 110012India Division of Environment Science ICAR-IARINew Delhi 110012India Division of Genetics ICAR-IARINew Delhi 110012India ICAR-National Institute for plant Biotechnology New Delhi 110012India Division of Crop physiology and Biochemistry ICAR-National Rice Research InstituteCuttack 753006India Department of plant and Soil Sciences Mississippi State UniversityStarkvilleMS 39762USA Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Collaborative Research on Sustainable Intensification Kansas State UniversityManhattanKS 66506USA Department of Agronomy Kansas State UniversityManhattanKS 66506USA

Increased nighttime respiratory losses decrease the amount of photoassimilates available for plant growth and yield. We hypothesized that the increased respiratory carbon loss under high night temperatures(HNT) could be compensated for by increased photosynthesis during the day following HNT exposure. Two rice genotypes, vandana(HNT-sensitive) and Nagina 22(HNT-tolerant), were exposed to HNT(4 ℃ above the control) from flowering to physiological maturity. They were assessed for alterations in the carbon balance of the source(flag leaf) and its subsequent impact on grain filling dynamics and the quality of spatially differentiated sinks(superior and inferior spikelets). Both genotypes exhibited significantly higher night respiration rates. However, only Nagina 22 compensated for the high respiration rates with an increased photosynthetic rate, resulting in a steady production of total dry matter under HNT. Nagina 22 also recorded a higher grain-filling rate, particularly at 5 and 10 d after flowering, with 1.5- and 4.0-fold increases in the translocation of ^(14)C sugars to the superior and inferior spikelets, respectively. The ratio of photosynthetic rate to respiratory rate on a leaf area basis was negatively correlated with spikelet sterility, resulting in a higher filled spikelet number and grain weight per plant, particularly for inferior grains in Nagina 22. Grain quality parameters such as head rice recovery, high-density grains, and gelatinization temperature were maintained in Nagina 22. An increase in the rheological properties of rice flour starch in Nagina 22 under HNT indicated the stability of starch and its ability to reorganize during the cooling process of product formation. Thus, our study showed that sink adjustments between superior and inferior spikelets favored the growth of inferior spikelets, which helped to offset the reduction in grain weight under HNT in the tolerant genotype Nagina 22.

关键词： high night temperature inferior grain pasting property radiolabeled sugar superior grain

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Biochar applications influence soil physical and chemical properties,microbial diversity,and crop productivity:a meta-analysis

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Biochar 2022年第1期4卷 1055-1071页

作者： Hardeep Singh Brian K.Northup Charles W.Rice p.v.vara prasad Department of Agronomy Kansas State University2002 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center1712 Claflin RoadManhattanKS 66506USA United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Grazinglands Research LaboratoryEl-RenoOK 73036USA

Biochar is a widely known soil *** we synthesize the available information on influence of biochar application on different soil properties and crop productivity using *** data on influence of biochar applications on different soil physical,chemical,microbial properties,and crop productivity were extracted from literature and statistically *** on selection criteria,59 studies from the literature published between 2012 and 2021 were selected for the *** were developed between effect size of biochar application on different soil properties and crop *** of biochar increased soil pH,cation exchange capacity,and organic carbon by 46%,20%,and 27%,respectively,with greater effects in coarse and fine-textured *** on chemical properties were variable among biochar prepared from different *** physical properties,biochar application reduced bulk densities by 29%and increased porosity by 59%.Biochar prepared at higher pyrolytic temperatures(>500℃)improved bulk density and porosity to greater extents(31%and 66%,respectively).Biochar prepared at lower pyrolytic temperatures(versity(both bacterial and fungal),with more diverse bacterial populations in medium and coarse textured soils,while fungal diversity increased in fine textured *** applications increased crop productivity only in fine and coarse textured *** effect size of biochar application on crop productivity was correlated with responses to physical properties of *** meta-analysis highlighted the need to conduct long-term field experiments to provide better explanations for changes in biochar properties as it undergoes aging,its longer-term effects on soil properties,and timing of re-application of different biochars.

关键词： Biochar Crop productivity Microbial diversity Soil physical properties Soil chemical properties

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Considerations for gluten free foods-pearl and finger millet processing and market demand

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Grain & Oil Science and Technology 2023年第2期6卷 59-70页

作者： Manivannan Selladurai Manoj Kumar pulivarthi Anu Suprabha Raj Mehreen Iftikhar p.v.vara prasad Kaliramesh Siliveru Kansas State University Department of Grain Science and IndustryManhattan 66506KansasUSA Kansas State University Department of AgronomyManhattan 66506KansasUSA

The market demand for gluten free foods is increasing due to frequent incidences of celiac disease and increasing awareness on consumption of gluten free *** have become the major constituent of diet as they are gluten-free and also excellent sources of micro and macro nutrients such as vitamins,minerals,dietary fibers and phenolic *** various millets,the finger millet and the pearl millet are the two most important and common millet varieties grown ***,they are regarded as the staple foods of the poor and vulnerable populations,development of new products and improvements in their nutritional quality will aid in the general health of these *** of millets and production of variable gluten-free ready-to-eat and nutritional supplements has increased their market value in the recent ***,processing can also help in shelf-life extension of the millets with nutritional enrichment,expanding its markets to non-traditional millet *** this context,the present review is aimed to focus on the current processing methods to develop products from the two millet varieties that are gluten free and outline their nutritional benefits.

关键词： pearl millet Finger millet Nutritional value processing Market value

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IoT-Cloud Empowered Aerial Scene Classification for Unmanned Aerial vehicles

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第3期70卷 5161-5177页

作者： K.R.Uthayan G.Lakshmi vara prasad v.Mohan C.Bharatiraja Irina v.pustokhina Denis A.pustokhin vicente García Díaz Department of Information Technology Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of EngineeringChennai603110India Department of Information Technology QIS College of Engineering&TechnologyOngole523001India Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering Saranathan College of EngineeringTrichy620012India Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering SRMInstitute of Science and TechnologyChennai603203India Department of Entrepreneurship and Logistics Plekhanov Russian University of EconomicsMoscow117997Russia Department of Logistics State University of ManagementMoscow109542Russia Department of Computer Science University of OviedoOviedo33003Spain

Recent trends in communication technologies and unmanned aerial vehicles(UAvs)find its application in several areas such as healthcare,surveillance,transportation,***,the integration of Internet of things(IoT)with cloud computing environment offers several benefits for the UAv *** the same time,aerial scene classification is one of the major research areas in UAv-enabledMEC *** UAv aerial imagery,efficient image representation is crucial for the purpose of scene *** existing scene classification techniques generate mid-level image features with limited representation capabilities that often end up in producing average ***,the current research work introduces a new DL-enabled aerial scene classificationmodel *** presented model enables theUAvs to capture aerial imageswhich are then transmitted to MEC for further ***,CapsuleNetwork(CapsNet)-based feature extraction technique is applied to derive a set of useful feature vectors from the aerial *** is important to have an appropriate hyperparameter tuning strategy,since manual parameter tuning of DL model tend to produce several configuration *** order to achieve this and to determine the hyperparameters of CapsNetmodel,Shuffled Shepherd Optimization(SSO)algorithm is ***,Backpropagation Neural Network(BpNN)classification model is applied to determine the appropriate class labels of aerial *** performance of SSO-CapsNet model was validated against two openly-accessible datasets namely,UC Merced(UCM)Land Use dataset andWHU-RS *** proposed SSO-CapsNet model outperformed the existing state-of-the-art methods and achieved maximum accuracy of 0.983,precision of 0.985,recall of 0.982,and F-score of 0.983.

关键词： Artificial intelligence mobile edge computing unmanned aerial vehicles deep learning optimization

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Expression profiles of <i>psbA, ALS, EpSpS</i>, and Other Chloroplastic Genes in Response to pSII-, ALS-, and EpSpS-Inhibitor Treatments in <i>Kochia scoparia</i>

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American Journal of plant Sciences 2017年第3期8卷 451-470页

作者： vijay K. varanasi Shahniyar Bayramov p. v. vara prasad Mithila Jugulam Department of Agronomy Kansas State University Manhattan USA Institute of Botany Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences Baku Azerbaijan

Kochia (Kochia scoparia L. Schrad.), also known as tumbleweed, is an economically important annual C4 broadleaf weed found throughout the US Great plains. Several herbicides with different modes of action are used in the management of kochia. The effect of commonly used herbicides on the expression of their target site(s) and photosynthetic/chloroplastic genes is poorly understood in weed species, including kochia. The objective of this research was to characterize the expression profiles of herbicide target-site genes, KspsbA, KsALS, and KsEpSpS upon treatment with pSII- (e.g. atrazine), ALS- (e.g. chlorsulfuron), and EpSpS- (e.g. glyphosate)-inhibitors, respectively, in kochia. Furthermore, the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis (e.g. KsRubisco, KsCAB, and KsppDK) was also determined in response to these herbicide treatments. KspsbA was strongly upregulated (>200-fold) 24 h after atrazine treatment. Transcript levels of the KsALS or KsEpSpS genes were 7 and 3-fold higher 24 h after chlorsulfuron or glyphosate treatment, respectively. KsRubisco, a Calvin cycle gene important for CO2 fixation, was upregulated 7 and 2.6-fold 8 and 24 h after glyphosate and chlorsulfuron treatments, whereas it downregulated 8 and 24 h after atrazine treatment. The transcript levels of KsppDK remained unchanged after glyphosate treatment but increased 1.8-fold and decreased 2-fold at 24 h after chlorsulfuron and atrazine treatments, respectively. KsCAB remained unchanged after chlorsulfuron treatment, but was downregulated after glyphosate and atrazine treatments. The results show that herbicide treatments not only affect the respective target-site gene expression, but also influence the genes involved in the critical photosynthetic pathway.

关键词： Kochia scoparia L. Schrad. C4 Herbicide Stress Gene Expression psbA ALS EpSpS photosynthesis Rubisco ppDK CAB

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The catalytic activity of transition metal oxide nanoparticles on thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2019年第4期15卷 629-635页

作者： Jalpa A. vara pragnesh N. Dave Shalini Chaturvedi Department of Chemistry K S K V Kachchh University Mundra Road Bhuj 370 001 Gujarat India Department of Chemistry Sardar Patel University Vallabh Vidyangar 388 120 Gujarat India Samarpan Science and Commerce College Gandhinagar Gujarat India

The catalytic proficiency of three MONs for Ap thermal decomposition was studied in this work.A chemical co-precipitation method was used for synthesis of MONs(CuZnO,CoZnO,and NiZnO)and their characterization carried out by utilizing XRD,FTIR,and *** TGA/DSC technique was employed for the investigation of the catalytic proficiency of MONs on the *** DSC data were used for measuring activation energy of catalyzed Ap by using Ozawa,Kissinger,and Starink *** MONs were much sensitive for Ap decomposition,and the performance of Ap decomposition was further *** all the MONs,the CuZnO exhibits higher catalytic action than others and decomposition temperature of Ap is descending around 117℃ by *** reduction in the activation energy was noticed after the incorporation of MONs in Ap.

关键词： Metal oxide nanoparticles(MONs) Ammonium perchlorate(Ap) Catalytic activity Activation energy

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Finger Millet: An Alternative Crop for the Southern High plains

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American Journal of plant Sciences 2015年第16期6卷 2686-2691页

作者： prasanna H. Gowda p. v. vara prasad Sangamesh v. Angadi Umesh M. Rangappa pradeep Wagle USDA-ARS Grazinglands Research Laboratory El Reno OK USA Department of Agronomy Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA Agriculture and Science Center New Mexico State University Clovis NM USA Department of Microbiology and plant Biology and Center for Spatial Analysis University of Oklahoma Norman OK USA

In the Southern High plains, dairies are expanding to take advantage of favorable climatic conditions. Currently, corn (Zea mays L.) and forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] are the two major crops grown in the region to meet silage demands for the expanding dairy industry, but they have relatively large water requirements of about 840 and 690 mm, respectively, to achieve desirable results. With rising energy costs and declining water levels in the underlying Ogallala Aquifer, crops that use less water, like finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn) could become alternate forage crops for dairies to corn or forage silage. In this study, we evaluated the adaptability of five finger millet accessions to the Southern High plains and compared nutritional quality of their forage to that of corn and sorghum. Results indicated that finger millet can be grown in the Southern High plains. Comparison of nutrient composition has shown that the quality of finger millet is relatively higher than that of corn and sorghum in terms of calcium, potassium, and phosphorus levels in their forage. However, potential forage yield of most commonly grown corn and sorghum in the region is higher than that of finger millet. Therefore, finger millet may provide a unique opportunity to improve the dairy-fed silage quality by mixing it with corn or sorghum silage while meeting the growing regional forage demand. Further field research is needed to measure its water requirements in the Southern High plains.

关键词： Ogallala Aquifer Region Semi-Arid Forage Texas panhandle

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Effects of Different Genotypes of Switchgrass as a Bioenergy Crop on Yield Components and Bioconversion potential

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Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems 2017年第1期7卷 27-35页

作者： Doohong Min Yadhu N. Guragain vara prasad praveen v. vadlani Jungeun Lee Department of Agronomy Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA Department of Grain Science & Industry Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA

Switchgrass (panicum virgatum L.) is a native warm-season grass and it is one of potential bioenergy crops. The objectives of this study were to: 1) assess the best performing switchgrass genotype suitable for Kansas soil and climatic condition in the USA, 2) determine the correlation between plant height or tiller numbers per plant and dry biomass of various switchgrass genotypes, and 3) assess a bioconversion efficiency of certain varieties of switchgrass. Twenty-two different genotypes of seedlings were allowed to grow in cones for 30 days under controlled environments. The genotype Cave-in-Rock was the shortest among the genotypes. Significant difference in number of tillers per plant was observed among the genotypes. The genotypes Alamo recorded the highest numbers of tiller plant-1 and the genotype Cave-in-Rock had the lowest numbers of tiller plant-1 compared with other genotypes. The genotypes Alamo, NL 94 C2-2, NL 94 C2-3, NSL 2009-1 and NSL 2009-2 had increased above ground biomass compared with other genotypes. The correlation study indicates that there was a significant positive correlation between number of tillers per plant and per plant dry weight (R2 = 0.93), number of tillers per plant and plant height (R2 = 0.94), and plant height and per plant dry weight (R2 = 0.82). Based on the biomass composition, the SWG 2007-2 genotype was the promising switchgrass line for the bioconversion through the sugar platform route due to high carbohydrate and low lignin content. On the other hand, the high biomass yield per unit area of field in NL 94 C2-1 led this genotype with the highest total carbohydrate yield per unit area of field despite the lowest total carbohydrate content in the genotype. These results are pertinent for crop breeders to develop the most promising switchgrass line with high biomass yield and high bioconversion efficiency to produce biofuel through the sugar platform route.

关键词： Switchgrass Genotype Bioenergy Crop plant Height Tiller Numbers Yield Bioconversion

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Efficient and practical Synthesis of Fondaparinux

Efficient and Practical Synthesis of Fondaparinux

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第二届糖合成化学青年学术研讨会

作者：丁毅力 Chamakura v N S vara prasad Hua Bai Bingyun Wang 佛山大学

＜正＞By combining and manoeuvring the advantageous intermediates,routes and schemes from both Sanofi and Alchemia’s strategies,an efficient and practical route was developed for synthesizing the protected *** pentasaccharide was then converted in most efficient and convenient way into *** believe that this strategy is readily amenable to multiple kilogram scale synthesis

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