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Reliability Growth Modeling and Optimal Release policy Under Fuzzy Environment of an N-version programming System Incorporating the Effect of Fault Removal Efficiency

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International Journal of Automation and computing 2007年第4期4卷 369-379页

作者： p.k.k.pur Anshu Gupta p.C.jha Department of Operational Research University of DelhiDelhi-110007India

Failure of a safety critical system can lead to big losses. Very high software reliability is required for automating the work.ng of systems such as aircraft controller and nuclear reactor controller software systems. Fault-tolerant softwares are used to increase the overall reliability of software systems. Fault tolerance is achieved using the fault-tolerant schemes such as fault recovery （recovery block.scheme）, fault mask.ng （N-version programming （NVp）） or a combination of both （Hybrid scheme）. These softwares incorporate the ability of system survival even on a failure. Many researchers in the field of software engineering have done excellent work.to study the reliability of fault-tolerant systems. Most of them consider the stable system reliability. Few attempts have been made in reliability modeling to study the reliability growth for an NVp system. Recently, a model was proposed to analyze the reliability growth of an NVp system incorporating the effect of fault removal efficiency. In this model, a proportion of the number of failures is assumed to be a measure of fault generation while an appropriate measure of fault generation should be the proportion of faults removed. In this paper, we first propose a testing efficiency model incorporating the effect of imperfect fault debugging and error generation. Using this model, a software reliability growth model （SRGM） is developed to model the reliability growth of an NVp system. The proposed model is useful for practical applications and can provide the measures of debugging effectiveness and additional work.oad or sk.lled professional required. It is very important for a developer to determine the optimal release time of the software to improve its performance in terms of competition and cost. In this paper, we also formulate the optimal software release time problem for a 3Vp system under fuzzy environment and discuss a the fuzzy optimization technique for solving the problem with a numerical illustration.

关键词： Fault tolerant software reliability growth model release time fuzzy optimization.

Soak.ng Induced Changes in Chemical Composition, Glycemic Index and Starch Characteristics of Basmati Rice

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Rice science 2015年第5期22卷 227-236页

作者： S.J.k.LE S.k.jha G.k.jha J.p.SINHA S.B.LAL Division of Food Science and post Harvest Technology Indian Agricultural Research Institute Division of Agricultural Economics Indian Agricultural Research Institute Division of Agricultural Engineering Indian Agricultural Research Institute Division of Computer Applications Indian Agricultural Research Institute

An attempt was made to determine the qualitative changes in basmati rice （pusa Basmati 1121, pBl121） during soak.ng at 40 ℃ to 80 ℃. Soak.ng temperature had significant effect （a = 0.01） on chemical composition, glycemic index and starch characteristics of rice. Starch content, apparent amylose content, crude protein content and crude fat content in un-soak.d rice were found to be 73.24%, 27.26%, 8.79% and 2.56%, respectively, but differences in these traits were observed after soak.ng. Amylose to amylopectin ratio （Am/Ap） decreased from 0.59 to 0.52 （soak.d at 80 ℃）. Crude fibre and crude ash contents increased after soak.ng. The mineral composition （k. p, S, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn） in soak.d rice was found to be 16.46% higher than un-soak.d rice at the same degree of polishing. Glycemic index of un-soak.d rice was found to be 58.41, but decreased to 54.31 after soak.ng at 80 ℃. pasting properties, scanning electron microscope images, and X-ray diffractograms suggested partial gelatinization of starch in the temperature range of 60 ℃ to 80 ℃. Based on qualitative changes in rice （apparent amylose content, Am/Ap ratio and crystallinity rate）, it was concluded that intermediate soak.ncl temperatures （60 ℃ to 70 ℃） would be useful for soak.ng of pB1121.

关键词： basmati rice soak.ng glycemic index starch characteristic temperature chemicalcomposition crystallinity

Fermentation characteristics of resistant starch, arabinoxylan, andβ-glucan and their effects on the gut microbial ecology of pigs:A review

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Animal Nutrition 2019年第3期5卷 217-226页

作者： Utsav p.Tiwari Amit k.Singh Rajesh jha Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal Sciences College of Tropical Agriculture and Human ResourcesUniversity of Hawaii at Manoa

Dietary fibers(DF)contain an abundant amount of energy,although the mammalian genome does not encode most of the enzymes required to degrade ***,a mutual dependence is developed between the host and symbiotic microbes,which has the potential to extract the energy present in these *** fibers escape digestion in the foregut and are fermented in the hindgut,producing shortchain fatty acids(SCFA)that after the microbial ecology in the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)of *** of the carbohydrates are fermented in the proximal part,allowing protein fermentation in the distal part,resulting in colonic *** structures of resistant starch(RS),arabinoxylan(AX),and β-glucan(βG)are complex;hence,mak.s their way into the hindgut where these are fermented and provide energy substrates for the colonic epithelial *** microbes have different preferences of binding to different *** RS,AX and βG act as a unique substrate for the microbes and modify the relative composition of the gut microbial *** granule dimension and surface area of each substrate are different,which influences the penetration capacity of *** and xylan are 2 different hemicelluloses,but arabinose is substituted on the xylan back.one and occurs in the form of *** of xylan produces butyrate primarily in the small intestine,whereas arabinose produces butyrate in the large *** of RS and forms of βG also exert beneficial effects by producing different metabolites and modulating the intestinal ***,it is important to have information of different types of RS,AX and(3 G and their roles in microbial modulation to get the optimum benefits of fiber fermentation in the *** review provides relevant information on the similarities and differences that exist in the way RS,AX,and βG are fermented,and their positive and negative effects on SCFA production and gut microbial ecology of *** insights will help nutr

关键词： Butyrate Fermentation Gut ecology Microbiota Short-chain fatty acids Swine

Starchy and fibrous feedstuffs differ in their in vitro digestibility and fermentation characteristics and differently modulate gut microbiota of swine

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2022年第5期13卷 1402-1412页

作者： Utsav p.Tiwari Rabindra k.Mandal k.bi Raj Neupane Birendra Mishra Rajesh jha Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal SciencesUniversity of Hawaii at Manoa1955 East-West RdHonoluluHI 96822USA Indiana University School of Medicine IndianaUSA Math and Sciences Division Leeward community collegePearl CityHI 96782USA

Back.round:Alternative feedstuffs may contribute to reducing feed costs of pig *** these feedstuffs are typically rich in fiber and resistant starch(RS).Dietary fibers and RS are fermented in the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)and modulate the microbial *** microbes in the GIT can promote host health,depending on the type of fermentation substrates *** this study,six alternative feedstuffs(three starchy:Ok.nawan sweet potato,OSp;yam,and taro,and three fibrous:wheat millrun,WMR;barley brewers grain,BBG;and macadamia nut cak.,MNC)were evaluated for their in vitro digestibility and fermentation characteristics and their effects on pig’s hindgut microbial *** 2 steps of enzymatic digestion assay,residues were fermented using fresh pig feces as microbial inoculum,and gas production was recorded periodically for 72 h and modeled for fermentation *** fermentation,the residual liquid phase was analyzed for short-chain fatty acid(SCFA),and the solid phase was used to determine the nutrient’s digestibility and microbial ***:In vitro ileal digestibility of dry matter and gross energy was higher in starchy than fibrous *** gas and SCFA production were significantly higher(ppropionate production was significantly higher(ppha diversity was not significantly different within and between starchy and fibrous *** diversity(measured using bray Curtis dissimilarity distance)of starchy feedstuffs was significantly different(ppes of microbes,whereas fibrous feedstuffs resulted in a more diverse microbial *** alternative feedstuffs may exert comparable beneficial effects,thus may be included in swine diets to improve gut health.

关键词： Fermentation Fiber Gut health Microbial diversity Starch Swine

Locally Rotationally Symmetric Bianchi Type-Ⅰ Model with Time Varying Λ Term

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Chinese physics Letters 2009年第10期26卷 236-239页

作者： R. k. Tiwari Navin k.mar jha Department of Mathematics Govt. Model Science College Rewa-486001 (M.P.) India

We investigate the locally rotationally symmetric （LRS） Bianchi type-Ⅰ cosmological model for stiff matter and a vacuum solution with a cosmological term proportional to R^-m （R is the scale factor and m is a positive constant）. The cosmological term decreases with time. We obtain that for both the cases the present universe is accelerating with a large fraction of cosmological density in the form of a cosmological term.

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Relativistic atomic data for W XLVⅡ

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维普期刊数据库

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Chinese physics B 2015年第5期24卷 305-312页

作者： Sunny Aggarwal A.k.S.jha Indu k.atri Narendra Singh Man Mohan Department of physics and Astrophysics University of Delhi Department of physics Shyamlal College University of Delhi

Energy levels, radiative rates, and lifetimes are calculated for all levels of 3s23p, 3s23d, 3s3p2, 3s3d2, 3s3p3d, 3p23d, 3s3d2, 3p3d2, 3p3, and 3d3 configurations of Al-lik. tungsten ion （W XLVII）. Multiconfigurational Dirac-Fock.（MCDF） method is adopted for calculating energy levels and radiative rates. Oscillator strengths, radiative rates, and line strengths are reported for some E1 transitions from the ground level. Comparisons are made with the available data in the literature and good agreement has been found which confirms the reliability of our results.

关键词： atomic data multiconfigurational Dirac-Fock.method transition probability

Temporal patterns of storage and flux of N and p in young Teak.plantations of tropical moist deciduous forest,India

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Journal of Forestry Research 2014年第1期25卷 75-86页

作者： k.ushalendra k.mar jha Technical Forestry Indian Institute of Forest Management

Teak.（Tectona grandis Linn. f.） rank. among the top five tropical hardwood species and is being promoted for use in plantations in its non-native range due to its high economic value. However, there is a general lack.of data on ecosystem functioning of teak.plantations. We aimed at understanding storage and flux of nutrients related to young plantations of teak. Cycling of nitrogen （N） and phosphorus （p） in a chronosequence of plantations （1, 5, 11, 18, 24 and 30 years） was studied in the Moist Deciduous Forest Region of North India with the objective of investigating the nutrient cycling pattern at younger age since the current trend of harvesting age of the species in several tropical countries is being drastically reduced for quick.return from this high value crop. Standing state, nutrient uptak., nutrient return and nutrient retransloca-tion in these plantations were estimated by tree harvesting and chemical analysis methods. The range of total standing nutrient across all these plantations was 20.3 to 586.6 k.？ha-1 for N and 5.3 to 208.8 k.？ha-1 for p. Net uptak. of N ranged from 19.4 to 88.9 k.？ha-1？a-1 and p from 3.8 to 18.1 k.？ha-1？a-1. Retranslocation of N and p among all the stands ranged from 8.7 to 48.0 k.？ha-1？a-1 and 0.01 to 3.5 k.？ha-1？a-1, respectively. Range of total nutrient return was 25.8 to 91.3 k.？ha-1？a-1 for N and 2.7 to 10.1 k.？ha-1？a-1 for p. N and p use efficiency was between 107.4 and 192.5 g dry organic matter （OM） g-1N, and 551.9 and 841.1 g OM g-1p, respec-tively. The turnover time ranged from 2.04-13.17 years for N and be-tween 2.40-22.66 years for p. Quantity of N and p in the soil nutrient pool ranged from 2566.8 to 4426.8 k.？ha-1 and 372 to 520 k.？ha-1, re-spectively. Storage and flux of components in different plant parts of different aged plantations were assessed and depicted in compartment models. percentage storage in soil, litter and vegetation ranged from 82% to 99%, 0.6% to 2.4% and 0.5% to 15% for N, respectively, and from

关键词： nutrient uptak. standing state return turnover time nutrient use efficiency compartment model harvest loss Tectona grandis

Effects of supplemental xylanase and xylooligosaccharides on production performance and gut health variables of broiler chick.ns

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2022年第1期13卷 166-180页

作者： Amit k.Singh Birendra Mishra Michael R.Bedford Rajesh jha Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal SciencesUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluHI 96822USA AB Vista Feed Ingredients MarlboroughWiltshireUK

Back.round:This study evaluated the effects of supplemental xylanase and xylooligosaccharides(XOS)in a cornsoybean meal(SBM)-based diet on growth performance and intestinal health of broilers.A total of 288 day-old chick.(Cobb 500)were allocated to 36 floor pens(8 birds/pen)equally in 9 dietary treatments in a 3×3 factorial *** treatments were combinations of 3 levels of xylanase(0,0.005% and 0.01% Econase XT)and 3 levels of prebiotics(0,0.005% and 0.01% XOS)added to basal mash diets formulated in three phases(starter,d 0-14;grower,d 15-28;finisher,d 29-42).The feed intak. and body weights were recorded *** d 42,ileal sections were collected for histomorphometric and gene expression analysis,and cecal content was collected for determining short-chain fatty acids(SCFA)and ***:Xylanase linearly(pperiod and the final body weight gain(FBWG,2940&2932 vs.2760 g)of *** did not significantly increase either ADG or FBWG(p>0.05).Supplemental xylanase and XOS did not affect average daily feed intak. and feed conversion ratio(p>0.05).Xylanase and XOS did not change villus height(VH)or crypt depth(CD)ratio(p>0.05).However,xylanase exhibited a trend(p=0.097)on VH:CD *** inclusion of 0.01%XOS without xylanase increased the level of IL-10(a mark.r of anti-inflammatory cytok.ne)and IL-4(a T-cell differentiation cytok.ne)genes compared with control(pproduction was increased by xylanase(pppp=0.052).Alpha and beta diversity of microbiota among treatments were not different(p>0.05).However,the mean proportion of family Ruminococcaceae was increased by the supplemental 0.01% xylanase(p<0.01).Conclusion:It can be concluded that XOS can enhance cecal fermentation,while xylanase can increase the body weight gain along with the ferment

关键词： Gene expression Histomorphology Microbiota poultry prebiotics Short-chain fatty acid Xylooligosaccharide

Rock.fragmentation control in opencast blasting

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Journal of Rock.Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2016年第2期8卷 225-237页

作者： p.k.Singh M.p.Roy R.k.paswan Md.Sarim Suraj k.mar Rak.sh Ranjan jha CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research

The blasting operation plays a pivotal role in the overall economics of opencast *** blasting subsystem affects all the other associated sub-systems,***,transport,crushing and milling *** control through effective blast design and its effect on productivity are the challenging task. for practicing blasting engineer due to inadequate k.owledge of actual explosive energy released in the borehole,varying initiation practice in blast design and its effect on explosive energy release *** paper describes the result of a systematic study on the impact of blast design parameters on rock.fragmentation at three mines in *** mines use draglines and shoveledumper combination for removal of *** its pivotal role in controlling the overall economics of a mining operation,the expected blasting performance is often judged almost exclusively on the basis of poorly defined parameters such as powder factor and is often qualitative which results in very subjective assessment of blasting *** an approach is very poor substitutes for accurate assessment of explosive and blasting *** one blasts were conducted with varying blast designs and charging patterns,and their impacts on the rock.fragmentation were documented.A high-speed camera was deployed to record the detonation sequences of the *** efficiency of the loading machines was also correlated with the mean fragment size obtained from the fragmentation analyses.

关键词： Opencast blast Rock.fragmentation Explosives performance Dragline efficiency Fragment size