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Redesigning crop varieties to win the race between climate change and food security

Molecular Plant 2023年第10期16卷 1590-1611页

作者： Kevin V.Pixley Jill E.Cairns Santiago Lopez-Ridaura Chris O.Ojiewo Maryam Abba Dawud Inoussa Drabo Taye Mindaye Baloua Nebie Godfrey Asea Biswanath Das Happy Daudi Haile Desmae Benoit Joseph Batieno ousmane boukar Clare T.M.Mukankusi Stanley T.Nkalubo Sarah J.Hearne Kanwarpal S.Dhugga Harish Gandhi Sieglinde Snapp Ernesto Adair Zepeda-Villarreal International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center(CIMMYT) TexcocoMexico International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center(CIMMYT) HarareZimbabwe International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center(CIMMYT) NairobiKenya Lake Chad Research Institute(LCRI) MaidiguriNigeria International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center(CIMMYT) DakarSenegal Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research(EIAR) Addis AbabaEthiopia National Agricultural Research Organization(NARO) KampalaUganda Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute(TARI) NaliendeleTanzania Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles(INERA) OuagadougouBurkina Faso International Institute of Tropicl Agriculture(IITA) KanoNigeria Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT KampalaUganda

Climate change poses daunting challenges to agricultural production and food *** temperatures,shifting weather patterns,and more frequent extreme events have already demonstrated their effects on local,regional,and global agricultural *** varieties that withstand climate-related stresses and are suitable for cultivation in innovative cropping systems will be crucial to maximize risk avoidance,productivity,and profitability under climate-changed *** surveyed 588 expert stakeholders to predict current and novel traits that may be essential for future pearl millet,sorghum,maize,groundnut,cowpea,and common bean varieties,particularly in sub-Saharan *** then review the current progress and prospects for breeding three prioritized future-essential traits for each of these *** predict that most current breeding priorities will remain important,but that rates of genetic gain must increase to keep pace with climate challenges and consumer ***,the predicted future-essential traits include innovative breeding targets that must also be prioritized;for example,(1)optimized rhizosphere microbiome,with benefits for P,N,and water use efficiency,(2)optimized performance across or in specific cropping systems,(3)lower nighttime respiration,(4)improved stover quality,and(5)increased early *** further discuss cutting-edge tools and approaches to discover,validate,and incorporate novel genetic diversity from exotic germplasm into breeding populations with unprecedented precision,accuracy,and *** conclude that the greatest challenge to developing crop varieties to win the race between climate change and food security might be our innovativeness in defining and boldness to breed for the traits of tomorrow.

关键词： climate change food security crop breeding cropping systems expert survey sub-Saharan Africa

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Molecular Characterization of Cowpea Breeding Lines for Striga Resistance Using SCAR Markers

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(B) 2012年第3期2卷 362-367页

作者： Lucky O. Omoigui Mary Yeye boukar ousmane Bhavani S. Gowda Michael P. Timko Department of Plant Breeding ＆ Seed Science College of Agronomy University of Agriculture P.M.B. 2373 Makurdi Nigeria Department of Plant Science Ahmadu Bello University P.M.B. 1044 Zaria Nigeria International Institute of Tropical Agriculture P.M.B. 5320 lbadan Nigeria C/o Lambourn Ltd Carolyn House CR93EE Croydon UK Department of Biology University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia 22904 USA

S. gesnerioides (Willd) Vatke is a major biological constraint to cowpea production in the dry savanna of sub-Saharan Africa. Yield losses caused by S. gesnerioides in these regions are estimated in millions of tons annually, and prevalence of Striga soil infestation is steadily increasing. The availability of molecular markers tightly linked to S. gesnerioides resistance genes opens up the possibility of applying Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) to cowpea and would fast track the process of developing resistance varieties to the parasite. In the present study, we report the use of Fast Technology for Analysis (FTA) also known as PlantSaver Cards (Whatman? FTA), developed by Flinder Technology associate to retrieve DNA from plant tissue for molecular analysis. A total of 100 F2 individual plants derived from two crosses were validated for SG3 resistance using two different SCAR markers (MahSe2 and C42B) linked to Striga race 3 (SG3) and 5 (SG5) resistance in other segregating populations. Genomic DNA was successfully recovered from leaf tissues of cowpea pressed onto FTA classic card and the DNA obtained from the FTA papers was found to be suitable for molecular analysis by PCR-based techniques. The marker efficiency of SCAR MahSe2 and C42B in detecting SG3 resistance was 98.5% and 93% respectively. This result revealed the utility of SCAR markers in cowpea breeding programme. Therefore, the application of MAS using FTA technology has the potential to increase efficiency of selection and for molecular characterization of cowpea lines for Striga resistance..

关键词：分子标记辅助选择 SCAR标记抗性品种豇豆育种利用基因组DNA PCR技术金

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Indirect Electroanalysis of 3-Methyl-4-Nitrophenol in Water Using Carbon Fiber Microelectrode Modified with Nickel Tetrasulfonated Phthalocyanine Complex

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Materials Sciences and Applications 2024年第2期15卷 25-35页

作者： Yibor Fabrice Roland Bako Serge Foukmeniok Mbokou boukaré Kaboré Issa Tapsoba Maxime Pontié Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Environnementale et Bio-organique (LCAEBiO) Département de Chimie Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Institut des Sciences et de Technologie Ecole Normale Supérieure Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Group of analysis and Processes Analysis (GA&P) Département de Chimie Université d’Angers Angers France Laboratoire de Sciences et Technologies (LaST) Université Thomas SANKARA Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Electrochemical detection of 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (MNP) in direct phenol oxidation occurs at high potentials and generally leads to progressive passivation of the electrochemical sensor. This study describes the use of a carbon fiber microelectrode modified with a tetrasulfonated nickel phthalocyanine complex for the detection of MNP at a lower potential than that of direct phenol oxidation. The MNP voltammogram showed the presence of an anodic peak at -0.11 V vs SCE, corresponding to the oxidation of the hydroxylamine group generated after the reduction of the nitro group. The effect of buffer pH on the peak current and SWV parameters such as frequency, scan increment, and pulse amplitude were studied and optimized to have better electrochemical response of the proposed sensor. With these optimal parameters, the calibration curve shows that the peak current varied linearly as a function of MNP concentration, leading to a limit of detection (LoD) of 1.1 μg/L. These results show an appreciable sensitivity of the sensor for detecting the MNP at relatively low potentials, making it possible to avoid passivation phenomena.

关键词： 3-Methyl-4-Nitrophenol Carbon Fiber Microelectrode Nickel Tetrasulfonated Phthalocyanine Indirect Electroanalysis Square Wave Voltammetry

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Performance Evaluation of Solar Chimney Draft: Application to Ventilation

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Smart Grid and Renewable Energy 2024年第4期15卷 107-122页

作者： boukaré Ouedraogo Adama Ouedraogo Arouna Kabore Kalifa Palm Dieudonné Joseph Bahiebo Laboratoire dEnergies Thermiques Renouvelables (LETRE) Universit Joseph KI-ZERBO: UFR/SEA Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Physique Spatiale et Energtique (LACAPSE) Universit Norbert ZONGO Koudougou Burkina Faso Centre Universitaire Polytechnique de Kaya (CUP-Kaya) Universit Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratoire des Systmes dEnergie Renouvelable et Environnement Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliques et Technologies (IRSAT) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Ventilation is one of the factors contributing to energy consumption in buildings and food preservation. The solar chimney proves to be an alternative for reducing conventional energy consumption. Thus, in this study, the performance of a solar chimney with two active faces for thermally drawing air from a chamber for preserving agri-food products was evaluated. These performances were experimentally assessed through data measurements: temperatures and velocities within the chimney, and their analysis using Excel and MATLAB. The obtained results were compared with those from literature to verify their validity. From this study, it is found that the maximum temperature at the chimney outlet reaches 49.4˚C with an average value of 43.7˚C. Additionally, the heating evolution of the chimney air presents four (04) identical phases in pairs, reflecting the chimney’s operation throughout day. The temperature difference between the outlet and inlet of the chimney reaches a maximum of 17˚C with an average of 12.6˚C. Regarding airflow, the maximum air velocity at the chimney outlet is 0.8 m/s, and the average velocities have consistently been greater than or equal to 0.46 m/s. Thus, it can be concluded that the solar chimney is capable of providing ventilation for the preservation chamber through thermal draft.

关键词： Solar Chimney Natural Ventilation Thermal Draft Airflow Chimney Effect

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Improvement of Mechanical Qualities of Clay Material through Coconut Fiber Stabilization

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Materials Sciences and Applications 2024年第7期15卷 201-212页

作者： boukaré Ouedraogo Abdoulaye Compaore Moumouni Derra Kalifa Palm Dieudonné Joseph Bahiebo Laboratoire dEnergies Thermiques Renouvelables (LETRE) Universit Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratoire Chimie Analytique de Physique Spatiale et Energtique Universit Norbert ZONGO Koudougou Burkina Faso Institute de Recherche en Sciences Appliques et Technologies (IRSAT/CNRST) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratoire de Matriaux et Environnement (LAME) Universit Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

The criticisms regularly formulated towards clay or soil, in general, are its weak mechanical qualities and low water quality. Therefore, it is necessary to find techniques to improve the properties of this material, which is widely used worldwide. Here, we propose stabilizing clay with coconut fiber as a solution to enhance its mechanical properties. To do this, we used an experimental method, first determining the geotechnical properties of the clay and then its mechanical properties. The geotechnical study using the Proctor Test revealed that the dry density of the clay is γb = 1.42 g/cm3, and its water content is W = 22.3%. By applying the rolling method, the Atterberg limits were determined: liquid limit Wl = 63.6, plastic limit Wp = 27.9, plasticity index Ip = 35.7, and consistency index Ic = 1.46. With 25 P = 35.7 1.3, according to the water classification, it falls into class A3ts. The mechanical part focused on compression and flexural strengths obtained using a PROETI hydraulic press. We obtained a flexural strength of 0.63 MPa for simple clay (BA);0.89 MPa for clay + 0.25% fiber (BAF1/4);1.68 MPa for clay + 0.5% fiber (BAF1/2);1.87 MPa for clay + 0.75% fiber (BAF3/4);and 3.91 MPa for clay + 1% fiber (BAF1). As for the compression strength, BA = 5.90 MPa, BAF1/4 = 6.395 MPa, BAF1/2 = 6.292 MPa, BAF3/4 = 6.065 MPa, and BAF1 = 5.423 MPa. The addition of fiber has thus improved the mechanical qualities of the simple clay. These stabilized bricks can be used for sustainable and bioclimatic construction, providing higher durability and good comfort.

关键词： Compression Strength Flexural Strength Coconut Fiber Clay Geotechnical Properties

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A Maintenance Service Improvement Approach Based on Queue Networks: Application

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第2期14卷 425-440页

作者： Aslain Brisco Ngnassi Djami Wolfgang Nzié boukar Ousman Joseph Nkongho Anyi Ulrich Ngnassi Nguelcheu Department of Fundamental Sciences and Techniques of Engineer Chemical Engineering and Mineral Industries School University of Ngaoundere Ngaoundere Cameroon Laboratory of Mechanics Materials and Photonics National School of Agro-Industrial Sciences University of Ngaoundere Ngaoundere Cameroon Department of Electrical Engineering Energy and Automation National School of Agro-Industrial Sciences University of Ngaoundere Ngaoundere Cameroon Laboratory E3M Faculty of Industrial Engineering University of Douala Douala Cameroon Department of Physics Faculty of Science University of Ngaoundere Ngaoundere Cameroon

The quest to increase the performance of production systems that have become complex leads to the transfer to the maintenance function of the responsibility of guaranteeing the availability of such systems. Also, we will never stop saying that maintenance must integrate into all of the company’s initiatives, to affirm its role, which is to ensure greater availability and sustainability of the means of production. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the reliability and availability of a system without knowing the distribution law of the operating times. Among the methods for evaluating dependability criteria (Fault Trees, Petri Nets, etc.), we are interested in queues that have the advantage of taking into account functional dependencies, thus allowing a quantified optimization of maintenance. Indeed, queues make it possible to model parallel or sequential processes, implementing operations taking place at the same time or one after the other, meeting the needs of modeling production systems. The main result of this paper is the study of the influence of availability on the reliability of a multi-state production system.

关键词： Markov Chains Queues Availability Reliability Maintenance

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Evaluation of the Reliability of a System: Approach by Monte Carlo Simulation and Application

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第3期14卷 721-739页

作者： Aslain Brisco Ngnassi Djami Jean Bosco Samon boukar Ousman Ulrich Ngnassi Nguelcheu Wolfgang Nzié Guy Edgar Ntamack Bienvenu Kenmeugne Department of Fundamental Sciences and Techniques of Engineer Chemical Engineering and Mineral Industries School University of Ngaoundere Ngaoundere Cameroon Department of Mechanical Engineering National School of Agro-Industrial Sciences University of Ngaoundere Ngaoundere Cameroon Department of Electrical Engineering Energy and Automation National School of Agro-Industrial Sciences University of Ngaoundere Ngaoundere Cameroon Department of Physics Faculty of Science University of Ngaoundere Ngaoundere Cameroon Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering National Advanced School of Engineering University of Yaounde I Yaounde Cameroon

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the reliability of a system in its different states (absence of failures, partial failure and total failure) and to propose actions to improve this reliability by an approach based on Monte Carlo simulation. It consists of a probabilistic evaluation based on Markov Chains. In order to achieve this goal, the functionalities of Markov Chains and Monte Carlo simulation steps are deployed. The application is made on a production system. .

关键词： Evaluation Reliability Monte Carlo Markov Chain

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Clinical Epidemiology and Surgical Treatment of Spontaneous Perforations of the Terminal Ileum: A Multicentre Study in Cameroon

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Surgical Science 2024年第5期15卷 311-320页

作者： Eric Patrick Savom Richard II Mbele Mahamat Yannick Ekani boukar Abdal Deudeu Cédric Paterson Atangana Fred Dikongue Dikongue Guy Aristide Bang Marc Leroy Guifo Yaoundé General Hospital Yaound&#233 Cameroon Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon Faculty of Health Sciences University of Buea Buea Cameroon Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Dschang Dschang Cameroon Yaoundé Teaching Hospital Yaoundé Cameroon

Background: Perforations of the terminal ileum are a frequent clinical situation and a therapeutic challenge. Surgical treatment is controversial. Several surgical modalities have been proposed and postoperative morbidity and mortality remain high. The aim of this study was to review our experience in the surgical management of perforations of the terminal ileum. Patients and methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2021, in five hospitals in Cameroon. Patients’ demographic, clinical presentation, surgical findings and 30-days postoperative outcomes data were collected. Results: We collected 34 files. The sex ratio was 1.4 and the average age was 20.28 years. The average consultation time was 9.1 days. Abdominal pain was present in all our patients. Peritoneal irritation was present in 46 cases (88.5%). The mean time to treatment after admission was 17.5 hours. The perforation was unique in 40 cases (76.9%) and located between 6 and 10 cm from the ileocecal valve in 29 cases (55.8%). Typhoid was the most suspected etiology intraoperatively in 38 cases (73.1%). A simple suture was performed in 18 patients (34.6%), resection with anastomosis in 11 patients (21.2%) and an ileostomy in 5 patients (9.6%). The average length of hospitalization was 21.74 days. Postoperative morbidity and mortality were 32.7% and 17.3% respectively. Conclusion: Perforations of the terminal ileum are common and affect young people. Surgical procedures are varied. Reducing consultation and care times and respecting treatment principles could improve postoperative morbidity and mortality, which remain high.

关键词： Perforation of the Terminal Ileum Simple Suture Resection Morbidity Mortality

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Results of Surgical Management of Malignant Obstruction of the Common Bile Duct in Yaoundé

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Surgical Science 2024年第4期15卷 265-277页

作者： Eric Patrick Savom Gaël Tsanga Nomo Richard II Mbele Mahamat Yannick Ekani boukar Cédric Paterson Atangana Fred Dikongue Dikongue Guy Aristide Bang Arthur Essomba Yaoundé General Hospital Yaound&#233 Cameroon Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the Universityof Yaoundé I Yaound&#233 Cameroon Faculty of Health Sciences University of Buea Buea Cameroon Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Dschang Dschang Cameroon Yaoundé Teaching Hospital Yaound&#233 Cameroon

Introduction: In Cameroon, surgery remains the only approach in malignant obstructions of the common bile duct (MOCBD) even in palliative situations. The aim of this work was to describe the modalities of surgical treatment of MOCBD, evaluate the results and detect the factors associated with postoperative morbidity and mortality. Patients and Methods: We conducted an analytical observational study, with retrospective data collection from the files of patients operated upon for MOCBD. This was done in four referral hospitals in the city of Yaoundé for a 42-month period spanning from January 1, 2020 to June 30, 2023. Demographic data, clinical presentation, surgical data, and 30-day postoperative outcomes were collected. Results: We collected 71 files. The sex ratio was 1.4 and the mean age was 56 ± 11 years. Fifty-three (53) patients (74.6%) were overweight or obese and 10 patients (14.1%) were hypertensive. A clinical cholestasis syndrome was present in 69 patients (97.2%). Fifty-five (55) patients (77.5%) had a cancer of the head of the pancreas, 8 patients (11.3%) had an extra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma and 8 patients (11.3%) had an ampullary adenocarcinoma. Eight (8) resections (11.3%) with curative intent had been carried out and in 63 cases (88.7%), surgery was palliative. Postoperative morbidity was 55.7%, influenced by advanced WHO stage (p = 0.02). Postoperative mortality was 25.7%, associated with a high ASA score (p = 0.01). Conclusion: Pancreatic head cancer is the main etiology of malignant obstructions of the common bile duct in Cameroon. Surgical treatment is most often palliative. Postoperative morbidity and mortality are high, influenced by high WHO and ASA scores.

关键词： Malignant Obstruction Common Bile Duct Palliative Treatment Morbidity Mortality

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Surgical Management of Perforated Colon Tumours in Yaoundé: A Multicentre Retrospective Review of 30-Day Postoperative Outcome

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Surgical Science 2024年第5期15卷 330-341页

作者： Eric Patrick Savom Richard II Mbele Colman Tamboh Tankou Mahamat Yannick Ekani boukar Cédric Paterson Atangana Fred Dikongue Dikongue Daniel Biwole Biwole Guy Aristide Bang Arthur Essomba Yaoundé General Hospital Yaound&#233 Cameroon Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University of Yaound&#233 I Yaound&#233 Cameroon Faculty of Health Sciences University of Buea Buea Cameroon Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University of Dschang Dschang Cameroon Yaoundé Central Hospital Yaound&#233 Cameroon Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital Yaound&#233 Cameroon

Introduction: Colon cancer is often diagnosed late in our context and there is a high prevalence of complicated forms, this including perforation. The optimal surgical treatment remains controversial. The aim of this study was to improve the short-term postoperative outcomes of patients operated upon for perforated colon cancer, by identifying factors associated with complications occurring within 30 days after surgery. Patients and methods: We carried out an analytical observational study, with a retrospective collection of data from the files of patients operated upon for an in situ tumoral colon perforation. This was done in four referral hospitals in the city of Yaoundé. The period was from the 1st of January, 2012 to the 31st of December, 2021. Cox regression identified the factors associated with postoperative morbidity and mortality. Results: We collected files of 46 patients. The mean age was 54.7 ± 19.9 years with a sex ratio of 1.4. The clinical presentation on admission was dominated by the presence of signs of peritoneal irritation (91.3%) and bowel obstruction (28.3%). The diagnosis was made preoperatively in 16 cases (34.8%). The surgical procedures consisted of colectomy with anastomosis in 28 cases (60.9%) and without anastomosis in 14 cases (30.4%). Postoperative morbidity was 60.9% dominated by surgical site infection (37%). Postoperative mortality was 39.1%. The existence of generalized peritonitis was associated with the occurrence of postoperative complications (p = 0.019). The main factors associated with postoperative mortality were resection with primary anastomosis (p = 0.027), enterocutaneous fistula (p = 0.005). Conclusion: Colic resection with primary anastomosis or ideal colectomy is associated with an increased risk of mortality and should therefore not be performed in this setting.

关键词： Perforated Colon Cancer Postoperative Morbidity and Mortality Colectomy Acute Generalized Peritonitis

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