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Optimal Classification of Minerals by Microscopic Image Analysis Based on Seven-State “Deep Learning” Combined with Optimizers

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第6期14卷 1550-1572页

作者： Kouadio Krah Sie ouattara gbele ouattara Alain Clement Joseph Vangah Laboratoire de Gnie Civil Gosciences et Sciences Gographiques Institut National Polytechnique Houphout Boigny (INPHB) Yamoussoukro Cte dIvoire Institut National Polytechnique Houphout Boigny (INPHB) Ecole Doctorale Polytechnique (EDP) Yamoussoukro Cte dIvoire Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies de la Communication et de lInformation (LSTCI) Institut National Polytechnique Houphout Boigny (INP-HB) Yamoussoukro Cte dIvoire Ecole de Gomatique et du Territoire (EGT) Abidjan Cte dIvoire LARIS SFR MATHSTIC Universit dAngers Angers France Universit Virtuelle de Cte dIvoire Abidjan Cte dIvoire

The development of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly deep learning, has made it possible to accelerate and improve the processing of data collected in different fields (commerce, medicine, surveillance or security, agriculture, etc.). Most related works use open source consistent image databases. This is the case for ImageNet reference data such as coco data, IP102, CIFAR-10, STL-10 and many others with variability representatives. The consistency of its images contributes to the spectacular results observed in its fields with deep learning. The application of deep learning which is making its debut in geology does not, to our knowledge, include a database of microscopic images of thin sections of open source rock minerals. In this paper, we evaluate three optimizers under the AlexNet architecture to check whether our acquired mineral images have object features or patterns that are clear and distinct to be extracted by a neural network. These are thin sections of magmatic rocks (biotite and 2-mica granite, granodiorite, simple granite, dolerite, charnokite and gabbros, etc.) which served as support. We use two hyper-parameters: the number of epochs to perform complete rounds on the entire data set and the “learning rate” to indicate how quickly the weights in the network will be modified during optimization. Using Transfer Learning, the three (3) optimizers all based on the gradient descent methods of Stochastic Momentum Gradient Descent (sgdm), Root Mean Square Propagation (RMSprop) algorithm and Adaptive Estimation of moment (Adam) achieved better performance. The recorded results indicate that the Momentum optimizer achieved the best scores respectively of 96.2% with a learning step set to 10−3 for a fixed choice of 350 epochs during this variation and 96, 7% over 300 epochs for the same value of the learning step. This performance is expected to provide excellent insight into image quality for future studies. Then they participate in the development of

关键词： Classification Convolutional Neural Network Deep Learning Optimizers Transfer Learning Rock Mineral Images

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Predictive Study of Trace Metal Pollution of Gold Panning Sites in Birimian Formations: Case of the Yaouré Furrow (Côte d’Ivoire)

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第7期14卷 1691-1714页

作者： Tonga Paul Tiemoko gbele ouattara Kouassi Ernest Ahoussi Laboratoire des Sciences Gographiques du Gnie Civil et des Gosciences Institut National Polytechnique Flix Houphout-Boigny (INP-HB) Yamoussoukro Cte dIvoire Laboratoiredes Sciences du Sol delEauetdes Gomatriaux Universit Flix Houphout-Boigny (UFHB) Abidjan-Cocody Cte dIvoire

The present study was carried out on small-scale gold mining sites in the Yaouré region of Côte d’Ivoire. This region is geologically representative of the Birimian formations (2.1 Ga) of West Africa. The aim is to determine the potentially toxic trace metals (TMEs) generated by these sites, with a view to preventing possible contamination and/or metal pollution of the waters that provide fish products for local populations. To this end, a sampling campaign was carried out, resulting in the collection of 20 mining waste samples analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and 10 by X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The XRF analysis detected 06 predominant TMEs: arsenic, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc and vanadium. Statistical analysis was carried out to determine the distributions and correlations between these ETMs. To assess contamination and/or pollution levels, the following indices were calculated on the basis of reference concentrations of upper continental crust MTEs: Enrichment Factor, Geo-accumulation Index, Concentration Factor, Degree of contamination and those related to ecological risks. The results of statistical analyses and indices have shown that arsenic and chromium are the most predominant and can be, depending on the chemical form, potentially more toxic. The results of the DRX analysis show the occurrence of several minerals carrying these two MTEs, especially that of a rare mineral, Stenhuggarite, an arsenic oxide linked to hydrothermal veins. The majority of gold mining operations in West Africa are located in the birimian zone, hence the need for environmental monitoring by the relevant authorities, to prevent potential ecological risks to water and possibly health risks via the food chain.

关键词： Small-Scale Mining Metallic Trace Elements Mining Discharges Contamination Pollution Contamination Pollution Index

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Petrology and Structural Characterization of Post-Neoproterozoic Dolerites from the Kimberlite Fields in the Kéniéba Region (Western Mali)

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Open Journal of Geology 2024年第6期14卷 655-670页

作者： gbele ouattara Baco Traore Ziandjêdé Hervé Siagné Aboubacar Denon Souleymane Sangare Marc Ephrem Allialy Laboratoire des Sciences Gographiques du Gnie Civil et des Gosciences Institut National Polytechnique Flix HOUPHOUT-BOIGNY (INP-HB) Yamoussoukro Cte dIvoire EUREKAGEO Sarl Consulting Mining Company Bamako Republic of Mali Unit de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences de la Terre et des Ressources Minires (UFR-STRM) University of Cocody Abidjan Cte dIvoire

Post-Neoproterozoic dolerites from the Kéniéba region (Western Mali) are often associated with kimberlites. The rarity of kimberlite outcrops led to the study of doleritic rocks, spatially associated with them. The petrographic and lithogeochemical study showed that the dolerites of the Kéniéba kimberlitic fields are of tholeiitic nature and of the E-MORB (Enriched-Mid Ocean Ridge Basalt) type. This reflects an enrichment over time, compared to the Birimian dolerites of the volcano-sedimentary greenstone belt of Toumodi, in central C?te d’Ivoire. Furthermore, these dolerites are enriched in SiO2, TiO2, Zr and poor in Fe2O3, MgO. These dolerites would have formed in a late to post-orogenic intracontinental context during the breakup of Gondwana. Structurally, Kéniéba dolerites are often associated with kimberlite pipes, fractures and large deep structures identified using aeromagnetic images. Taking into account the fact that kimberlites do not outcrop in the Kéniéba region, the geochemical study coupled with the interpretation of aeromagnetic data proved to be very useful for the search for pipes.

关键词： Dolerites Kimberlitic Fields Petrology Structures Kéniéba Mali

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Optimal Classification of Minerals by Microscopic Image Analysis Based on Seven-State “Deep Learning” Combined with Optimizers

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences（应用科学） 2024年第6期 1550页

作者： Kouadio Krah Sie ouattara gbele ouattara Alain Clement Joseph Vangah

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Predictive Study of Trace Metal Pollution of Gold Panning Sites in Birimian Formations: Case of the Yaouré Furrow (Côte d’Ivoire)

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences（应用科学） 2024年第7期 1691页

作者： Tonga Paul Tiemoko gbele ouattara Kouassi Ernest Ahoussi

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Petrology and Structural Characterization of Post-Neoproterozoic Dolerites from the Kimberlite Fields in the Kéniéba Region (Western Mali)

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Open Journal of Geology（地质学期刊） 2024年第6期 655页

作者： gbele ouattara Baco Traore Ziandjêdé Hervé Siagné Aboubacar Denon Souleymane Sangare Marc Ephrem Allialy

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Analysis of the Spatio-Temporal Evolution of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Central Ivory Coast, West Africa

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2022年第9期10卷 136-148页

作者： gbele ouattara Gnammytchet Barthélémy Koffi Allou Gnanzou Kouakou Alphonse Yao Laboratory of Civil Engineering Geosciences and Geographic Sciences National Polytechnic Institute Félix Houphou&#235 t-Boigny Ya-moussoukro Ivory Coast Laboratory of Geology Basement and Metallogeny UFR-STRM Félix Houphou&#235 t-Boigny University Abidjan Ivory Coast

Ivory Coast is a country rich in base metals and precious minerals: gold, manganese, diamond, iron, bauxite, cobalt and nickel. These natural resources are exposed to destruction and fragmentation by mining activities. The artisanal and small-scale exploitation of gold are increasingly practiced in our rural areas. These activities escape often in the control and monitoring of the mining administration. In order to better constrain these activities on the environment, the present work used remote sensing imageries to see its spatio-temporal impacts in the rural world in central Ivory Coast. The results show that gold artisanal activities have been practiced since 2013 and are experiencing an increasingly important growth. We note a devastation of forests and savannahs, a pollution of surface water, as well as an increase in poverty in rural areas. These activities are practiced near habited areas (villages). This creates a reduction of cultivatable soil. Remote sensing imageries make it possible to quickly map areas at large-scale gold mining in time and space.

关键词： Gold Panning Artisanal Mining Space and Time Remote Sensing Imageries Ivory Coast West Africa

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Metallotectic Context of the Mineralization of the Tondabo Gold Prospect(Brobo,Center of Cote d’Ivoire,West Africa)

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International Journal of Geosciences 2020年第5期11卷 325-344页

作者： DaI Bi Seydou Mathurin ouattara gbele Gnanzou Allou Koffi Gnammytchet Barthelemy Coulibaly Inza Laboratoire des Geosciences Cadre de vieEnvironnement et Sciences GeographiquesInstitut National Polytechnique Felix Houphouet-BoignyYamoussoukroCote d’Ivoire Laboratoire de Geologie du Socle et Metallogenie UFR-STRMUniversite Felix Houphouet-BoignyYamoussoukroCote d’Ivoire

The gold mineralization of the Tondabo prospect, located in the northern part of the Oumé-Toumodi-Fettêkro greenstone belt, is mainly hosted in the rhyodacite and to a lesser extent in the mafic volcanics (volcanic lavas and volcanoclastites). These rocks were affected by a hydrothermal alteration marked by quartz veins and veinlets associated with crystals of carbonates, sericite, epidote and sulfides. This hydrothermal alteration induced a pervasive alteration of the surrounding bodies with silicification, chloritization, carbonation and sericitization of the feldspars. The metalliferous paragenesis contains an abundant pyrite, with rare pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite. This mineralization indicates that the Tondabo gold prospect exhibits lithological control. The mineralized deposits are generally affected by a S1 schistosity oriented mainly N000-010° and minority N040-050° with a general dip of 60°-80°to the West;however with rare N-S orientations with a dip of 60°-80° to the East. The drilling intervals show that the highest gold contents are linked to the quartz-carbonates veins and veinlets, which are located in the highly deformed zones, characterizing local shear zones.

关键词： Gold Mineralization Rhyodacite Structures Hydrothermal Alteration Tondabo Cote d’Ivoire

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Aeromagnetic Imagery as a Tool to Help Identify the Structures Controlling the Emplacement of the Kenieba Kimberlite Pipes (Western Mali, West African Craton)

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Open Journal of Geology 2023年第11期13卷 1177-1194页

作者： Baco Traore gbele ouattara Marc Ephrem Allialy Ousmane Wane Mohamed Moustapha Ndam Njikam Adama Youssouf Kone Souleymane Sangare Civil Engineering Geosciences and Geographic Sciences Laboratory Yamoussoukro C&#244te d’Ivoire Bamako Mali UFR-STRM University of Cocody Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire Laboratory of Mineralogy and Petrology Faculty of Sciences and Techniques University of Sciences Techniques and Technologies of Bamako Bamako Mali School of Geology and Mining Engineering University of Ngaoundere Ngaoundere Cameroon Faculty of Sciences and Technics (FST) University of Sciences Technics and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB) Bamako Mali

A kimberlite field, represented by fertile and sterile kimberlite pipes (chimneys) is located in the region of Kenieba (West Mali, Kédougou-Kenieba inlier, West African Craton). Thirty pipes and kimberlite dykes have been identified in the birimian formations, composed mainly of metasediments and granitoids, covered by sedimentary formations (sandstones and conglomerates) of Neoproterozoic age. All these formations are injected with dykes and doleritic sills of Jurassic age. The study of kimberlite pipes is still stammering in Mali, and thus no previous study has allowed to characterize the structures controlling their implementation. The reinterpretation of aeromagnetic data validated by field work indicates that the major structures of the Kenieba region are oriented NNE-SSW, NE-SW, E-W and NW-SE. These structures (faults and kimberlite pipes) are often associated with dolerite dykes, which would imply an injection of dolerite magma into the other formations. The location of the known kimberlite pipes makes it possible to say that the direction NW-SE is the most favorable for the exploration of kimberlites in the region of Kenieba.

关键词： Kimberlite Pipes Doleritic Dykes Fractures Aeromagnetism Kenieba Mali

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Geochemical Exploration of Sediments in the Toumodi Region: Origin of Metasediments, Geological Dynamics, and Perspectives for Regional Geological History

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Open Journal of Geology 2023年第12期13卷 1255-1270页

作者： N’dri Eudes Sati Tegan Alain Nicaise Kouamelan Alphonse Kouakou Yao ouattara gbele Ziandjêdé Hervé Siagne Koffi Aléxis N’Dri Department of Civil Engineering Geosciences and Geographic Sciences INP-HB Yamoussoukro C&#244te d’Ivoire Laboratory of Geology Mineral and Energy Resources/Training and Research Unit in Earth Sciences and Mineral Resources Félix Houphou&#235t-Boigny University Abidjan Ivory Coast

The region of Toumodi, located in the heart of the West African Craton, is renowned for its geological complexity. This geochemical study delves into the origin of siliciclastic sediments and the geodynamic context of their formation. The study reveals that Toumodi’s sediments exhibit an intriguing mineralogical composition, with indications of a dual source of parent rocks, one rich in quartz and the other poor in quartz. Furthermore, geochemical analysis highlights a variation in sediment maturity from west to east, indicating the coexistence of distinct geotectonic environments in the region. In the eastern part of the Toumodi region, a passive margin is defined characterized by sediments with an abundance of quartz, while to the west, an active margin is observed with sediments having a lower quartz content. This arrangement suggests the presence of a potential suture zone in the region. This geological complexity underscores the importance of further research to better understand the origin of sediments and the processes that have shaped them. Moreover, this study sheds new light on the fascinating geology of Toumodi, but many questions remain to be explored.

关键词： Toumodi Birimian Siliciclastic Sediments Sediment Maturity

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