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Implementation of a Classical Theory for Superfluids

Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2022年第7期12卷 1254-1261页

作者： elie W’ishe Sorongane Physics Department University of Kinshasa Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo

The superfluidity of helium-4 is explained until today by a quantum theory: the Bose-Einstein condensation. This theory is rather satisfactory in describing the superfluid state of helium-4 because this one is a system made up of bosons (particles of integer spin). However, the discovery of the superfluidity of helium-3 in 1971 called into question the veracity of this quantum theory. In fact, helium-3 being a system composed of fermions (particles of half-integer spin), it cannot be subject to Bose-Einstein condensation. It is to correct this deficiency that we introduce here a classical (non-quantum) theory of superfluids. This new theory makes no difference between the λ transition of bosons and that of fermions. It is based on a fundamental law: “in a superfluid, density is conserved”. In this work, we have shown that this simple law explains not only the zero viscosity of superfluids but also the surprising phenomena observed in the superfluid state, I quote the liquidity of helium at normal pressure down to 0 K, vaporization without boiling, high thermal conductivity, the fountain effect, the ability to go up one side of the wall of a container to come down on the other side and the existence of a critical velocity.

关键词： Superfluid Constant Density Zero Viscosity Temperature Gradient Pressure Gradient

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Sustainable Development around Small Scale Mining Areas by the Development of Micro Hydro Power: Application Cases in Cameroon

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Journal of Power and Energy Engineering 2020年第3期8卷 36-48页

作者： Fanyep Nana Antoine Gubong Takam Charles Bertrand Kengne Signe elie Bertrand Claudio J. C. Blanco Laboratory of Energy research in Institute for Geological and Mining research Yaoundé Cameroon National Advanced School of Engineering University of Yaoundé1 Yaoundé Cameroon College of Sanitary Environmental Engineering FAESA/ITEC/UFPA Belémx Brasil

Of all the precious metals buried in the Cameroonian subsoil, gold is certainly the longest exploited. It has longtime been the subject of artisanal exploitation. In 2014, the monthly national production was estimated at around 170 kg. In these mining areas, people still live in a screaming precariousness of which one of the main causes is often the lack of electricity, because of the distance of these localities to the national electricity network. Cameroon has a great hydroelectric potential, but the access rate to electricity is still very low in isolate or rural areas of this country. The objective of this work is to show that it is possible to efficiently exploit gold in isolated areas and contribute to the sustainable development of these localities through the development of micro hydro power (MHP). The mining community of Tikondi in the East region of Cameroon is the practical case study for an illustration. The results of this study show that the development of the MHP project can be developed with installed power of 87 kW, where the Banki-Michell turbine is recommended according to the Sulzer-Escher Wyss diagram. The investment cost evaluated at 79,832,775 FCFA (1 Euro = 656 FCFA). It is a profitable project with a maximum payback period of 8 years. This project can be easily funded by gold mining activity. That Tikondi’s MHP can make this village becoming attractive for others activities, improving the quality of education of children (there is not any school and lots of them do not go to school), the building of health centers and the quality of life in that locality and therefore contribute to their sustainable development too.

关键词： Micro Hydro Power Mining Areas Sustainable Development

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