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2007中国钢铁年会

作者： Klaus Weinzierl Rainer Burger otto schmid Siemens AG Industrial Solutions ＆ ServicesErlangen Metals Technologies Dr.-Ing. Siemens AG Industrial Solutions ＆ ServicesErlangen Metals Technologies Siemens AG Industrial Solutions ＆ ServicesErlangen Metals Technologies

＜正＞The successes of new materials are accompanied by an increase in the requirements that are placed on the classical material,*** is not only automotive companies that expect to gain an advantage from thinner but still very strong types of steel sheeting which makes their vehicles more efficient and more environmentally compatible;other branches of industry can also profit from strength-relevant load-bearing structures and energy-absorbing components made of dual-phase,multiphase or high-strength steels such as DP,TWIX and *** automation systems have an important influence in stable production of these materials in constant high and reproducible *** the control of the sequences and physical actuators in a hot strip mill,the permanent evolution of process models and technological control is crucial for a leading edge plant,In addition to the alloying elements,the cooling section is decisive for the properties of these *** and highly flexible control of the cooling process in the cooling section is therefore extremely ***,however,all models involving purely phenomenological determination of the transformation process have displayed weaknesses in respect of exact calculation of the temperature curve and especially the online control of the temporal temperature *** I＆S has now developed a new cooling section control system that uses the so-called Gibbs’ free enthatpy to calculate the steel transformation very precisely on the basis of a thermo dynamical *** means of a model-predictive control functions,the stipulated time curve of the temperature change in the cooling section is optimally adhered to for the whole steel strip within the limits of the plant in *** mills limited by valve and/or water flow mechanical layout,the construction of modem laminar cooling section has developed and created new arrangements and new types of headers to suit this new requirements in a way that new plants a

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西门子奥钢联在热连轧带钢生产自动化中的革新：新冷却模型对多相钢品质的改善

西门子奥钢联在热连轧带钢生产自动化中的革新：新冷却模型对多相...

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2007中国钢铁年会

作者： Klaus Weinzierl Rainer Burger otto schmid 西门子公司工业系统及技术服务集团西门子公司工业系统及技术服务集团西门子公司工业系统及技术服务集团

在新材料成功开发应用的同时,人们对传统材料——钢材的要求也日益增加。汽车制造商希望在汽车制造中使用既薄又坚因的新型钢材,使其生产的车辆既高效又环保;其它工业领域也从双相钢、多相钢或高强度钢如 DP,TWIX,TRIP 中获益匪浅,制造...

在新材料成功开发应用的同时,人们对传统材料——钢材的要求也日益增加。汽车制造商希望在汽车制造中使用既薄又坚因的新型钢材,使其生产的车辆既高效又环保;其它工业领域也从双相钢、多相钢或高强度钢如 DP,TWIX,TRIP 中获益匪浅,制造出高强度、高承载的结构部件和高吸收能量的设备部件。现代轧钢自动化系统对于钢材质量的稳定与生产的平稳是至关重要的。自动化系统除了完成热轧带钢生产的顺序和执行机构的控制之外,对数学模型和工艺控制的不断发展也至关重要,尤其对于热轧带钢行业的领先企业更是如此。除了钢材的合金元素外,轧制冷却对这些钢材的性能也是决定性的。因此,高精度的轧制冷却温度和灵活的控制方案是极其重要的。然而,以前的所有冷却模型,存在一个通病就是,由纯粹表象决定金属晶相的转换过程,这需要准确计算温度曲线, 特别是时间和温度过程关系的在线控制。西门子 I＆S 现在已开发了基于所谓的 Gibbs 自由焓的新的冷却控制系统, 以便根据热动态模型非常精确计算出金属相变过程。借助于模型预测控制功能,控制冷却段的温度变化时间、优化冷却,使全部带钢温度变化落入规定的范围内。对于受阀门和/或水流量、机械布置限制的轧机,西门子开发了现代化的层流冷却系统,采用新的布置和新型集管,如此一来,西门子开发的新冷却系统,不仅适用于按照新要求设计的机械设备和冷却装置,也可适用于旧设备冷却装置的改造。

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Functional dissimilarity in mixed forests promotes stem radial growth by mitigating tree water deficit

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National Science Review 2024年第3期11卷 55-57页

作者：张宏图艾尤尔.亥热提白云旻郭焱培李珊 Bernhard schmid Helge Bruelheide 马克平唐志尧 Institute of Ecology College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of EducationPeking University College of Geography and Tourism Xinjiang Normal University State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of Sciences Department of Geography Remote Sensing LaboratoriesUniversity of Zurich Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research(iDiv)Halle-Jena-Leipzig

Tree growth is a key component of forest ecosystem functioning and is wellknown to be limited by water availability[1]. It is acknowledged that composition and diversity of co-occurring tree species can mitigate the influence of drought on tree growth through the resource complementarity for water use via niche partitioning and facilitation between different species [2,3].

关键词： RESILIENCE

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Towards greener polymers:Trends in the German chemical industry

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Green Carbon 2024年第1期2卷 33-44页

作者： Adam W.Franz Stefan Buchholz Rolf W.Albach Rolf schmid BASF SE Ludwigshafen 67056Germany Evonik Operations GmbH Hanau 63457Germany Association for Chemistry and Economics German Chemical SocietyFrankfurt am Main 60444Germany Stuttgart University and Bio4Business Stuttgart 70569Germany

Global plastics production is expected to exceed 400 million tons and reach 600 million tons by *** synthesis currently accounts for approximately 3%of global greenhouse gas *** 60%of all polymers are produced for *** include shopping bags,packaging materials,mulch films,and soluble polymers for cosmetics and other ***,only a portion of single-use plastic is recycled or disposed of in incinerators or *** estimated 20%is not disposed of properly and pollutes the global environment,especially the *** response to these challenges,the United Nations,European Union,and many nation-states are developing regulatory frameworks that encourage the chemical industry to produce plastics with a smaller environmental footprint and often support this through research *** solutions include:(1)the use of green energy,green hydrogen,bio-based feedstocks,or CO_(2) in synthesis;(2)the reuse or recycling of plastics through conversion or pyrolysis;and(3)the production of biodegradable *** German chemical industry contributes approximately one-third of polymer production in the *** is embedded in the EU regulatory and research landscape and anchored in the European Green Deal,which aims for carbon neutrality by *** this paper,we describe how BASF and Evonik,two leading German chemical companies with strong but different polymer portfolios,respond to the call for greener polymers and how technologies are being developed to make polyurethanes,a particularly important and difficult-to-recycle family of elastomers and duromers,renewable and *** the environmental footprint of plastics requires not only innovative materials but also proper governance,regulatory and collection systems,and public willingness to *** an international comparison of these competencies,expressed by the"polymer management index"(PMI),Germany achieved a top position.

关键词： Plastics recycling Biobased plastics Biodegradable plastics Polymer management index European Green Deal

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Can DyeCycling break the photobleaching limit in single-molecule FRET?

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Nano Research 2022年第11期15卷 9818-9830页

作者： Benjamin Vermeer Sonja schmid NanoDynamicsLab Laboratory of BiophysicsWageningen UniversityStippeneng 46708WE WageningenThe Netherlands

Biomolecular systems,such as proteins,crucially rely on dynamic processes at the *** biomolecular nanodynamics is therefore key to obtaining a mechanistic understanding of the energies and molecular driving forces that controlbiomolecular ***-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer(smFRET)is a powerful technique to observe inreal-time how a single biomolecule proceeds through its functional cycle involving a sequence of distinct structural ***,this technique is fundamentally limited by irreversible photobleaching,causing the untimely end of the experiment andthus,a narrow temporal bandwidth of≤3 orders of ***,we introduce“DyeCycling”,a measurement scheme withwhich we aim to break the photobleaching limit in *** introduce the concept of spontaneous dye replacement bysimulations,and as an experimental proof-of-concept,we demonstrate the intermittent observation of a single biomolecule forone hour with a time resolution of ***,DyeCycling can provide>100-fold more information per singlemolecule than conventional *** discuss the experimental implementation of DyeCycling,its current and fundamentallimitations,and specific biological use *** its general simplicity and versatility,DyeCycling has the potential torevolutionize the field of time-resolved smFRET,where it may serve to unravel a wealth of biomolecular dynamics by bridgingfrom milliseconds to the hour range.

关键词： biomolecular dynamics single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer(smFRET) photobleaching conformational changes single-molecule kinetics

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Prospect of gastroenterology and hepatology in the next century

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 1999年第3期5卷 185-190页

作者： Rudi schmid University of California 美国

The task of predicting what Gastroenterology and Hepatology may look like in the coming century is a great personal challenge and at the same time an awe-inspiring assignment. Not only have these two medical specialties become very large and diversified but there are so many new discoveries and ideas that it is a capricious undertaking to attempt fore-telling which of them may become part of the next century′s medical practice. I therefore will take the personal privilege of being highly selective, choosing only topics for discussion which I believe have a distinct potential of generating novel scientific concepts, fresh approaches or new therapeutic modalities.

关键词： Prospect of gastroenterology and hepatology in the next century

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Transient thermal analysis as measurement method for IC package structural integrity

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Chinese Physics B 2015年第6期24卷 47-64页

作者： Alexander Han Maximilian schmid E Liu Gordon Elger Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt

Practices of IC package reliability testing are reviewed briefly, and the application of transient thermal analysis is examined in great depth. For the design of light sources based on light emitting diode （LED） efficient and accurate reliability testing is required to realize the potential lifetimes of 105 h. Transient thermal analysis is a standard method to determine the transient thermal impedance of semiconductor devices, e.g. power electronics and LEDs. The temperature of the semiconductor junctions is assessed by time-resolved measurement of their forward voltage （Vf）. The thermal path in the IC package is resolved by the transient technique in the time domain. This enables analyzing the structural integrity of the semiconductor package. However, to evaluate thermal resistance, one must also measure the dissipated energy of the device （i.e., the thermal load） and the k-factor. This is time consuming, and measurement errors reduce the accuracy. To overcome these limitations, an innovative approach, the relative thermal resistance method, was developed to reduce the measurement effort, increase accuracy and enable automatic data evaluation. This new way of evaluating data simplifies the thermal transient analysis by eliminating measurement of the k-factor and thermal load, i.e. measurement of the lumen flux for LEDs, by normalizing the transient Vf data. This is especially advantageous for reliability testing where changes in the thermal path, like cracks and delaminations, can be determined without measuring the k-factor and thermal load. Different failure modes can be separated in the time domain. The sensitivity of the method is demonstrated by its application to high- power white InGaN LEDs. For detailed analysis and identification of the failure mode of the LED packages, the transient signals are simulated by time-resolved finite element （FE） simulations. Using the new approach, the transient thermal analysis is enhanced to a powerful tool for reliability

关键词： transient thermal analysis thermal resistance reliability light emitting diode

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Ecological intensification of agriculture through biodiversity management:introduction

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2023年第6期16卷 1-4页

作者： Bernhard schmid Christian Schöb Department of Geography Remote Sensing LaboratoriesUniversity of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 1908057 ZürichSwitzerland Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Calle Tulipán s/n28933 MóstolesSpain

A major feature of humans is that they can attain much higher population densities than any non-domestic animal species of similar body size(Damuth 1987).This is most likely due to the invention of agriculture(Herrera and Garcia-Bertrand 2018),which allowed humans to manage ecosystems in such a way that as much biomass as possible is converted into food(Vitousek et al.1986).

关键词： Ecological likely agriculture

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Diagnostic approaches for cholangiocarcinoma

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第26期14卷 4131-4136页

作者： Andreas Weber Roland M schmid Christian Prinz Department of Internal Medicine Ⅱ Technical University of MunichMunich 81675Germany

Cholangiocarcinomas arise from the epithelial cells of the bile ducts and are associated with poor prognosis. Despite new diagnostic approaches, the definite diagnosis of this malignancy continues to be challenging. Cholangiocarcinomas often grow longitudinally along the bile duct rather than in a radial direction. Thus, large tumor masses are frequently absent and imaging techniques, including ultrasound, CT, and MRI have only limited sensitivity. Tissue collection during endoscopic (ERCP) and/or percutaneous transhepatic (PTC) procedures are usually used to confirm a definitive diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma. However, forceps biopsy and brush cytology provide positive results for malignancy in about only 50% of patients. Percutaneous and peroral cholangioscopy using fiber-optic techniques were therefore developed for direct visualization of the biliary tree, yielding additional information about endoscopic appearance and tumor extension, as well as a guided biopsy acquistion. Finally, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) complements endoscopic and percutaneous approaches and may provide a tissue diagnosis of tumors in the biliary region through fine-needle aspiration. In the future, new techniques allowing for early detection, including molecular markers, should be developed to improve the diagnostic sensitivity in this increasing tumor entity.

关键词： Diagnosis Brush cytology Forceps biopsy Cholangiocarcinoma

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Male-mediated developmental toxicity

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2014年第1期16卷 81-88页

作者： Diana Andersonl Thomas E schmid Adolf Baumgartner Division of Medical Sciences School of Life Sciences University of Bradford Bradford West Yorkshire BD UK Department of Radiation Oncology Klinikum rechts der Isar Technische Universit~t MOnchen Munich Germany.

Male-mediated developmental toxicity has been of concern for many years. The public became aware of male-mediated developmental toxicity in the early 1990s when it was reported that men working at Sellafield might be causing leukemia in their children. Human and animal studies have contributed to our current understanding of male-mediated effects. Animal studies in the 1980s and 1990s suggested that genetic damage after radiation and chemical exposure might be transmitted to offspring. With the increasing understanding that there is histone retention and modification, protamine incorporation into the chromatin and DNA methylation in mature sperm and that spermatozoal RNA transcripts can play important roles in the epigenetic state of sperm, heritable studies began to be viewed differently. Recent reports using molecular approaches have demonstrated that DNA damage can be transmitted to babies from smoking fathers, and expanded simple tandem repeats minisatellite mutations were found in the germline of fathers who were exposed to radiation from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster. In epidemiological studies, it is possible to clarify whether damage is transmitted to the sons after exposure of the fathers. Paternally transmitted damage to the offspring is now recognized as a complex issue with genetic as well as epigenetic components.

关键词： genetic and epigenetic effects human exposure to chemicals and radiation male-mediated animal studies paternalexposure to chemicals and radiation

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