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Stakeholder and Public Involvement in Risk Governance

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2015年第1期6卷 8-20页

作者： Ortwin Renn Economic and Social Sciences Department and Stuttgart Research Center for Interdisciplinary Risk and Innovation Studies University of Stuttgart

Stakeholder involvement has been a major requirement for effective, efficient, and fair risk governance.Since risk management includes uncertain outcomes that affect different parts of the population to different degrees it is essential to integrate the knowledge, values, and interests of stakeholders into the risk policy making process.The article provides insights into how to structure and organize stakeholder participation and how to cope with the challenges of complexity, uncertainty, and ambiguity. For each of the three challenges there is a need for specific input from stakeholders. The article describes these requirements and explains the formats that have been tested for providing this input to the risk governance process.

关键词： Participatory formats Public participation Risk governance Stakeholder involvement

Risk Governance:Application to Urban Challenges

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2018年第4期9卷 434-444页

作者： Ortwin Renn Andreas Klinke Pia-Johanna Schweizer Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies(IASS) 14467 PotsdamGermany Environmental Policy Institute Memorial University of NewfoundlandGrenfell CampusCorner BrookNL A2H 5G4Canada

Urban areas face multiple risks: they range from natural hazard-induced disasters, fires, and building code violations to social risks such as vandalism, crime, and social disorientation, among others. These risks often interact with each other and cannot be dealt with in isolation. As a means to identify, assess, and manage multiple risks, the concept of ‘‘risk governance'' has been developed, which promises to provide integrative and comprehensive tools to deal with the many manifestations of risks.In this article, risk governance concept has been specifically applied to complex risk situations in urban areas. The concept of risk governance pertains to the many ways in which multiple actors, individuals and institutions, public and private, deal with risks. It includes formal institutions and regimes and informal arrangements. The article first develops an adaptive and integrative model of risk governance and applies this model to the urban environments.After a short summary of the roots of risk governance, key concepts, such as simple, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous risks, are discussed. The main emphasis is on each of the five phases of risk governance: pre-estimation,interdisciplinary assessment, risk evaluation, risk management, and risk communication.

关键词： Ambiguity Complexity Coping strategies Integrated urban risk management Risk assessment Risk evaluation Risk governance Uncertainty

Participatory Risk Governance for Reducing Disaster and Societal Risks:Collaborative Knowledge Production and Implementation

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2018年第4期9卷 429-433页

作者： Norio Okada Ilan Chabay Ortwin Renn Institute of Disaster Area Revitalization Regrowth and GovernanceKwansei Gakuin UniversityNishinomiya City 662-0891Japan Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies(IASS) 14467 PotsdamGermany

The background, purpose, and design of this special section are briefly explained in this introductory article. Three aspects emerged from the articles in this special section and are highlighted to provide a frame of reference for the reader:(1) a paradigm shift towards adaptive and integrative disaster risk governance;(2) a framework that situates adaptive and integrative risk governance in the context of transformation toward sustainability; and(3) the introduction of ‘‘implementation science'' as a concept, method, and emerging field that brings natural and social sciences, engineering, and humanities jointly to bear in risk mitigation and adaptation.

关键词： Adaptive risk governance Implementation science Participatory risk governance Societal risk factors Sustainability transformation

Systemic Risks: A Homomorphic Approach on the Basis of Complexity Science

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2018年第3期9卷 292-305页

作者： Klaus Lucas Ortwin Renn Carlo Jaeger Saini Yang Institute of Technical Thermodynamics Aachen University Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) Economic and Social Science Department University of Stuttgart Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management School of Geography Beijing Normal University Global Climate Forum Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disasters Ministry of Education Beijing Normal University

Although the notion of systemic risk gained prominence with respect to financial systems, it is a generic term that refers to risks of increasing importance in many domains—risks that cannot be tackled by conventional techniques of risk management and governance. We build on a domain-overarching definition of systemic risks by highlighting crucial properties that distinguish them from conventional risks and plain disasters. References to typical examples from various domains are included. Common features of systemic risks in different domains—such as the role of agents and emergence phenomena, tipping and cascading, parameters indicating instability, and historicity—turn out to be more than noncommittal empirical observations. Rather these features can be related to fundamental theory for relatively simple and well-understood systems in physics and chemistry. A crucial mechanism is the breakdown of macroscopic patterns of whole systems due to feedback reinforcing actions of agents on the microlevel, where the reinforcement is triggered by boundary conditions moving beyond critical tipping points.Throughout the whole article, emphasis is placed on the role of complexity science as a basis for unifying the phenomena of systemic risks in widely different domains.

关键词： Complexity science Integrated risk governance Multiagent modeling Systemic risks

Towards Quantitatively Understanding the Complexity of Social-Ecological Systems——From Connection to Consilience

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2017年第4期8卷 343-356页

作者： Xiao-Bing Hu Peijun Shi Ming Wang Tao Ye Mark S.Leeson Sander E.van der Leeuw Jianguo Wu Ortwin Renn Carlo Jaeger State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Beijing Normal University Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management Beijing Normal University School of Engineering University of Warwick Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster Ministry of Education Beijing Normal University ASU-SFI Center for Biosocial Complex Systems Arizona State University School of Life Sciences and School of Sustainability Arizona State University Stuttgart Research Center for Interdisciplinary Risk and Innovation Studies University of Stuttgart Global Climate Forum

The complexity of social-ecological systems(SES) is rooted in the outcomes of node activities connected by network topology. Thus far, in network dynamics research, the connectivity degree(CND), indicating how many nodes are connected to a given node, has been the dominant concept. However, connectivity focuses only on network topology, neglecting the crucial relation to node activities, and thereby leaving system outcomes largely unexplained. Inspired by the phenomenon of ‘‘consensus of wills and coordination of activities' ' often observed in disaster risk management, we propose a new concept of network characteristic, the consilience degree(CSD),aiming to measure the way in which network topology and node activities together contribute to system outcomes. The CSD captures the fact that nodes may assume different states that make their activities more or less compatible.Connecting two nodes with in/compatible states will lead to outcomes that are un/desirable from the perspective of the SES in question. We mathematically prove that the CSD is a generalized CND, and the CND is a special case of CSD. As a general, fundamental concept, the CSD can facilitate the development of a new framework of network properties, models, and theories that allows us to understand patterns of network behavior that cannot be explained in terms of connectivity alone. We further demonstrate that a co-evolutionary mechanism can naturally improve the CSD. Given the generality of co-evolution in SES, we argue that the CSD is an inherent attribute rather than an artificial concept, which underpins the fundamental importance of the CSD to the study of SES.

关键词： Complex networks Consilience degree Co-evolution Disaster risk reduction Social-ecological systems