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Safety evaluation in mice of the childhood immunization vaccines from two south-eastern states of Nigeria

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2015年第2期5卷 132-137页

作者： oli angus nnamdi Agu Remigus Uchenna oli Ugochukwu Chinedum Nwoye Charles Ugochukwu Ejiofor Obiora Shedrack Esimone Charles Okechukwu Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesNnamdi Azikiwe University Biopharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory College of Pharmacy5968 College Street.PO Box 15000Dalhousie University Departments of Chemical Pathology Nnamdi Azikiwe UniversityTeaching Hospital Departments of Hematology Nnamdi Azikiwe UniversityTeaching Hospital Department of Pediatrics Anambra State University Teaching Hospital

Objective:To check the effects of the vaccines on the hematopoietic system and weight of mice after ***:The study was done with the Expanded Programme on Immunization vaccines donated by the Ministries of Health of Abia and Imo States of *** vaccines were collected from the cold-chain stores and transported in vaccine carriers to the cold-chain facility in nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital within 3 hours of *** were used to immunize a total of 160 *** Ethics Committee of nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital,Nnewi of Anambra State,Nigeria approved the ***:Mice body weight changes test showed that the mice all had increased body weight at Days 3 and 7 post-immunization and none died during the 7 d post-immunization *** percentage weight gains of the mice compared with the control were 69%.70%,64%.63%,65%and 68%for oral polio vaccine,*** CalmetteGuerin,measles,yellow fever and hepatitis B vaccines respectively collected from Imo *** mice immunized with oral polio vaccine,*** ***,yellow fever and hepatitis B vaccines collected from Abia State had 123%.114%,121%.116%,142%and 119%weight gain respectively compared with the *** promoting toxicity test showed that none of the vaccines was able to induce proliferation of leukocytes up to ten *** toxicity test showed that all the vaccines had an leukopenic toxicity test value higher than 80%of the control(physiological saline).Conclusions:The vaccine samples tested were safe and did not affect the hematopoietic system *** storage conditions of the vaccines in the States' cold-chain stores had not compromised the safety of the vaccines.

关键词： Safety evaluation Vaccines Routine immunization Imo and Abia Nigeria

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Healthcare waste management in selected government and private hospitals in Southeast Nigeria

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2016年第1期6卷 84-89页

作者： angus nnamdi oli Callistus Chibuike Ekejindu David Ufuoma Adje Ifeanyi Ezeobi Obiora Shedrack Ejiofor Christian Chibuzo Ibeh Chika Flourence Ubajaka Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nnamdi Azikiwe University Agulu Campus Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration Faculty of Pharmacy Delta State University Department of Surgery Anambra State University Teaching Hospital Department of Pediatrics Anambra State University Teaching Hospital Department of Community Medicine College of Health Sciences Nnamdi Azikiwe University Nnewi Campus

Objective:To assess healthcare workers' involvement in healthcare waste management in public and private ***:Validated questionnaires(n = 660) were administered to randomly selected healthcare workers from selected private hospitals between April and July ***:Among the healthcare workers that participated in the study,187(28.33%) were medical doctors,44(6.67%) were pharmacists,77(11.67%) were medical laboratory scientist,35(5.30%) were waste handlers and 317(48.03%) were ***,the number of workers that have heard about healthcare waste disposal system was above average 424(69.5%).More health-workers in the government(81.5%) than in private(57.3%) hospitals were aware of healthcare waste disposal system and more in government hospitals attended training on *** level of waste generated by the two hospitals differed significantly(P=0.0086) with the generation level higher in government than private *** materials for healthcare waste disposal were significantly more available(P=0.001) in government than private *** was no significant difference(P = 0.285) in syringes and needles disposal practices in the two hospitals and they were exposed to equal risks(P =0.8510).Fifty-six(18.5%) and 140(45.5%) of the study participants in private and government hospitals respectively were aware of the existence of healthcare waste management committee with 134(44.4%) and 19(6.2%) workers confirming that it did not exist in their *** existence of the committee was very low in the private ***:The availability of material for waste segregation at point of generation,compliance of healthcare workers to healthcare waste management guidelines and the existence of infection control committee in both hospitals is generally low and unsatisfactory.

关键词： Healthcare waste Waste disposal system Government Private hospitals South-east Nigeria

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Multi-Drug Resistant Acute Otitis Media amongst Children Attending Out-Patient Clinic in Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital, Awka, South-East Nigeria

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Advances in Microbiology 2016年第7期6卷 495-501页

作者： Shedrack Obiora Ejiofor Amarachi Divine Edeh Chijioke Elias Ezeudu Thaddeus Harrison Gugu angus nnamdi oli Department of Paeditrics Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital Awka Nigeria Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of Paeditrics College of Health Sciences Nnamdi Azikiwe University Nnewi Campus Nnewi Nigeria

Objective: The study assessed microbial etiology and multi-drug resistant profile of the pathogens isolated from children diagnosed of acute otitis media (AOM) at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital, Awka. Method: Ear swab samples were collected aseptically from 40 children that visited the children out-patient clinic of the hospital. The samples were cultured within 20 minutes of collection and the isolates identified microbiologically. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by Kirby-Bauer’s disc diffusion method. Results: A total of 2025 children visited the hospital during the study period and 40 (1.98%) had clinical diagnosis of acute otitis media. Ten (25%) of the 40 samples did not yield any microbial growth. Children aged ≤one year had the highest prevalence of AOM (55%). Staphylococcus aureus (34.9%) was the predominant bacteria isolate followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (30.2%) while Candida krusei (14%) was the predominant fungi isolate. All the bacterial isolates were resistant to ampicillin and coamoxiclav. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were marginally susceptible to gentamicin (60%) and sparfloxacin (73.3%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were resistant to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, cefuroxime, erythromycin and azithromycin. Nystatin and voriconazole had comparable effect (60%) against the fungal isolates and fluconazole was ineffective. Conclusion: The incidence of multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria associated with acute otitis media in the pediatric patient was very high. Empiric treatment of the infection in the community should be discouraged. AOM preventive strategies should be targeted on the very young children to reduce the risk of recurrence.

关键词： Acute Otitis Media Antimicrobial Resistance Tertiary Health Institution Peadiatric Infection Low-Income Country

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Antimicrobial Resistance among Enterobacteriaceae Found in Chicken and Cow Droppings and Their Public Health Importance

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Advances in Microbiology 2021年第11期11卷 694-711页

作者： Chukwuebuka Chisom Anene angus nnamdi oli Peter Anyigor Edeh Moses Ugochukwu Okezie James-Paul Kretchy Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Agulu Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing Faculty of Biosciences Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of Physician Assistantship Studies School of Medicine and Health Sciences Central University Accra Ghana

Introduction: The recent surge in the number of antimicrobial resistant cases from hospitals and communities has created a need to study the points and sources of exposure to certain bacteria and determine their susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics. This study aimed at identifying and screening for drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolated from chicken droppings and cow dungs in Onitsha, Anambra state, in the South-Eastern part of Nigeria. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study which included 50 chickens and 50 cow dung samples collected from five poultry houses and cow ranches respectively using sterile swab sticks. The samples were transported to the laboratory and processed following standard microbiological protocols. Isolates in the samples were recovered using MacConkey Agar, Eosin Methylene Blue Agar and Salmonella-Shigella Agar following standard microbiological procedures and then identified/characterized biochemically using commercial API 20E identification kits following the standard manufacturer’s protocol. Isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing on Muller Hinton Agar using Kirby Bauer double-disc diffusion technique. The multiple antibiotics resistance index was determined as well. Isolates with reduced susceptibility to Ceftazidime were screened for extended spectrum beta-lactamase, AmpC- and metallo-beta-lactamase-production using Rosco Diagnostic kit. Results: Sixty-two (100%) Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from a total of 100 samples collected from both sites, out of which 43 (69.4%) are Enterobacteriaceae. A total of 30/43 (69.8%) Enterobacteriaceae including K. pneumoniae, S. enteritica, S. odorifera, E. coli, K. intermediate, P. stuartii, E. aerogenes, P. penneri, P. mirabilis and C. braakii were recovered from chicken droppings, whereas 13/43 (30.2%) Enterobacteriaceae including K. pneumoniae, S. enteritica, S. odorifera, E. coli, K. intermediate, P. stuartii, E.

关键词： Antibiogram Antibiotic Resistance Enterobacteriaceae One Health Nigeria

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Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Index of Gram-Negative Bacteria from Bird Droppings in Two Commercial Poultries in Enugu, Nigeria

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Open Journal of Medical Microbiology 2020年第4期10卷 171-181页

作者： Ruth Asikiya Afunwa Johnpaul Ezeanyinka Emmanuel Chijindu Afunwa Adaeze Suzzy Udeh angus nnamdi oli Marian Unachukwu Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Igbariam Anambra State Nigeria Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences Godfrey Okoye University Enugu State Nigeria Department of Clinical Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Nigeria Nsukka Enugu State Nigeria Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nnamdi Azikiwe University Agulu Anambra State Nigeria

Antimicrobial resistance refers to the ability of microorganisms to grow in the presence of an antimicrobial agent at a concentration that will normally kill or inhibit their growth. Antimicrobial resistance has become a major global threat making treatment of infections tougher especially with high cost of treatment in humans and animals. This study was done to determine the Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Index (MARI) of Gram-negative bacteria from bird droppings in two commercial poultries in Enugu. Forty (40) samples were collected from each of the poultries. Isolates were identified by standard microbiological methods. The isolates identified were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter spp, Proteus spp. and, Enterobacter spp. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using disc diffusion technique. The organisms were tested against pefloxacin, augmentin (amoxicillin and clavulanic acid), ceftazidime, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, cephalothin, neomycin and ofloxacin. The result of the susceptibility test showed that Proteus spp had the highest resistance and MARI value of

关键词： Antibiotic Poultry Gram Negative Bacteria Multi-Drug Resistance Antibiotic Susceptibility

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Aqueous Leaves Extract of Gongronema latifolium (Benth) Downregulates the Expression of IFN-γ, IL-10 and Cell Surface Markers in Rabbits

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Open Journal of Medical Microbiology 2022年第4期12卷 117-128页

作者： Adekunle Babajide Rowaiye Moses Njoku angus nnamdi oli Nwamaka Henrietta Igbokwe Titilayo Asala Suliat Adebola Salami Ikemefuna Chijioke Uzochukwu Charles Okechukwu Esimone Department of Medical Biotechnology National Biotechnology Development Agency Abuja Nigeria Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nnamdi Azikiwe University Agulu Nigeria Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nnamdi Azikiwe University Agulu Nigeria Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology Nigerian Institute of Pharmaceutical Research & Development Abuja Nigeria Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology Faculty of Pharmacy College of Medicine Campus University of Lagos Akoka Nigeria Bio-Entrepreneurship and Extension Services Department National Biotechnology Development Agency Abuja Nigeria Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nnamdi Azikiwe University Agulu Nigeria

Background: The pathophysiology of the inflammatory process reveals intricate signaling which includes the IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα pathways that could serve as drug targets. Aim: This study determined the effect of the aqueous extract of Gongronema latifolium (AEGL) leaves on the expression of IFNγ, IL-10, CD3, and CD56 in rabbits. Materials and Methods: ELISA tests were performed to determine the effect of the AEGL on the expression of a pro-inflammatory cytokine (IFNγ), an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), and CD3 and CD56 cell surface markers in rabbits. Twenty cross-bred male rabbits with an average weight range of 1.0 - 1.5 kg were selected. The rabbits were separated into four groups of four rabbits each treated as follows: Grp1 is the untreated control;Grp2 is the treated control;and Grp3, Grp4, and Grp5 were treated with 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of AEGL respectively for 28 days. Results: The AEGL showed its greatest inhibitory effect in Group 4 on IL-10 (118.5 pg/ml), and IFNγ (332 pg/ml) on days 14 and 21 respectively. AEGL also showed the highest inhibition of CD3 expression on days 14 and 21 (0 pg/ml) in Group 3;and CD56 expression on day 21 (630.5 pg/ml) in Group 4. Conclusion: AEGL showed exhibited strong T cell mediated anti- inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activity in test rabbits within the 28-day period which can be confirmed by cell based assays. Specifically at 400 mg/kg, AEGL exhibited the greatest anti-inflammatory activity which is suggestive of its maximum effective dose.

关键词： Inflammation Cell Surface Markers Antioxidant Activity Cytokine Hepatic Toxicity Medicinal Plant Gongronema latifolium

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Modulatory Effects of Mushrooms on the Inflammatory Signaling Pathways and Pro-inflammatory Mediators

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Clinical Complementary Medicine and Pharmacology 2022年第4期2卷 1-11页

作者： Adekunle Rowaiye Olobayotan Ifeyomi Wilfred Olukemi Adejoke Onuh Doofan Bur Solomon Oni Ezinne Janefrances Nwonu Gordon Ibeanu angus nnamdi oli Timipanipiri ThankGod Wood National Biotechnology Development Agency Lugbe 900109AbujaNigeria Department of Microbiology University of AbujaGwagwalada 902101AbujaNigeria Department of Pharmaceutical Science North Carolina Central UniversityDurhamNorth Carolina 27707USA Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Nnamdi Azikwe UniversityAwka 420106Nigeria Bioresources Development Centre Odi 560102Nigeria

Background:Mushrooms include a wide variety of bioactive compounds that have been linked to therapeutic and nutritional benefits,making them a potential source of new medications and functional ***:The goal of this study is to offer a complete overview of the mushroom’s modulatory effects on inflam-matory signaling pathways,which leads to the inhibition of inflammation in various types of immune cells and animal ***:This study reviewed the inhibitory effects of mushrooms on the inflammation process through the modulation of the pro-inflammatory mediators and associated signaling pathways.A literature search in PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted for the relevant original research and review articles on the anti-inflammatory effects of *** articles published in English were selected,studied and ***:As revealed by the selected articles,bioactive molecules which include peptides,polysaccharides,ter-penes,sterols,fatty acids,and phenols have been extracted from the powder,concentrate,and different solvent extracts of edible *** bioactive molecules have shown significant efficacy in inhibiting the major pro-inflammatory biomarkers and associated pathways in in vivo and in vitro ***:This review demonstrated that mushrooms significantly inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and can be developed for clinical use as anti-inflammatory *** research is required to establish the comparative efficacy between mushrooms and NSAID especially in the in vivo inhibitory activity against the production of cyclooxygenase and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

关键词： Mushroom Anti-inflammation Modulatory Pathway Bioactive metabolites

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Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus May Also Be Resistant to Clindamycin and Vancomycin

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2022年第8期10卷 1-13页

作者： Miriam G. U. Anejionu angus N. oli Chijioke E. Ezeudu Ogochukwu I. Ezejiofor Joseph Ezeogu Anthony A. Attama Vincent C. Okore Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Nigeria Nsukka Nigeria Department of Paediatrics Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Dermatology Unit Department of Medicine Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of Paediatrics Federal Medical Centre Owerri Nigeria Drug Delivery Research Unit Department of Pharmaceutics Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Nigeria Nsukka Nigeria

Objectives: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a global superbug widely distributed in hospitals, communities and livestock settings. This study investigated the presence and molecular characterization of MRSA co-resistance to clindamycin and vancomycin in the southeastern region of Nigeria. The susceptibility of these organisms to other selected antibiotics was also investigated. Method: Biological samples were obtained from consenting patients from three establishments in Enugu, Nigeria and cultured for isolation and purification. The pure isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility profiling using conventional antibiotics. The genomic DNAs of the pure isolates were isolated using the Promega genomic DNA purification kit while the antibiotic resistance genes (mecA) genes were identified using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Also, the minimum inhibitory concentration of the clindamycin and vancomycin antibiotics was determined as well as their combined activity on the MRSA isolates. Results: A large proportion (71%) of the MRSA isolates was from urine samples and then from the High Vaginal Swab (19%). All the isolates were resistant to cloxacillin while 95% were resistant to ciprofloxacin. MRSA isolates demonstrated resistance to clindamycin (with MIC of 23.44 - 250 μg/ml) and to vancomycin (with MIC of 62.5 - 250 μg/ml). The isolated MRSA also demonstrated multidrug-resistant traits. The combined effects of vancomycin and clindamycin against different species of MRSA exhibited additive, antagonistic and indifferent effects and none had a synergistic effect. Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction revealed that the majority of the strains were positive for the 162-bp internal fragment of the mecA gene of MRSA and basically displayed SCCmec type III, indicating that they were multidrug-resistant and hospital-acquired. Conclusion: Clindamycin and vancomycin-resistant MRSA infections are also within the Eastern region of Nigeria as fo

关键词： Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Vancomycin Clindamycin

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