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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2008年第2期25卷 213-226页

作者： odd helge otter Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center Thorm0hlensgt. 47 5006 Bergen Norway Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research Allegt. 55 5007 Bergen Norway

The climate changes that occured following the volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Phillippines on 15 June 1991 have been simulated using the ARPEGE atmosphere general circulation model （AGCM）. The model was forced by a reconstructed spatial-time distribution of stratospheric aerosols intended for use in long climate simulations. Four statistical ensembles of the AGCM simulations with and without volcanic aerosols over a period of 5 years following the eruption have been made, and the calculated fields have been compared to available observations. The model is able to reproduce some of the observed features after the eruption, such as the winter warming pattern that was observed over the Northern Hemisphere （NH） during the following winters. This pattern was caused by an enhanced Equator-to-pole temperature gradient in the stratosphere that developed due to aerosol heating of the tropics. This in turn led to a strengthening of the polar vortex, which tends to modulate the planetary wave field in such a way that an anomalously positive Arctic Oscillation pattern is produced in the troposphere and at the surface, favouring warm conditions over the NH. During the summer, the model produced a more uniform cooling over the NH.

关键词： volcanic aerosol climate Mount Pinatubo Arctic Oscillation

A Possible Feedback Mechanism Involving the Arctic Freshwater,the Arctic Sea Ice,and the North Atlantic Drift

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2004年第5期21卷 784-801页

作者： odd helge otter helge DRANGE Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center Edv. Griegsvei 3A5059 Bergen Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research Allégt. 55 5007 BergenNansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center Edv. Griegsvei 3A5059 Bergen Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research Allégt. 55 5007 BergenGeophysical Institute University of Bergen Allégt. 70 5007 Bergen Nansen-Zhu International Research Centre Beijing 100029

Model studies point to enhanced warming and to increased freshwater ?uxes to high northern latitudes in response to global warming. In order to address possible feedbacks in the ice-ocean system in response to such changes, the combined e?ect of increased freshwater input to the Arctic Ocean and Arctic warming—the latter manifested as a gradual melting of the Arctic sea ice—is examined using a 3-D isopycnic coordinate ocean general circulation model. A suite of three idealized experiments is carried out: one control integration, one integration with a doubling of the modern Arctic river runo?, and a third more extreme case, where the river runo? is ?ve times the modern value. In the two freshwater cases, the sea ice thickness is reduced by 1.5–2 m in the central Arctic Ocean over a 50-year period. The modelled ocean response is qualitatively the same for both perturbation experiments: freshwater propagates into the Atlantic Ocean and the Nordic Seas, leading to an initial weakening of the North Atlantic Drift. Furthermore, changes in the geostrophic currents in the central Arctic and melting of the Arctic sea ice lead to an intensi?ed Beaufort Gyre, which in turn increases the southward volume transport through the Canadian Archipelago. To compensate for this southward transport of mass, more warm and saline Atlantic water is carried northward with the North Atlantic Drift. It is found that the increased transport of salt into the northern North Atlantic and the Nordic Seas tends to counteract the impact of the increased freshwater originating from the Arctic, leading to a stabilization of the North Atlantic Drift.

关键词： Arctic Ocean freshwater seaice North Atlantic Drift

Diapycnal Mixing in Transient Responses of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in an Enhanced Freshwater Perturbation Experiment

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Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 2010年第4期3卷 201-206页

作者： helge DRANGE odd helge otter Nansen-Zhu International Research Centre Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center/Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research

It has been reported recently that the simulated Atlantic meridional overturning circulation(AMOC) using the coupled Bergen climate model(BCM) showed initial intensity declines followed by gradual recoveries over a 150-year enhanced freshwater input ***-dependent oceanic diapycnal mixing has been hypothesized as a reason for the simulated recovery of the *** study investigated the role of diapycnal mixing in transient responses of simulated *** results showed that stratification-dependent diapycnal mixing can cause stronger upwelling of deep water in the tropical Atlantic than that produced under conditions of fixed diapycnal ***,simulated AMOCs were more sensitive to active stratification-dependent diapycnal mixing than fixed ***,stratification-dependent diapycnal mixing cannot be conclusively singled out as the critical cause of the recoveries of simulated AMOCs under enhanced-freshwater inputs.

关键词： diapycnal mixing western tropical North Atlantic freshwater experiment

Contrast-enhanced and targeted ultrasound

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2011年第1期17卷 28-41页

作者： Michiel Postema odd helge Gilja Emmy Noether Research Group Institute of Medical EngineeringDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Information SciencesRuhr-Universit t Bochum44780 BochumGermany Department of Physics and Technology Un versity of Bergen5007 BergenNorway Department of Engineering The University of HullKingston upon Hull HU6 7RXUnited Kingdom Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire UPR 4301 CNRS affiliated to the University of Orléans45071 OrléansFrance National Center for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology Department of MedicineHaukeland University Hospital5021 BergenNorway Institute of Medicine University of Bergen 5007 BergenNorway

Ultrasonic imaging is becoming the most popular medical imaging modality,owing to the low price per examination and its ***,blood is a poor scatterer of ultrasound waves at clinical diagnostic transmit *** perfusion imaging,markers have been designed to enhance the contrast in B-mode *** so-called ultrasound contrast agents consist of microscopically small gas bubbles encapsulated in biodegradable *** this review,the physical principles of ultrasound contrast agent microbubble behavior and their adjustment for drug delivery including sonoporation are ***,an outline of clinical imaging applications of contrast-enhanced ultrasound is *** is a challenging task to quantify and predict which bubble phenomenon occurs under which acoustic condition,and how these phenomena may be utilized in ultrasonic *** by high-speed photography,our improved understanding of encapsulated microbubble behavior will lead to more sophisticated detection and delivery *** sophisticated methods use quantitative approaches to measure the amount and the time course of bolus or reperfusion curves,and have shown great promise in revealing effective tumor responses to anti-angiogenic drugs in humans before tumor shrinkage *** are beginning to be accepted into clinical *** the long term,targeted microbubbles for molecular imaging and eventually for directed anti-tumor therapy are expected to be tested.

关键词：对比度增强超声波超声造影剂抗肿瘤治疗成像方式声波成像可生物降解抗血管生成

Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine peptides/amines in inflammatory bowel disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2017年第28期23卷 5068-5085页

作者： Magdy El-Salhy Tefera Solomon Trygve Hausken odd helge Gilja Jan Gunnar Hatlebakk Division of Gastroenterology Department of MedicineStord Hospital Department of Clinical Medicine University of Bergen National Centre for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Department of MedicineHaukeland University Hospital Department of Medicine Haraldsplass Diakonale Hospital National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastro enterology Department of MedicineHaukeland University Hospital

Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) is a chronic recurrent condition whose etiology is unknown,and it includes ulcerative colitis,Crohn's disease,and microscopic colitis. These three diseases differ in clinical manifestations,courses,and prognoses. IBD reduces the patients' quality of life and is an economic burden to both the patients and society. Interactions between the gastrointestinal(GI) neuroendocrine peptides/amines(NEPA) and the immune system are believed to play an important role in the pathophysiology of IBD. Moreover,the interaction between GI NEPA and intestinal microbiota appears to play also a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of IBD. This review summarizes the available data on GI NEPA in IBD,and speculates on their possible role in the pathophysiology and the potential use of this information when developing treatments. GI NEPA serotonin,the neuropeptide Y family,and substance P are proinflammatory,while the chromogranin/secretogranin family,vasoactive intestinal peptide,somatostatin,and ghrelin are antiinflammatory. Several innate and adaptive immune cells express these NEPA and/or have receptors to them. The GI NEPA are affected in patients with IBD and in animal models of human IBD. The GI NEPA are potentially useful for the diagnosis and follow-up of the activity of IBD,and are candidate targets for treatments of this disease.

关键词：伤寒神经系统 Enteroendocrine 房间有免疫力的房间煽动性的肠疾病 Musashi-1 Neurogenin 3 干细胞

Is irritable bowel syndrome an organic disorder?

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第2期20卷 384-400页

作者： Magdy El-Salhy Doris Gundersen odd helge Gilja Jan Gunnar Hatlebakk Trygve Hausken Section for Gastroenterology Department of MedicineStord Helse-Fonna Hospital5409 StordNorway Section for Gastroenterology Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Bergen 5006 BergenNorway Department of Research Helse-Fonna5528 HaugesundNorway

Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)is a common gastrointestinal disorder that is generally considered to be functional because there appears to be no associated anatomical *** and psychological factors are thought to play an important role in *** gut neuroendocrine system(NES),which regulates all functions of the gastrointestinal tract,consists of endocrine cells that are scattered among the epithelial cells of the mucosa,and the enteric nervous *** it is capable of operating independently from the centra nervous system(CNS),the gut NES is connected to and modulated by the *** review presents evidence for the presence of an anatomical defect in IBS patients,namely in the gastrointestinal endocrine *** cells have specialized microvilli that project into the lumen and function as sensors for the luminal content and respond to luminal stimuli by releasing hormones into the lamina propria,which starts a chain reaction that progresses throughout the entire *** changes in the gastrointestinal endocrine cells observed in IBS patients are highly consistent with the other abnormalities reported in IBS patients,such as visceral hypersensitivity,dysmotility,and abnormal secretion.

关键词： Cholecystokinin Dysmotility Endocrine cells Enteri

Sonography of the small intestine

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第11期15卷 1319-1330页

作者： Kim Nylund Svein Фdegaard Trygve Hausken Geir Folvik Gülen Arslan Lied Ivan Viola Helwig Hauser odd-helge Gilja National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology Department of Medicine Haukeland University Hospital 5021 Bergen Norway odd-helge Gilja Institute of Medicine University of Bergen 5021 Bergen Norway Department of Medicine Haukeland University Hospital 5021 Bergen Norway Institute of Informatics University of Bergen 5008 Bergen Norway

In the last two decades, there has been substantial development in the diagnostic possibilities for examining the small intestine. Compared with computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, capsule endoscopy and double-balloon endoscopy, ultrasonography has the advantage of being cheap, portable, flexible and user-and patient-friendly, while at the same time providing the clinician with image data of high temporal and spatial resolution. The method has limitations with penetration in obesity and with intestinal air impairing image quality. The flexibility ultrasonography offers the examiner also implies that a systematic approach during scanning is needed. This paper reviews the basic scanning techniques and new modalities such as contrast-enhanced ultrasound, elastography, strain rate imaging, hydrosonography, allergosonography, endoscopic sonography and nutritional imaging, and the literature on disease-specific findings in the small intestine. Some of these methods have shown clinical benefit, while others are under research and development to establish their role in the diagnostic repertoire. However, along with improved overall image quality of new ultrasound scanners, these methodshave enabled more anatomical and physiological changes in the small intestine to be observed. Accordingly, ultrasound of the small intestine is an attractive clinical tool to study patients with a range of diseases.

关键词：超声检查小肠计算机断层扫描检查诊断图像质量磁共振成像空间分辨率应变率成像

Gastric emptying measured by ultrasonography

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 1999年第2期5卷 5-6页

作者： odd helge Gilja, Trygve Hausken, Svein degaard and Arnold Berstad

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关键词： gastric emptying stomach/ultrasonography stomach/pathophysiology

Gastric accommodation assessed by ultrasonography

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2006年第18期12卷 2825-2829页

作者： odd helge Gilja Johan Lunding Trygve Hausken Hans Gregersen National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology Haukeland University HospitalInstitute of MedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway Center for Visceral Biomechanics and Pain Aalborg Hospitaland Center for Sensory-motor InteractionAalborg UniversityDenmark

胃的住所为在机能性消化不良的病理生理学的理解是重要的并且为在另外的混乱的症状产生也是相关的。术语胃的住所有至少三个不同意思：住所过程，调节反射，和住所反应。胃的住所过程是描述胃的分隔空间的尺寸怎么响应饭变化的复杂现象... 详细信息

胃的住所为在机能性消化不良的病理生理学的理解是重要的并且为在另外的混乱的症状产生也是相关的。术语胃的住所有至少三个不同意思：住所过程，调节反射，和住所反应。胃的住所过程是描述胃的分隔空间的尺寸怎么响应饭变化的复杂现象。电子 barostat 在估计胃的住所被认为标准答案。成像方法，包括的 MRI， SPECT，和 ultrasonography 可以也被使用，特别地在压力应答的病人，例如机能性消化不良病人，因为一个非侵略、不太导致压力的方法是赞成的。Ultrasonography 满足它不由自己弄歪的这些标准在压力应答的个人的生理的反应。

关键词：胃疾病超声检查适应能力恒压器

Ultrasonography in diagnosing chronic pancreatitis: New aspects

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2013年第42期19卷 7247-7257页

作者： Georg Dimcevski Friedemann G Erchinger Roald Havre odd helge Gilja Section of Gastroenterology Department of Medical GastroenterologyHaukeland University Hospital5021 BergenNorway Department of Clinical Medicine University of Bergen5006 BergenNorway Department of Medicine Voss Hospital5700 VossNorway National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology Haukeland University Hospital5021 BergenNorway

The course and outcome is poor for most patients with pancreatic *** in pancreatic imaging are important in the detection of pancreatic diseases at early *** as a diagnostic tool has made,virtually speaking a technical revolution in medical imaging in the new *** has not only become the preferred method for first line imaging,but also,increasingly to clarify the interpretation of other imaging modalities to obtain efficient clinical *** review ultrasonography modalities,focusing on advanced pancreatic imaging and its potential to substantially improve diagnosis of pancreatic diseases at earlier *** the first section,we describe scanning techniques and examination *** consequences for image quality and the ability to obtain complete and detailed visualization of the pancreas are *** the second section we outline ultrasonographic characteristics of pancreatic diseases with emphasis on chronic ***,new developments in ultrasonography of the pancreas such as contrast enhanced ultrasound and elastography are enlightened.

关键词： Ultrasonography Pancreas Chronic pancreatitis Transabdominal ultrasound Medical imaging technique Contrast enhanced ultrasonography Elastography Strain imaging