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Rising tide: The global surge of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents demands action now

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World Journal of Diabetes 2024年第5期15卷 797-809页

作者： Joseph m pappachan Cornelius James Fernandez Ambika p Ashraf Department of Endocrinology and metabolism Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustPreston PR29HTUnited Kingdom Faculty of Science Manchester Metropolitan UniversityManchester M156BHUnited Kingdom Faculty of Biology Medicine&HealthThe University of ManchesterManchester M139PLUnited Kingdom Department of Endocrinology&metabolism Pilgrim HospitalUnited Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS TrustBoston PE219QSUnited Kingdom Division of pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Department of PediatricsUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAL 35233United States

Childhood-onset obesity has emerged as a major public healthcare challenge across the globe,fueled by an obesogenic environment and influenced by both genetic and epigenetic *** has led to an exponential rise in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and *** looming wave of diabetes-related complications in early adulthood is anticipated to strain the healthcare budgets in most *** there is a collective global effort to curb the devastation caused by the situation,the impact is poised to be pro-found.A multifaceted research effort,governmental legislation,and effective social action are crucial in attaining this *** article delves into the current epidemiological landscape,explores evidence concerning potential risks and consequences,delves into the pathobiology of childhood obesity,and discusses the latest evidence-based management strategies for diabesity.

关键词： Childhood obesity Diabesity Type 2 diabetes mellitus Adolescence Cardiovascular disease pharmacotherapy

Does ischemia-free machine perfusion lead to early allograft dysfunction (EAD) free liver transplantation?

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Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition 2024年第4期13卷 678-680页

作者： Hani m.Wadei Kristopher p.Croome Division of Kidney and pancreas Transplant Department of TransplantMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFLUSA Division of Transplant Surgery Department of TransplantMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFLUSA

Normothermic machine perfusion(Nmp)is an innovative technique used in solid organ transplantation that involves perfusing the organ with specialized solution or leukocyte depleted red blood cells at near-normal body temperature aiming at mimicking physiological conditions,and providing optimal conditions for organ preservation which leads to reduced risk of ischemia reperfusion injury(IRI)when compared to the standard static cold storage(SCS)(1).One of the key advantages of Nmp is its ability to assess the quality of the organ in real-time and assessment of the organ performance prior to *** continuously monitoring parameters such as blood flow,oxygen consumption,and lactate production,clinicians can evaluate the viability of the organ and make more informed decisions about its suitability for *** real-time assessment can help reduce the risk of transplanting organs that may not function optimally or have a higher likelihood of complications ***,Nmp may expand the pool of donor organs by allowing for the use of organs that may have been deemed marginal or unsuitable for transplantation using traditional methods(1,2).

关键词： Early allograft dysfunction(EAD) normothermic machine perfusion(Nmp) liver transplant outcomes

Background removal from global auroral images:Data-driven dayglow modeling

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Earth and planetary physics 2024年第1期8卷 247-257页

作者： A.Ohma m.madelaire K.m.Laundal J.p.Reistad S.m.Hatch S.Gasparini S.J.Walker Birkeland Centre for Space Science Department of Physics and TechnologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway

Global images of auroras obtained by cameras on spacecraft are a key tool for studying the near-Earth ***,the cameras are sensitive not only to auroral emissions produced by precipitating particles,but also to dayglow emissions produced by photoelectrons induced by *** emissions and scattered sunlight can contribute to the background *** fully utilize such images in space science,background contamination must be removed to isolate the auroral *** we outline a data-driven approach to modeling the background intensity in multiple images by formulating linear inverse problems based on B-splines and spherical *** approach is robust,flexible,and iteratively deselects outliers,such as auroral *** final model is smooth across the terminator and accounts for slow temporal variations and large-scale asymmetries in the *** demonstrate the model by using the three far ultraviolet cameras on the Imager for magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration(ImAGE)*** method can be applied to historical missions and is relevant for upcoming missions,such as the Solar wind magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SmILE)mission.

关键词： aurora dayglow modeling global auroral images far ultraviolet images dayglow removal

In-situ study of the microstructure evolution during tension of a mg-Y-Zn-Al alloy processed by rapidly solidified ribbon consolidation technique

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Journal of magnesium and Alloys 2024年第5期12卷 2024-2040页

作者： Jeno Gubicza Kristián máthis péter Nagy péter Jenei Zoltán Hegedus Andrea Farkas Jozef Vesely Shin-ichi Inoue Daria Drozdenko Yoshihito Kawamura Department of materials physics Faculty of ScienceEotvos Loránd UniversityPázmány P.sétány 1/ABudapest H-1117Hungary Department of physics of materials Faculty of Mathematics and PhysicsCharles UniversityKe Karlovu 512116 Praha 2Czech Republic Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Notkestr.85Hamburg 22603Germany magnesium Research Center Kumamoto University2-39-1 KurokamiChuo-kuKumamoto 860-8555Japan

mg-Y-Zn-Al alloys processed by rapidly solidified ribbon consolidation(RSRC)technique exhibit an exceptional mechanical performance indicating promising application *** material has a bimodal microstructure consisting of fine recrystallized and coarse non-recrystallized grains with solute-rich stacking faults forming cluster arranged layers(CALs)and nanoplates(CANaps),or complete long period stacking ordered(LpSO)*** order to reveal the deformation mechanisms,in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction line profile analysis was employed for a detailed study of the dislocation arrangement created during tension in mg-0.9%Zn-2.05%Y-0.15%Al(at%)*** uncovering the effect of the initial microstructure on the mechanical performance,additional samples were obtained by annealing of the as-consolidated specimen at 300 and 400℃ for 2 *** heat treatment at 300℃ had no significant effect on the initial microstructure,its evolution during tension and,thus,the overall deformation behavior under tensile *** the other hand,annealing at 400℃ resulted in a significant increase of the recrystallized grains fraction and a decrease of the dislocation density,leading to only minor degradation of the mechanical *** maximum dislocation density at the failure of the samples corresponding to the plastic strain of 10-25% was estimated to be about 16-20×10^(14)m^(-2).The diffraction profile analysis indicated that most dislocations formed during tension were of non-basal and pyramidal types,what was also in agreement with the Schmid factor values revealed independently from orientation *** was also shown that the dislocation-induced Taylor hardening was much lower below the plastic strain of 3% than above this value,which was explained by a model of the interaction between prismatic dislocations and CANaps/LpSO plates.

关键词： mg-Zn-Y-Al alloy Long period stacking ordered(LpSO)phase Cluster arranged nanoplates(CANaps) Annealing Tension Dislocation density Hardening

Single atom Cu-N-C catalysts for the electro-reduction of CO_(2) to CO assessed by rotating ring-disc electrode

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2024年第1期88卷 169-182,I0004页

作者： S.pérez-Rodríguez m.Gutiérrez-Roa C.Giménez-Rubio D.Ríos-Ruiz p.Arévalo-Cid m.V.martínez-Huerta A.Zitolo m.J.Lázaro D.Sebastián Instituto de Carboquímica(CSIC) Miguel Luesma Castán 450018 ZaragozaSpain Instituto de Catálisis y petroleoquímica(CSIC) Marie Curie 228049 MadridSpain Synchrotron SOLEIL L’Orme des MerisiersDépartementale 12891190France

The electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR) to controllable chemicals is considered as a promising pathway to store intermittent renewable energy. Herein, a set of catalysts based on copper-nitrogendoped carbon xerogel(Cu-N-C) are successfully developed varying the copper amount and the nature of the copper precursor, for the efficient CO_(2)RR. The electrocatalytic performance of Cu-N-C materials is assessed by a rotating ring-disc electrode(RRDE), technique still rarely explored for CO_(2)RR. For comparison, products are also characterized by online gas chromatography in a H-cell. The as-synthesized Cu-NC catalysts are found to be active and highly CO selective at low overpotentials(from -0.6 to -0.8 V ***) in 0.1 m KHCO_(3), while H_(2) from the competitive water reduction appears at larger overpotentials(-0.9 V vs. RHE). The optimum copper acetate-derived catalyst containing Cu-N_(4) moieties exhibits a CO_(2)-to-CO turnover frequency of 997 h^(-1) at -0.9 V vs. RHE with a H_(2)/CO ratio of 1.8. These results demonstrate that RRDE configuration can be used as a feasible approach for identifying electrolysis products from CO_(2)RR.

关键词： Cu-N-C Carbon xerogel Rotating ring disc electrode Carbon dioxide reduction reaction Carbon monoxide

Wildfire severity alters soil microbial exoenzyme production and fungal abundances in the southern Appalachian mountains

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pedosphere 2024年第5期34卷 865-878页

作者： megan L.SCHILL Richard BAIRD Shawn p.BROWN Allison m.VEACH Department of Integrative Biology University of Texas at San Antonio Biochemistry Molecular Biology Entomology and Plant Pathology Department Mississippi State University Department of Biological Sciences The University of Memphis

Climate change has increased drought frequency and duration that are exacerbated by increased temperatures globally. This effect has, and will continue,to increase fire occurrence across many regions of North America. In the southern Appalachian mountains, wildfires with high burn severity occurred in 2016due to increased drought and human activity. To investigate the effects of burn severity on soil physicochemical properties, microbial extracellular enzyme production, and microbial abundances in a temperate region, surface soils (0–15 cm) were collected from two sites (the Great Smoky mountains National park in Tennessee and the Nantahala National Forest in North Carolina, USA) spanning lightly, moderately, and severely burned areas, accompanied by adjacent unburned locations that act as controls. The soil samples were collected at three time points between 2017 and 2019 (i.e., 0.5, 1, and 2.5 years post-fire)among burn severity plots. Total hydrolytic enzyme production varied over time, with severe burn plots having significantly lower enzyme production at 2.5years post-fire. Individual enzymes varied among burn severities and across time post-fire. Light burn plots showed greater carbon-specific (β-glucosidase and β-xylosidase) and phosphorus-specific (acid phosphatase) enzyme activities at 0.5 years post-fire, but this effect was transient. At 2.5 years post-fire, theβ-xylosidase and acid phosphatase activities were lower in severe or moderate burn plots relative to the controls. In contrast, the activity of nitrogen-specific enzyme leucyl aminopeptidase was the lowest in severe burn plots at 0.5 years post-fire, but was the lowest in light burn plots at 2.5 years post-fire. The fungi:bacteria ratio declined with burn severity, indicating that fungi are sensitive or less resilient to high burn severity during recovery. These results suggest that wildfires alter trajectories for soil microbial structure and function within a 2.5-year timeframe, which potentially

关键词： 16S rRNA burn severity extracellular enzyme fungi:bacteria ratio internal transcribed spacer microbial structure

Entropy optimization on Casson nanofluid flow with radiation and Arrhenius activation energy over different geometries:A numerical and statistical approach

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propulsion and power Research 2024年第3期13卷 375-393页

作者： m.priya p.Bala Anki Reddy Department of mathematics S.A.S.Vellore Institute of TechnologyVellore 632014India

This study employs numerical and statistical approaches to investigate the entropy optimization of steady Casson nanofluidflow over three different geometries subject to boundary conditions induced by *** linear regression is employed to statistically *** present model incorporates several novel elements,such as Arrhenius activation energy,Brownian motion,the Cattaneo-Christov dualflux,thermophoresis,thermal radiation,and so ***,a comparison is presented between Newtonian and *** applying the proper similarity transformations,ordinary differential equations(ODEs)are ob-tained by converting foundational partial differential equations(pDEs).The Runge-Kutta fourth-order method is utilised to solve the obtained ODEs along with the shooting *** out-comes are visually depicted via tables and *** velocity drops with increasing Grashof number,and the magneticfield becomes progressively more forceful as the suction parameter *** temperature gets reduced with the increase of the suction parameter,solute Grashof number increases with the magneticfield,thermophoresis,and radiation *** entropy is observed to rise with the increase of the effective parameters(magneticfield,Brinkmann num-ber and radiation).The mAD(mean absolute deviation),mSE(mean squared error),and RmSE(root mean square error)values are approaching zero,indicating that the derived outcomes are highly accurate.A lower mApE(mean absolute percentage error)suggests that the model has a higher level of ***,the outcomes of the present model are more precise and *** study has various potential applications such as power plant heat exchangers,material processing industries,and solar thermal energy systems.

关键词： Cassonfluid Arrhenius activation energy Entropy generation Thermophoresis multiple linear regression

The initial stages of Li_(2)O_(2) formation during oxygen reduction reaction in Li-O_(2) batteries:The significance of Li_(2)O_(2) in charge-transfer reactions within devices

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2024年第1期88卷 223-231,I0006页

作者： Daniela m.Josepetti Bianca p.Sousa Simone A.J.Rodrigues Renato G.Freitas Gustavo Doubek Advanced Energy Storage Division LABCenter for Innovation on New EnergiesSchool of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of CampinasAv Albert Einstein 50013083-852CampinasSPBrazil Institute of physics&Department of Chemistry Laboratory of Computational MaterialsFederal University of Mato Grosso78060-900CuiabáMTBrazil

Lithium-oxygen batteries are a promising technology because they can greatly surpass the energy density of lithium-ion ***,this theoretical characteristic has not yet been converted into a real device with high *** with air contamination,metallic lithium reactivity,and complex discharge and charge reactions are the main issues for this technology.A fast and reversible oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)is crucial for good performance of secondary batteries',but the partial knowledge of its mechanisms,especially when devices are concerned,hinders further *** this perspective,the present work uses operando Raman experiments and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)to assess the first stages of the discharge processes in porous carbon electrodes,following their changes cycle by cycle at initial operation.A growth kinetic formation of the discharge product signal(Li_(2)O_(2))was observed with operando Raman,indicating a first-order reaction and enabling an analysis by a microkinetic *** solution mechanism in the evaluated system was ascribed for an equivalent circuit with three time *** the time constant for the anode interface reveals to remain relatively constant after the first discharge,its surface seemed to be more *** model indicated that the reaction occurs at the Li_(2)O_(2) surface,decreasing the associated resistance during the initial discharge ***,the growth of Li_(2)O_(2) forms a hetero-phase between Li_(2)O_(2)/electrolyte,while creating a more compact and homogeneous on the Li_(2)O_(2)/cathode *** methodology here described thus offers a way of directly probing changes in surface chemistry evolution during cycling from a device through EIS analysis.

关键词： Li-O_(2)battery Operando Raman analysis Equivalent circuit modeling Time-constant distribution

BaTiO3 solid solutions co-doped with Gd3+ and Eu3+:Synthesis,structural evolution and dielectric properties

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Journal of Rare Earths 2024年第10期42卷 1920-1926页

作者： R.martínez-López m.pérez-Labra J.A.Romero-Serrano F.R.Barrientos-Hernández m.Reyes-pérez m.I.Valenzuela-Carrillo G.Urbano-Reyes V.E.Reyes-Cruz G.I.Dávila-pulido Academic Area of Earth Sciences and materials Autonomous University of Hidalgo State metallurgy and materials Department ESIQIE-IPNUPALM Autonomous University of Coahuila Boulevard Adolfo López Mateos S/n

In this paper,the synthesis,structural evolution,and dielectric properties of BaTiO3solid solutions codoped with rare earth elements(Gd3+and Eu3+) prepared using the solid-state reaction method are *** pure precursor powders of BaCl3,TiO2,Gd2O3,and Eu2O3were mixed in stoichiometric proportions,ground in an agate mortar before being uniaxially pressed at 250 mpa and sintered at 1300℃ in air atmosphere for 6 h to obtain Ba1-3xGd2xTi1-3xEu4xO3（x=0,0.0015,0.01 and0.1）.X-ray diffraction（XRD） and Rietveld's refinement results reveal the crystal phase ferroelectric tetragonal BaTiO3for the samples with x=0,0.0015 and 0.01, as well as a consistent increment in the lattice parameters caused by the *** solubility limit of Gd3+and Eu3+in the BaTiO3structure is reached for the sample with x>0.01,and the orthorhombic Eu2TiO5and monoclinic BaTi2O5secondary phases were *** Raman results show the characteristic peaks of ferroelectric tetragonal BaTiO3around 716 cm-1（LO of A1 symmetry）,515 cm-1（TO of A1 symmetry）,and 305 cm-1（B1）.The maximum relative permittivity measured at 1 kHz was recorded to be 6151.8 for the sample with x=0.0015,and a decrease in the Curie temperature to 105℃ with respect to the undoped sample was *** punctual microanalysis for the samples with x=0.0015,0.01,and 0.1 reveals grains composed of Ba,Ti,O,Gd,and Eu homogeneously distributed in the *** Ba/Ti ratios for samples with x=0.0015,0.01 and 0.1 are 2.86,2.91,and 0.68,respectively,indicating substitution at the Ti site for samples with x=0.0015 and 0.01 and a substitution at the Ba site for the sample with x=0.1.

关键词： BaTiO3 Doping Europium Gadolinium Rare earths Synthesis