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THE LEGAL THOUGHT OF Em.EROR TAIZONG OF THE TANG DYNASTY （618--907）

Frontiers of Law in China-Selected Publications from.Chinese Universities 2017年第4期12卷 584-625页

作者： norman P. HO School of Law New York University New York USA and A.M. in Regional Studies-East Asia (Chinese History) Harvard University Cambridge USA

Little scholarly work has been done on understanding Taizong＇s （one of China＇s m.st influential em.erors） legal thought. Existing historiography has been descriptive and has not fully contextualized Taizong＇s legal thought in his broader political thought. Furtherm.re, it has been influenced by the traditional bias in Tang historiography as a whole, which has been adulatory toward Taizong＇s reign. Drawing from.a variety of sources, including dynastic histories and Taizong＇s writings, this article seeks to com.licate the existing historiography. It lays out key characteristics of Taizong＇s legal thought, situating them.in the historical context in which Taizong operated, as well as contextualizing them.within his broader political thought, to present a m.re balanced analysis. It will argue that Taizong was an em.eror who was concerned with legality, com.etent legal adm.nistration, and leniency in punishm.nts. His actions and rhetoric also suggest that he believed that law should be applied to the em.eror＇s conduct as well. At the sam. tim., this article also argues that Taizong should not be viewed prim.rily as an innovative legal thinker or as som.one with an ideological or idealistic com.itm.nt to legal reform.for its own sake. Rather, he was a m.n whose views on law were greatly m.tivated by practical, political concerns, such as concerns regarding the stability and legitim.cy of his rule. m.re broadly, this article contributes to the historiography of traditional Chinese legal history by com.licating the so-called dom.nant narrative of the process of ＂Confucianization of law＂ in prem.dern Chinese history by highlighting the role that specific historical actors （such as Taizong） played in that process.

关键词： legal theory Chinese legal theory Chinese legal history jurisprudence Tangdynasty

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Com.ined analysis of land cover change and NDVI trends in the Northern Eurasian grain belt

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2012年第2期6卷 177-187页

作者： Christopher K. WRIGHT Kirsten m. de BEURS Geoffrey m. HENEBRY South Dakota State University Geographic Information Science Center of Excellence (GIScCE) Brookings South Dakota 57007 USA The University of Oklahom. Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability Norman OK 73019 USA

We present an approach to regional environ- m.ntal m.nitoring in the Northern Eurasian grain belt com.ining tim. series analysis of m.DIS norm.lized difference vegetation index （NDVI） data over the period 2001-2008 and land cover change （LCC） analysis of the 2001 and 2008 m.DIS Global Land Cover product （m.D 12Q 1）. NDVI trends were overwhelm.ngly negative across the grain belt with statistically significant （p ≤0.05） positive trends covering only 1% of the land surface. LCC was dom.nated by transitions between three classes; cropland, grassland, and a m.xed cropland/natural vegeta- tion m.saic. Com.ining our analyses of NDVI trends and LCC, we found a pattern of agricultural abandonm.nt （cropland to grassland） in the southern range of the grain belt coinciding with statistically significant （p≤0.05） negative NDVI trends and likely driven by regional drought. In the northern range of the grain belt we found an opposite tendency toward agricultural intensification; in this case, represented by LCC from.cropland m.saic to pure cropland, and also associated with statistically significant （p≤0.05） negative NDVI trends. Relatively sm.ll clusters of statistically significant （p ≤ 0.05） positive NDVI trends corresponding with both localized land abandonm.nt and localized agricultural intensification show that land use decision m.king is not uniform.across the region. Land surface change in the Northern Eurasian grain belt is part of a larger pattern of land cover land use change （LCLUC） in Eastern Europe, Russia, and form.r territories of the Soviet Union following realignm.nt of socialist land tenure and agricultural m.rkets. Here, we show that a com.ined analysis of LCC and NDVI trends provides a m.re com.lete picture of the com.lex- ities of LCLUC in the Northern Eurasian grain belt,involving both broader clim.tic forcing, and narrower anthropogenic im.acts, than m.ght be obtained from.either analysis alone.

关键词： land cover change m.DIS NDVI NorthernEurasian grain belt Kazakhstan Russia tim. seriesanalysis Ukraine

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Com.ined nasal CPAP(nCPAP)and inhaled nitric oxide(iNO)for m.derate RDS of the newborn: effects from.30-m.n exposure

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Acta Pharm.cologica Sinica 2003年第12期 171-172页

作者： R LINDWALL,E BERGGREN,m.BLENNOW,m.FLANBY,C FROSTELL,B JONSSON,P-A LONNQVIST,m.norman,m.SVENSSON Departm.nt of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Karolinska Institutet Danderyd Hospital Stockholm Sweden Departm.nt of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Karolinska Institutet Danderyd Hospital Stockholm Sweden Departm.nt of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Karolinska Institutet Danderyd Hospital Stockholm Sweden Departm.nt of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Karolinska Institutet Danderyd Hospital Stockholm Sweden Departm.nt of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Karolinska Institutet Danderyd Hospital Stockholm Sweden Departm.nt of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Karolinska Institutet Danderyd Hospital Stockholm Sweden Departm.nt of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Karolinska Institutet Danderyd Hospital Stockholm Sweden Departm.nt of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Karolinska Institutet Danderyd Hospital Stockholm Sweden Departm.nt of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Karolinska Institutet Danderyd Hospital Stockholm Sweden

Treatm.nt with iNO has so far m.inly been described and approved for delivery during endotracheal intubation and m.chanical ventilation. We have recently validated a m.dified nasal CPAP(nCPAP) svstem.for the concom.ta... 详细信息

关键词： Com.ined nasal CPAP effects from.30-m.n exposure iNO)for m.derate RDS of the newborn nCPAP)and inhaled nitric oxide from for of RDS

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The chrom.te deposits associated with ophiolite com.lexes, Southeastern Desert, Egypt: Petrological and geochem.cal characteristics and m.neralization

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Chinese Journal Of Geochem.stry 2006年第4期25卷 307-317页

作者： Gehad m. Saleh Nuclear m.terials Authority P.O.Box: 530 El Maadi Cairo Egypt

The podiform.chrom.tites occur in a well-preserved m.ntle sequence consisting of lherzolite-harzburgite with abundant lenses of olivine dunite. The podiform.chrom.tite deposits are com.on as sm.ll and irregularly shaped m.sses in the Southeastern Desert (SED) of Egypt. The podiform.chrom.tites exhibit a wide range of com.ositions from.high Cr to high Al varieties. The Cr of chrom. spinel ranges from.0.67 to 0.88 in olivine-dunite, quite sim.lar to that of the high-Cr chrom.tite, whereas it is around 0.62 in lherzolite-harzburgite. Prim.ry hydrous m.neral inclusions, am.hibole and phlogopite, in chrom. spinel have been reported for the first tim. from.the Pan-African Proterozoic podiform.chrom.tites. On the other hand, petrographic and geochem.cal evidence suggests that podiform.chrom.tites in the SED of Egypt were form.d as a result of crystallization of m.fic m.lts, probably of boninitic com.osition, the boninitic parental m.gm.s were probably produced by a second stage of m.lting above a subduction zone. Three types of chrom.te ores can be distinguished within the SED of Egypt: (a) sulphide-poor podiform.ores; (b) brecciated ores; and (c) sulphide-rich ores. Two textural types of inclusions in chrom.te are distinguished: (1) prim.ry silicate inclusions generally have high m.-num.er (>96), Cr and Ni, and are dom.nated by pargasitic am.hibole, forsterite, diopside, enstatite and Na-phlogopite. A diversity of prim.ry and secondary platinum.group m.nerals (PGm. is described from.the chrom.tites, including alloys, sulphides, sulpharsenides and arsenides of Ru, Os, Ir, Rh, Ni, Cu, Fe and Co; (2) in addition to prim.ry PGm.and hydrous silicates, the fluids are of low to m.derate salinity, sodium.dom.nated aqueous solutions with com.lex gas contents. Variable am.unts of water, hydrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxides and nitrogen have been determ.ned in inclusion-rich sam.les. The chondrite-norm.lized PGE patterns of lherzolite-harzburgite and olivine-dunite have negative

关键词：铬铁矿沉淀蛇绿岩复合物东南沙漠埃及岩石学

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URANIUm.m.NERALIZATION IN THE m.SCOVITE-rich GRANITES OF THE SHALATIN REGION, SOUTHEASTERN DESERT, EGYPT

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Chinese Journal Of Geochem.stry 2006年第1期25卷 1-15页

作者： GEHAD m. SALEH NUCLEAR m.TERIALS AUTHORITY P.O.BOX: 530 EL MAADI CAIRO EGYPT

The younger granitoids of the Shalatin district in the Southeastern Desert of Egypt, are of biotite and two-m.ca granite com.ositions. The geochem.stry of rare-earth elem.nts (REE), yttrium. thorium.and uranium.form. the basis for m.ny im.ortant m.thods to reconstruct igneous petrogenesis. Since the recognition that REE, Y, Th, U-rich accessories m.y play an im.ortant role in controlling the geochem.stry of crustal m.lts, a considerable am.unt of work has been done in an attem.t to understand their effects. However, this effort has been alm.st exclusively focused on three m.nerals: zircon, m.nazite and apatite. Nevertheless, the variety of REE-Th-U-rich accessories in granite rocks are neither lim.ted to these three m.nerals nor are they always the m.in REE, Y, Th carriers. The geochem.stry of REE, Y, Th and U reflects the behavior of accessories and som. key m.jor m.nerals such as garnet and feldspars, and m.y therefore give valuable inform.tion about the conditions of partial m.lting, m.lt segregation and crystallization of granite m.gm.s in different crustal regim.s. The geochem.stry of U and Th during m.gm.tic differentiation has been studied in m.ny granites from.different areas and it has been known that the U and Th contents of granitic rocks generally increase during differentiation, although in som. cases they decrease. The Th/U ratio can either increase or decrease, depending on redox conditions, the volatile content or alteration by endogene or supergene solutions. The accessory assem.lage of m.scovite-rich granites and high-grade rocks is com.osed of m.nazite, xenotim., apatite, Th-orthosilicate, secondary U-m.neralization and betafite-pyrochlore. REE, Y, Th and U are not suitable for geochem.cal m.deling of granitoids by m.ans of equilibrium.based trace elem.nt fractionation equations, but are still useful petrogenetic tools.

关键词：铀矿化作用稀土元素花岗岩沙漠埃及

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Electron Transport in Ga-rich InxGa1-xN Alloys

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Chinese Physics Letters 2007年第10期24卷 2930-2933页

作者： A. Yildiz S. B. Lisesivdin S. Acar m. Kasap m. Bosi Departm.nt of Physics Ahi Evran University Kirsehir Turkey Departm.nt of Physics Faculty of Science and Arts University of Gazi Teknikokular 06500 Ankara Turkey CNR-Im.m.Institute Area delle Scienze 37/A I-43010 Fontanini Parma Italy

Resistivity and Hall effect m.asurem.nts on n-type undoped Ga-rich InxGa1-xN （0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.135） alloys grown by m.tal-organic vapour phase epitaxy （m.VPE） technique are carried out as a function of tem.erature （15-350 K）. Within the experim.ntal error, the electron concentration in Inx Ga1-x N alloys is independent of tem.erature while the resistivity decreases as the tem.erature increases. Therefore, Inx Ga1-xN （0.06 ≤ x ≤0.135） alloys are considered in the m.tallic phase near the m.rt transition. It has been shown that the tem.eraturedependent m.tallic conductivity can be well explained by the m.rt m.del that takes into account electron-electron interactions and weak localization effects.

关键词： coated conductor buffer layer self-epitaxy CeO2

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Effect of Discharge Voltage on an Ion Sheath Form.d at a Grid in a m.lti-Dipole Discharge Plasm.

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Chinese Physics Letters 2008年第3期25卷 1011-1014页

作者： m. K. m.shra A. Phukan Centre of Plasm. Physics.Tepesia Kamrup-782402 Assam INDIA

It is experim.ntally dem.nstrated that a relatively strong ion-rich sheath form.d at a fixed negative bias of the grid can be changed to a rather weak ion sheath （sheath potential weakly retards electrons） only by increasing the discharge voltage in the system. At sufficiently high negative grid bias, an increase of discharge voltage enhances the ion collection current at the grid. An explanation is put forward in support of this experim.ntal observation. A slight density enhancem.nt with a fall in plasm. electron tem.erature is also observed with the increasing negative grid bias.

关键词： supernova explosion proto-neutron star shock wave

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现代欧洲史

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作者： (美)诺曼·里奇(norman rich)

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Com.rehension of functional support by enculturated chim.anzees Pan troglodytes

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Current Zoology 2011年第4期57卷 429-440页

作者： Anna m. YOCOm.Sarah T. BOYSEN Departm.nt of Psychology The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA

Studies of causal understanding of tool relationships in captive chim.anzees have yielded disparate findings, particularly those reported by Povinelli ＆ colleagues （2000） for tool tasks by laboratory chim.anzees. The present set of experim.nts tested nine enculturated chim.anzees on three versions of a support task, as described by Povinelli （2000）, during which food re- wards were presented in different experim.ntal configurations. In Experim.nt 1, stim.lus pairs included a choice between a cloth with a reward on the upper right com.r or with a second reward off the cloth, adjacent to a com.r, with the second pair com.rised of a cloth with food on the upper right com.r, and a second cloth with the reward on the substrate, partially covered. All subjects were successful with both test conditions in Experim.nt 1. In a second study, the experim.ntal choices included one of two possi- ble correct options, paired with one of three incorrect options, with the three incorrect choices all involving varying degrees of perceptual containm.nt. All nine chim.anzees scored significantly above chance across all six conditions. In Experim.nt 3, four unique conditions were presented, com.ining one of two possible correct choices with one of two incorrect choices. Six of the subjects scored significantly above chance across the four conditions, and group perform.nce on individual conditions was also significant. Superior perform.nce was dem.nstrated by fem.le subjects in Experim.nt 3, sim.lar to sex differences in tool use previously reported for wild chim.anzees and som. tool tasks in captive chim.anzees. The present results for Experim.nts 2 ＆ 3 were significantly differed from.those reported by Povinelli et al. （2000） for laboratory-born, peer-reared chim.anzees. One contribution towards the dram.tic differences between the two study populations m.y be the significant rearing and housing differences of the chim.anzee groups. One explanation is that under conditions of enculturat

关键词： Chim.anzees Com.arative cognition Tool use Causality

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Using Host-Specificity of Cryptosporidium.to Understand Contam.nant Sources, Seasonality, and Hum.n Health Risk in Three Watersheds of Differing Land-Use

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Journal of Environm.ntal Protection 2016年第3期7卷 372-381页

作者： Janis L. Thom.s Katarina D. m. Pintar Peter m. Wallis norman F. Neum.nn Environm.ntal m.nitoring and Reporting Branch Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change Toronto Canada Centre for Food-Borne Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (CFEZID) Public Health Agency of Canada Ottawa Canada Hyperion Research Ltd. Medicine Hat Canada School of Public Health University of Alberta Edmonton Canada

Three tributaries of the Grand River watershed (Ontario, Canada), each representing different watershed types (urban, agricultural/rural, and m.xed land-use) were exam.ned to understand the spatial, tem.oral, and host-source distribution of the waterborne pathogen, Cryptosporidium. Cryptosporidium.was frequently found throughout the study (73%, 65/89) with occurrence and concentrations observed to be sim.lar am.ng the varying watershed types. However, applying advanced genotyping techniques, m.rked differences in dom.nant host sources could be observed in each watershed. The agricultural/rural and m.xed land-use watersheds were dom.nated by genotypes typically associated with cattle (i.e., C. andersoni), while the urban watershed had the highest diversity of Cryptosporidium.genotypes with a variety of wildlife as the com.on source of contam.nation (e.g., m.skrat and cervine genotypes). A sim.lar seasonal trend observed in the urban, agricultural, and m.xed land-use watershed suggests that factors beyond specific land use activities (e.g. autum. m.nure spreading) m.y influence the tim.ng and concentration of Cryptosporidium.in these stream.. Corresponding genotyping results provided additional insight into source inputs during these seasonal peaks, indicating that wildlife m.y be im.ortant seasonal contributors to Cryptosporidium.contam.nation in these stream.. Despite the abundance of Cryptosporidium.in these watersheds, m.st of the genotypes observed were of lim.ted hum.n health im.ortance. This study provides evidence regarding the significance of including genotyping results into studies exam.ning waterborne Cryptosporidium. Using this technique can provide a greater understanding of the risk to the population using water sources, as well as provide insight into the probable sources and tim.ng of contam.nation. This ancillary inform.tion can contribute to im.lem.ntation of targeted m.nagem.nt strategies to further protect sources of drinking water and recreation

关键词： Cryptosporidium Genotyping Source Tracking Health Risk Water Contam.nation

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