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Mobilization of Cu in the continental lower crust:A perspective from Cu isotopes

Geoscience Frontiers 2023年第5期14卷 17-38页

作者： Chen-Hao Luo Rui Wang Yun Zhao jian Huang noreen j.evans State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources and Institute of Earth SciencesChina University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research School of Earth Sciences and EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjingChina SinoProbe Laboratory of Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences BeijingChina State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources School of Earth Sciences and ResourcesChina University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments School of Earth and Space SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China john de Laeter Centre Curtin UniversityGPO Box U1987PerthWA 6845Australia

Recent studies have shown that Cu-rich sulfide accumulates in the lower continental crust and serves as a critical reservoir to balance Cu depletion in the upper *** of Cu in the lower crust is also assumed to be a major metal source for non-arc setting porphyry Cu *** test this hypothesis and further explore the behavior of Cu in the lower crust,we analyzed the elemental and Cu isotopic compositions of lower crustal rocks from different geological *** collected samples include hornblendites from the Kohistan arc,granulite xenoliths and hornblendites from the Gangdese arc,hornblendites and gabbros from the Laiyuan complex in the North China Craton,and hornblendite xenoliths from the western margin of the Yangtze *** lower crustal rocks have experienced varying degrees of primary or secondary sulfide accumulation,with significantly varied Cu contents(11.2 to 145 ppm)andδδ^(65)(1.05‰to 1.40‰).Petrography and geochemistry reveal varying degrees of metasomatism and fluid interaction in these rocks,and based on this,they can be further divided into three groups:Group I includes the Gangdese granulites and Yunnan hornblendites,which perhaps experienced significant *** suite of rocks shows enrichment ofδ^(65)(dδ^(65)=0.01‰to 1.40‰),positively correlated with metasomatism(dδ^(65)***/Pb).We suggest the secondary sulfides which transformed from sulfates during the interaction between lower crust and arc magma are dominant in these rocks,so the feature of heavy isotope enrichment is *** II includes Laiyuan hornblendites and gabbros,derived from the same parental magma and emplaced at different depths(hornblendites,23.3–28.1 km;gabbros 8.4–11.1 km).The Cu isotopic compositions are strongly fractionated between these two kinds of rocks,with low dδ^(65)in the hornblendites(0.00‰to 0.28‰)and highly polarized dδ^(65)in the gabbros(1.05‰to 0.81‰).Geochemical indicators and mineral assemblages reveal that fluid intera

关键词： Cu isotope of lower continental crust Cu mobilization Metasomatism Fluid interaction Partial melting

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The complexity of sediment recycling as revealed by common Pb isotopes in K-feldspar

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Geoscience Frontiers 2018年第5期9卷 1515-1527页

作者： Simon P.johnson Christopher L.Kirkland noreen j.evans Brad j.McDonald Huntly N.Cutten Geological Survey of Western Australia Mineral House100 Plain StreetEast PerthWestern Australia6004Australia Centre for Exploration Targeting-Curtin Node The Institute for Geoscience ResearchDepartment of Applied GeologyWestern Australian School of MinesCurtin UniversityPerthWestern Australia6102Australia john de Laeter Centre The Institute for Geoscience ResearchDepartment of Applied Geology and Applied PhysicsCurtin UniversityPerthWestern Australia6102Australia

Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology has become the gold standard in evaluating source to sink relationships in sedimentary basins. However, the physical and chemical robustness of zircon, which make it such a useful mineral for provenance studies, is also a hindrance as zircon can be recycled through numerous sedimentary basins, thus obscuring the first cycle source to sink relationship. An elegant approach to addressing this potential issue is to compare the Pb isotope composition of detrital K-feldspar, a mineral which is unlikely to survive more than one erosion-transport-deposition cycle, with that of magmatic K-feldspar from potential basement source terranes. Here we present new in situ Pb isotope data on detrital K-feldspar from two Proterozoic arkosic sandstones from Western Australia, and magmatic K-feldspar grains from potential igneous source rocks, as inferred by the age and Hf isotope composition of detrital zircon grains. The data indicate that the detrital zircon and K-feldspar grains could not have been liberated from the same source rocks, and that the zircon has most likely been recycled through older sedimentary basins. These results provide a more complete understanding of apparently simple source to sink relationships in this part of Proterozoic Western Australia.

关键词： Detrital zircon K-feldspar Pb isotopes Sediment provenance Sediment recycling

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When will it end? Long-lived intracontinental reactivation in central Australia

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Geoscience Frontiers 2019年第1期10卷 149-164页

作者： Raphael Quentin de Gromard Christopher L.Kirkland Heather M.Howard Michael T.D.Wingate Fred jourdan Brent I.A.Mc Innes Martin Danisik noreen j.evans Bradley j.McDonald R.Hugh Smithies Geological Survey of Western Australia Department of Mines Industry Regulation and Safety School of Earth and Planetary Science/john de Laeter Centre/TIGeR Curtin University

The post-Mesoproterozoic tectonometamorphic history of the Musgrave Province, central Australia, has previously been solely attributed to intracontinental compressional deformation during the 580 -520 Ma Petermann Orogeny. However, our new structurally controlled multi-mineral geochronology results,from two north-trending transects, indicate protracted reactivation of the Australian continental interior over ca. 715 million years. The earliest events are identified in the hinterland of the orogen along the western transect. The first tectonothermal event, at ca. 715 Ma, is indicated by40 Ar/39 Ar muscovite and U e Pb titanite ages. Another previously unrecognised tectonometamorphic event is dated at ca. 630 Ma by Ue Pb analyses of metamorphic zircon rims. This event was followed by continuous cooling and exhumation of the hinterland and core of the orogen along numerous faults, including the Woodroffe Thrust,from ca. 625 Ma to 565 Ma as indicated by muscovite, biotite, and hornblende40 Ar/39 Ar cooling ages. We therefore propose that the Petermann Orogeny commenced as early as ca. 630 Ma. Along the eastern transect,40 Ar/39 Ar muscovite and zircon(Ue Th)/He data indicate exhumation of the foreland fold and thrust system to shallow crustal levels between ca. 550 Ma and 520 Ma, while the core of the orogen was undergoing exhumation to mid-crustal levels and cooling below 600-660℃. Subsequent cooling to 150 -220℃ of the core of the orogen occurred between ca. 480 Ma and 400 Ma(zircon [Ue Th]/He data)during reactivation of the Woodroffe Thrust, coincident with the 450 -300 Ma Alice Springs *** of the footwall of the Woodroffe Thrust to shallow depths occurred at ca. 200 Ma. More recent tectonic activity is also evident as on the 21 May, 2016(Sydney date), a magnitude 6.1 earthquake occurred, and the resolved focal mechanism indicates that compressive stress and exhumation along the Woodroffe Thrust is continuing to the present day. Overall, these results

关键词： Intracontinental deformation Thermochronology Petermann orogen Musgrave Province Plate tectonics Cratonization

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In situ LA-(MC)-ICP-MS trace element and Nd isotopic compositions and genesis of polygenetic titanite from the Baogutu reduced porphyry Cu deposit,Western junggar,NW China

In situ LA-(MC)-ICP-MS trace element and Nd isotopic composi...

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中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所2015年度（第15届）学术年会

作者： Mingjian Cao KeZhang Qin GuangMing Li noreen j.evans LuYing jin Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences john de Laeter Center for Isotope Research Department of Applied GeologyCurtin University University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Titanite(sphene,Ca Ti Si O5)is sensitive to changes in temperature,oxygen and water fugacity,and fluid *** order to understand formation processes and the nature of hydrothermal fluids,various types of titanite from Cu ores at the Baogutu reduced porphyry Cu deposit were chosen for detailed *** titanite is associated with biotite,plagioclase and K-feldspar,whereas hydrothermal titanite occurs with K-feldspar,chlorite,actinolite and *** formation of hydrothermal titanite was related to hydration of igneous minerals under high f H2O,whereas the widespread replacement of ilmenite by titanite(without magnetite)indicates a relatively low oxygen *** titanite has low Al,high Fe,Y,Sn,Zr,Nb and REE contents,relative to hydrothermal *** the basis of the Zr-in-titanite and Al-in-chlorite geothermometers,formation temperatures for magmatic and hydrothermal titanite are estimated to be 687–739°C and 250–670°C,*** gradual decrease in REE,Y and Sn contents from magmatic to late hydrothermal titanite was probably caused by precipitation of REE-bearing *** and hydrothermal titanites have similar chondrite-normalized REE patterns with negative Eu anomalies and relatively flat *** selected titanites have Nd isotopic compositions similar to the host ***,both magmatic and hydrothermal titanite are believed to have been predominantly derived from a mantle source.

关键词： Baogutu reduced porphyry Cu deposit Titanite Trace elements In situ Nd isotopes Zr-in-titanite geothermometer

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Mesozoic magmatism and metallogeny in the Chizhou area,Middle-Lower Yangtze Valley,SE China:Constrained by petrochemistry,geochemistry and geochronology

Mesozoic magmatism and metallogeny in the Chizhou area,Middl...

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中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所2014年度（第14届）学术年会

作者： Guoxue Song Kezhang Qin Guangming Li noreen j.evans Xianhua Li Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences College of Earth Science University of Chinese Academy of Sciences john de Laeter Centre for Isotope Research Applied GeologyCurtin University Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences

The Chizhou area,southeast China,hosts extensive W-Mo-Pb-Zn and Cu-Au deposits but remains relatively unstudied.A wide range of Mesozoic magmatic intrusives were analyzed(whole-rock geochemistry,Sr-Nd isotopes,zircon U-Pb dating,and zircon Lu-Hf isotopes) in order to elucidate their genesis,relationship to W-Mo-Pb-Zn-Cu-Au mineralization,and the tectonic setting of *** U-Pb geochronology yielded a range of ages(147-110 Ma) encompassing three magmatic episodes;147-135 Ma,130-120 Ma,and 115-110 *** work marks the first time the youngest episode has been *** oldest episode resulted in the formation of small granite porphyries,always associated with skarn-porphyry type W-Mo-Pb-Zn-Cu-Au deposits under an extensional *** 130-120 Ma and 115-110 Ma intrusives were the products of enhanced N-S extension with no associated mineralization.A comparative study reveals two types of magmatism-mineralization systems:acid magmatic rocks in the Chizhou area related to skarn-porphyry type W-Mo-Pb-Zn-Cu-Au deposits and intermediaLe-acid magmatic rucks in the Tongling area relaLed to skarn-porphyry type Cu-Au-Fe-S ***-rock Sr-Nd isotopes,zircon Lu-Hf isotopes,and inherited zircon U-Pb ages suggest that the lower crust and meso-neoproterozoic Shangxi group rocks were the main sources of magmatic rocks and related W-Mo-Pb-Zn-Cu-Au deposits.A genetic model for Mesozoic magmatism-skarn-porphyry type W-Mo-Pb-Zn-Cu-Au mineralization involves partial melting of the lower crust,mixing with the remelted products of Meso-neoproterozoic Shangxi group rocks,and assimilation/fractional crystallization *** from this study suggest that there is great potential for the discovery of more and larger skarn-porphyry type W-Mo deposits in the transitional W-Mo-Pb-Zn metallogenic belt.

关键词： Middle-Lower Yangtze Valley Chi zhou Mesozoic Magmatism-mineralization Shangxi group Partial melting

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Scheelite elemental and isotopic signatures:Implications for the genesis of skarn-type W-Mo deposits in the Chizhou Area,Anhui Province,Eastern China

Scheelite elemental and isotopic signatures:Implications for...

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中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所2014年度（第14届）学术年会

作者： GUOXUE SONG KEZHANG QIN GUANGMING LI noreen j.evans LEI CHEN Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences john de Laeter Centre for Isotope Research Applied GeologyCurtin University Institute of Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences

Scheelite is well developed in hydrothermal deposits,providing a window into genetic processes and facilitating comparative studies,however,few studies have focused on characterizing scheelite in skarn-type W-Mo *** primary ore mineral in the jitoushan and Baizhangyan skam-type W-Mo deposits(Anhui Province,Eastern China),scheelite was analyzed for major,trace,and rare earth element(REE) abundance and for Sr-Nd *** analysis revealed two unique geochemieal characteristics that distinguish the scheelite from skarn-type W-Mo deposits to that from vein-type Au-W and porphyry-type W-Mo deposits:higher Mo content with a negative coixelation between MoO and WO and a strong HREE ***-type scheelite mainly inherited REE signatures from ore-forming fluids,and the early precipitation of skam minerals(e.g.,garnet,diopside,and amphibole) has most likely resulted in the observed strong HREE depletion in scheelite and the decoupling of LREEs and *** the numerous substitution mechanisms suggested by previous workers,3Ca = 2REE +- □Ca(where □Ca is a Ca-site vacancy) is preferred for the substitution of RHH for Ca and in this study,particularly given the low salinity of ore *** the scheelite Eu anomalies were inherited from ore-forming fluids with variable redox conditions and pH,the complex SEu/Mo correlation indicates that Mo increasingly entered the scheelite under oxidizing conditions and reached a maxim at 8Eu values of 0.8 to *** contrast,under reducing conditions,Mo contents in scheelite decrease gradually and Mo is precipitated as molybdenite as a result of the change in dominant valence *** the Sr-Nd isotope compositions of scheelite from vein-type Au-(W) and W-(Sb-Au) deposits,the scheelite from skam-type W-Mo deposits has low(Nd/Nd)(t)(most jit

关键词： Skarn-type scheelite trace element substitution REE Sr-Nd isotope Eu anomaly W-Mo deposits Chizhou

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Abiogenic Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of methane at the Baogutu reduced porphyry copper deposit,western junggar,NW-China

Abiogenic Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of methane at the Baogut...

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中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所2014年度（第14届）学术年会

作者： Mingjian Cao KeZhang Qin GuangMing Li noreen j.evans LuYing jin Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences john de Laeter Center for Isotope Research Dept. Applied GeologyCurtin University University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Methane is widely developed in hydrothermal fluids from reduced porphyry copper deposits,but its origin remains *** occurrence of methane in fluid inclusions at the Late Carboniferous Baogutu reduced porphyry copper deposit in western junggar,Xinjiang,NW-China,presents an excellent opportunity to address this problem.A systematic study including fluid inclusion Laser-Raman and CO-CH carbon isotope analyses,igneous and hydrothermal mineral H-O isotope analyses,and in situ major,trace element and Sr isotopic analyses of hydrothermal epidote was conducted to constrain the origin of CH and CH-rich *** δH and δO of water in equilibrium with igneous biotite ranges from-65.0‰to-66.0‰ and +7.2‰ to +7.4‰,respectively,indicating notable degassing of probably supercritical fluids in the magma *** wide range of δH(-58.0‰ to-107.0‰,n=23) for water within quartz suggests the existence of significant hydrothermal fluid ***-rock interaction is the most likely mechanism leading to the wide range of δO values for water in vein quartz with water/rock ratios(wt.%in O) of 0.15 to 0.75 and 0.13 to 0.46 for a closed and open system,*** Laser-Raman analyses indicate CO in apatite included in granodiorite porphyry phenocrystic biotite that records the carbon species of the early stage magmatic stage,whereas later hydrothermal fluids containing CH with trace or without CO are found in inclusions of vein *** propose that CH is probably transformed from CO by Fischer-Tropsch type reactions at 500℃,assumed from CO-CH C isotope ***(Sr/Sr)i of hydrothermal epidote yields values of0.70369-0.70404,consistent with that reported for the whole *** δC(-28.6‰ to-22.6‰) and δH(-108.0‰to-59.5‰) are characteristic of abiogenic *** measured δC shows a slightly depleted C(-13.5‰ to-7.2‰)relative to upper mantle(-6‰),probably due to the combined effects of minor(less than 0.5%) sedimentary organic matter contamination in the

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A mixture of mantle and crustal derived He–Ar–C–S ore-forming fluids at the Baogutu reduced porphyry Cu deposit,western junggar

A mixture of mantle and crustal derived He–Ar–C–S ore-for...

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中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所2015年度（第15届）学术年会

作者： Mingjian Cao KeZhang Qin GuangMing Li noreen j.evans HuaiYu He LuYing jin Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences john de Laeter Center for Isotope Research Dept.Applied GeologyCurtin University Key Laboratory of the Earth’s Deep Interior Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Most large to huge porphyry Cu deposits(PCDs) are oxidized,making the Baogutu reduced porphyry Cu deposit(RPCD) a relative *** ore-forming fluids formed at several hydrothermal stages,however,their source is still *** address this issue,isotopic investigations of sulfide He–Ar–S and calcite C were *** inclusions hosted in sulfides(arsenopyrite,chalcopyrite and pyrite)showedHe/He ratios of 0.06–0.30 Ra(Ra is theHe/He ratio of air = 1.39 10),Ar/ Ar of 311–405,Ar?/He of 0.06–1.01,and F He ratios of 902–11,074(sample BGT-Py 2 yielded a ratio of 100),indicating a predominantly crustal source for the fluids with minor mantle input(less than 5%).The d C values of carbonate yielded a value of 7.8‰(n = 3),implying that CO was probably sourced from mantle or juvenile lower *** to the restricted sulfide d S values,the total S isotopic composition of the hydrothermal system was estimated to be 0.0–0.5‰,suggesting that the sulfur was derived from mantle or lower crust magmatic *** to the published granitoids Nd isotopic compositions at the Baogutu RPCD,fairly young TDMmodel ages(450–650 Ma) suggest that the granitoids were derived from partial melting of a juvenile basaltic lower ***,we propose that small proportion of mantlederived fluids(less than 5%),probably rise up and then mix with the fluids of juvenile lower crust under an extensional tectonic setting,forming the mantle-derived Sr–Nd–Pb–S–C but crustal He–Ar isotopic compositions.

关键词： Baogutu reduced porphyry Cu deposit He and Ar isotopes Carbon isotope Sulfide sulfur isotope Western junggar

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Baogutu:An example of reduced porphyry Cu deposit in western junggar

Baogutu:An example of reduced porphyry Cu deposit in western...

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中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所2014年度（第14届）学术年会

作者： Mingjian Cao Kezhang Qin Guangming Li Luying jin noreen j.evans Xiangrong Yang Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences john de Laeter Center for Isotope Research Dept. Applied GeologyCurtin University College of Geology and Engineering of Exploration Xinjiang University

Classic oxidized porphyry copper deposits(OPCD) are characterized by high tonnage and elevatedfO and contain highly oxidized minerals including primary anhydrite and *** contrast,the Baogutu deposit contains abundant hypogene pyrrhotite and methane-rich fluid inclusions,characteristic of lower tonnage,reduced porphyry copper deposits(RPCD).Mineral paragenesis and mineral chemistry studies reveal two mineralization periods(magmatic and hydrothermal) with the hydrothermal period further subdivided into three paragenetic stages including Ca-Na alteration,potassic alteration and propylitization,locally overlapped by phyllic *** independent geothermometers indicate that the temperatures of the magma,potassic and propylitization alteration are estimated to be 600-900℃,200-400℃ and 200-300℃,*** indicators including mineral assemblages,apatite SO content,whole rock FeO/FeO ratios and fluid compositions indicate the fo of the magma and hydrothermal fluid to be NNO and NNO-NNO-2,*** fluids associated with primary biotite yield log(f/f) values of 4.8-6.2 for diorite and 4.1-4.5 for granodiorite *** logfof the magmatic and potassic alteration are estimated to be 0.7 to 3.0 and 5.5 to 11.0,respectively,based on pyrrhotite and sulfide *** assemblage and hessite composition suggest the logf of the potassic alteration is 8.5 to *** low tonnage Baogutu deposit displays significantly lower fo than OPCDs(>NNO+2),and,on this basis,could be classified as a *** physicochemical conditions including T,f,log(f/f do not show obvious differences to those of *** deduce that the low fo of Baogutu metallogenic granitoids and aqueous fluids likely produced the unusual pyrrhotite-arsenopyrite mineral assemblage,and the NaCl-HO-CH-COore-forming fluids and small tonnage typical of *** obtained fluid inclusion H-O isotope data and sulfide S-Pb isotope data suggest the methane-rich orefo

关键词： Reduced porphyry copper deposit Baogutu deposit Pyrrhotite Oxygen fugacity Methane

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Magmatic process recorded in plagioclase at the Baogutu reduced porphyry Cu deposit,western junggar,NW-China

Magmatic process recorded in plagioclase at the Baogutu redu...

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中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所2014年度（第14届）学术年会

作者： Mingjian Cao KeZhang Qin GuangMing Li YueHeng Yang noreen j.evans Rui Zhang LuYing jin Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences john de Laeter Center for Isotope Research Dept.Applied GeologyCurtin University Institute of Geology Xinjiang Geoexploration Bureau for Nonferrous Metals University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Despite the fact that porphyry Cu deposits contain large amounts of Cu in one or more small stocks,few studies have discussed evidence for significant magma recharge in porphyry Cu deposits.A systematic elemental and Sr isotopic study of plagioclase crystals from mineralized diorite and granodiorite porphyry constrains the processes of crystallization and magma recharge at the Baogutu reduced porphyry copper deposit,western junggar,*** compositional changes in An(12-24 mol%) are observed along with strong positive correlations between An and *** resorption textures are also preserved in plagioclase crystals as well as repeated oscillatory zoning in An and FeO,and complex Sr isotope *** types of crystals with different core-to-rim Sr isotope variations are *** I crystals have core-to-rim increases in(Sr/Sr)i that could be explained by *** example,Sr isotope variations recorded in BCK2-1-2 crystal could be generated by diffusion with simulated maximum crystal residence times of 100-500 years with the proximate value of 00 *** Ⅱcrystals with different variation trends in(Sr/Sr)i on opposite sides of the core could be produced either by multi-stage crystallization or by analytical ***,type Ⅲ crystals with complex core-to-rim variations in(Sr/Sr)i,may record repeated magma recharge *** these results suggest repeated recharging of the magma chamber by hotter,more mafic and less radiogenic Sr isotope ***,more mafic melt injection recorded in plagioclase profiles may provide significant metal contributions to the magma chamber,which ultimately results in Cu mineralization at the Baogutu reduced porphyry copper deposit.

关键词： Baogutu reduced porphyry copper deposit In situ Sr isotopes Plagioclase Magma recharge Diffusion

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