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Sperm characteristics and ultrastructure of testes of rats after long-term treatment with the methanol subfraction of Carica papaya seeds

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2009年第5期11卷 583-599,I0003页

作者： Boomi Manivannan[印度] Ruchi Mittal[印度] Shipra Goyal[印度] Abdul S. Ansari[印度] nirmal k. lohiya[印度] Department of Zoology Centre for Advanced Studies University of Rajasthan Jaipur 302004 India

The contraceptive efficacy of Carica papaya seeds after short-term evaluation has been well established. We have examined the safety and mechanism of contraception in rats after long-term treatment with the methanol subfraction （MSF） of C. papaya seeds. The test substance was administered orally to the male albino rats （n = 40） at 50 mg per k. body weight each day for 360 days. Control animals （n = 40） received olive oil as a vehicle. Recovery was assessed up to 120 days after treatment withdrawal. Sperm parameters, serum testosterone levels, fertility, histology and ultrastructure of the testis, haematology and serum clinical chemistry were evaluated to establish the safety and efficacy of the test substance. Safety of long-term treatment was evidenced by unaltered health status, organ weight, haematology and clinical chemistry, and by an increase in body weight. The mechanism of contraception was shown by reduction in nuclear and cytoplasmic volume, normal nuclear characteristics and vacuolization in the cytoplasmic organelles of the Sertoli cells, as well as nuclear degeneration in spermatocytes and spermatids indicating disturbed spermatogenesis. Leydig cells were normal. Initial effects were observed in Sertoli cells at 60 days of treatment. Spermatocytes and spermatids were affected after 120-240 days of treatment. A significant decline in sperm count and viability, total inhibition of sperm motility, increased numbers of sperm abnormalities, normal serum testosterone levels and 100% sterility were evident after 60 days of treatment. All the altered parameters, including percent fertility, were restored to control level 120 days after treatment withdrawal. It is concluded that the MSF is safe for long-term treatment and the mechanism of contraception is shown by its effect on spermatid differentiation in the testis, possibly mediated by the Sertoli cell factors.

关键词： Carica papaya seeds male contraception spermatozoa testis ultrastructure

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Sperm motility inhibitory effect of the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya in langur monk.y, Presbytis entellus entellus

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2008年第2期10卷 298-306页

作者： nirmal k. lohiya Boomi Manivannan Shipra Goyal Abdul S. Ansari Centre for Advanced Studies Department of Zoology University of Rajasthan Jaipur 302004 India

Aim： To assess the contraceptive efficacy of the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya in langur monk.ys. Methods： The test substance was given p.o. to five monk.ys at 50 mg/k. body weight/day for 360 days. Control animals （n = 3） received olive oil as vehicle. Sperm parameters as per World Health Organization standards, sperm functional tests, morphology of testis and epididymis, haematology, clinical biochemistry, serum testosterone and libido were evaluated. Following completion of 360 days treatment the animals were withdrawn from the treatment and the recovery pattern was assessed by semen analysis and sperm functional tests. Results： Total inhibition of sperm motility was observed following 60 days of treatment that continued until 360 days study period. Sperm count, percent viability and percent normal spermatozoa showed a drastic decline following 30 days of treatment. Sperm morphology showed predominant mid piece abnormalities. Sperm functional tests scored in sterile range. Histology and ultrastructure of testis revealed vacuolization in the Sertoli cells and germ cells. Loss of cytoplasmic organelles was evident in spermatocytes and round spermatids. Histology and ultrastructure of epididymis of treated animals were comparable to those of control animals. Hematological and serum clinical parameters and testosterone levels fluctuated within the control range throughout the study period. Recovery was evident following 60--120 days of treatment withdrawal. Conclusion- The results suggest that the benzene chro- matographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya shows contraceptive efficacy without adverse toxicity, mediated through inhibition of sperm motility. （Asian JAndro12008 Mar; 10： 298-306）

关键词： male contraception Carica papaya seeds sperm motility inhibition testis epididymis langur monk.ys

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Testosterone and Its Analogs as a Male Contraceptive

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Advances in Sexual Medicine 2013年第3期3卷 10-18页

作者： Abdul S. Ansari Chandra Shek.ar Yadav nirmal k. lohiya Centre for Advanced Studies Department of Zoology University of Rajasthan Jaipur India

Male contraception by means of hormonal approach was initiated more than 60 years ago when men became azoospermic with administration of testosterone. The basic principle of male hormonal contraception is suppression of spermatogenesis. Exogenous testosterone/testosterone analogs alone or in combination with progestin have been tested for contraceptive efficacy by inhibiting gonadotropins release from pituitary gland. In this review article, advancement in different testosterone preparation tested alone or in combination for contraceptive efficacy has been focused. Administration of testosterone or testosterone analogs alone failed to provide uniform azoospermia or severe oligospermia (gestin combination has proved better contraceptive efficacy than testosterone alone. Further, long term studies with hormonal regimens and other alternative approaches are required with fewer side effects for development of safe and reversible contraceptive.

关键词： Hormonal Contraception Suppression of Spermatogenesis Testosterone Androgen-Progestin Combination

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Contraception with RISUG and functional reversal through DMSO and NaHCO3 in male rabbits

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2017年第4期19卷 389-395页

作者： Abdul S Ansari Ayesha Badar k.ithik. Balasubramanian nirmal k.lohiya Centre for Advanced Studies Department of Zoology University of Rajasthan Jaipur - 302 004 Rajasthan India

The study aimed to evaluate reversal of short- and long-term vas occlusion with reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance （RISUG） using dimethyl sulfoxide （DMSO） and sodium bicarbonate （NaHCO3） in male rabbits （Oryctolagus cuniculus）. Animals were divided into seven groups containing five animals each. Fortnightly, semen analysis revealed that sperm concentration and output steadily declined after vas occlusion and complete azoospermia was attained at 30-60 days postinjection. Spermatozoa reappeared at 60-75 days of reversal and normozoospermia was noticed between 135 days and 150 days in the reversal groups. All spermatozoa were found nonmotile prior to azoospermia and a gradual recovery in sperm motility was observed between 105 days and 135 days of reversal. A significant decline in viability of sperms was noticed during vas occlusion up to 30-60 days which recovered at 60-75 days postreversal and normalized by 75-105 days in the reversal groups. A significant enhancement in the sperm abnormalities was recorded in all vas occluded animals as well as those in initial periods of reversal. Other parameters, namely, semen volume, ejaculation time, pH, color, and consistency, remained unaltered during all phases of the study. Fertility test, at the intervals of 15 days, demonstrated that animals exhibited complete sterility during the entire period of vas occlusion. A gradual recovery in fertility was observed with the appearance of spermatozoa following vas occlusion reversal and 100% fertility was observed following 135-150 days of reversal. F, progeny of reversed animals was found normal. The results suggest that reversal with DMSO or NaHCO3 is feasible, with normal progeny, following short- and long-term contraception.

关键词： contraception dimethyl sulfoxide rabbit reversal reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance sodium bicarbonate

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Human sperm immobilization effect of Carica papaya seed extracts: an in vitro study

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2000年第2期2卷 103-109页

作者： nirmal k.lohiya Lalit k.k.thari B Manivannan Pradyumna k.Mishra Neelam Pathak Reproductive Physiology Section Department of Zoology University of Rajasthan Jaipur-302 004 India Reproductive Medicine Clinic 50 Gem Enclave Malviya Nagar Jaipur IndiaReproductive Physiology Section Department of Zoology University of Rajasthan Jaipur-302 004 India Reproductive Physiology Section Department of Zoology University of Rajasthan Jaipur-302 004 India Reproductive Physiology Section Department of Zoology University of Rajasthan Jaipur-302 004 India

Aim: To examine if the seed extracts of Carica papaya, which showed anfispermatogenic/sperm immobilizationproperties in animal models, could cause human sperm immobilization in vitro. Methods: Chloroform extract, ben-zene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract, its methanol and ethyl acetate sub-fractions and the isolatedcompounds from the sub-fractions i. e., ECP 1 & 2 and MCP 1 & 2, of the seeds of Carica papaya were used at con-centrations of 0.1%, 0.5%, 1% and 2%. Sperm motility was assessed immediately after addition of extracts and ev-ery 5 minutes thereafter for 30 minutes. Results: There were dose-dependent spermicidal effects showing an instantfall in the sperm motility to less than 20% at 2% concentration. Isolated compounds ECP 1 & 2 were more effective in-ducing a motility of less than 10%. Many of the spermatozoa became vibratory on the spot. Total inhibition of motilitywas observed within 20-25 rain at all concentrations of all products. Scanning and transmission electron microscopyrevealed deleterious changes in the plasma membrane of the head and mid-piece of spermatozoa. Sperm viability testand the number of abnormal spermatozoa after completion of incubation suggested that the spermatozoa were *** effects were spermicidal but not spermiostatic as revealed by the sperm revival test. Conclusion: The results re-veal spermicidal activity in vitro of the seed extracts of Carica papaya.

关键词： human sperm sperm immobilization spermicidal agents Carica papaya

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