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Optimal photonic indistinguishability tests in multimode networks

Science Bulletin 2018年第22期63卷 1470-1478页

作者： niko viggianiello Fulvio Flamini Marco Bentivegna Nicolò Spagnolo Andrea Crespi Daniel J.Brod Ernesto F.Galvao Roberto Osellame Fabio Sciarrino Dipartimento di Fisica Sapienza Universitadi RomoPiazzale Aldo Moro 51-00185RomaItaly Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR)Piazza Leonardo da Vinci321-20133 MilanoItaly Diportimento di Fisica Politecnico di MilanoPiazza Leonardo da Vinci321-20133 MilanoItaly Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics 31 Caroline Street NorthWaterlooON N2L 2Y5Canada Instituto de Pisica Universidade Federal FluminenseAv.Gal.Milton Tavares de Souza s/nNiteroiRJ 24210-340Brazil

Particle indistinguishability is at the heart of quantum statistics that regulates fundamental phenomena such as the electronic band structure of solids, Bose-Einstein condensation and ***, it is necessary in practical applications such as linear optical quantum computation and simulation, in particular for Boson Sampling *** is thus crucial to develop tools to certify genuine multiphoton interference between multiple *** approach employs the total variation distance to find those transformations that minimize the error probability in discriminating the behaviors of distinguishable and indistinguishable *** particular, we show that so-called Sylvester interferometers are near-optimal for this *** using Bayesian tests and inference, we numerically show that Sylvester transformations largely outperform most Haar-random unitaries in terms of sample size ***, we experimentally demonstrate the efficacy of the transformation using an efficient 3 D integrated circuits in the single-and multiple-source *** then discuss the extension of this approach to a larger number of photons and *** results open the way to the application of Sylvester interferometers for optimal assessment of multiphoton interference experiments.

关键词： Particle indistinguishability Quantum statistics Optical quantum computation Quantum simulation Sylvester interferometers Bayesian tests Multiphoton interference experiments

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Experimental Evidence for Coverage Preferences in Flood Insurance

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2022年第2期13卷 178-189页

作者： J.Connor Darlington niko Yiannakoulias School of Earth.Environment and Society McMaster UniversityHamilton.ON L8S 4K1Canada

We used a hypothetical choice experiment to estimate the effect of dwelling value and coverage limits on the probability of purchasing flood insurance while holding the probability of flooding and insurance price constant. The results indicate that demand for flood insurance is negatively associated with the amount of insurance coverage. For people assigned higher-valued dwellings, however, the opposite effect is observed. Since more coverage is generally preferred to less, all else being equal, differences in purchase probability dependent on dwelling value indicate an inconsistent approach to home protection. The higher probability of purchasing flood insurance from people in higher-valued dwellings may indicate an investment into the home as a financial asset, a strategy that is not observed to the same extent among people in lower-valued dwellings. This suggests that use of coverage limits may be differentially preferred based on dwelling value, such that low coverage insurance may have lower uptake for those in high-valued dwellings. As Canada evaluates a national flood insurance program, this research suggests that variable coverage maximums could be a way to increase accessibility and uptake of *** research shows an inconsistent demand for flood insurance, dependent on dwelling value and independent of income.

关键词： Canada Flood insurance Insurance choice experiment Willingness-to-buy

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A combined IR and XRD study of natural well crystalline goethites(α-FeOOH)

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Acta Geochimica 2022年第5期41卷 794-810页

作者： Stephan Kaufhold Kristian Ufer Melanie Hein niko Gotze Reiner Dohrmann Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe BGRStilleweg 230655 HannoverGermany Landesamt fur Bergbau Energie und GeologieLBEGStilleweg 230655 HannoverGermany

Goethite(a-FeOOH)is one of the most abundant minerals on the Earth surface,occurring in temperate,tropical and equatorial *** in goethite can be substituted by many cations such as Al,Ni for instance.A large amount of research has been conducted on the effect of varying elemental compositions(mainly Al-content)on the spectral features of goethites with most of the studies based on materials synthesized with different elemental *** different elemental ratios,however,may not only affect the composition of the products but also their crystallinity and/or particle size and *** parameters are known to affect results of both X-ray diffraction(XRD)and infrared spectroscopy(IR).These methods are predominantely used to characterize *** the present study,therefore,a significant set of natural goethites was considered in order to investigate the effect of elemental composition on XRD and IR *** focus was on crystallised samples which had a limited chemical variability but artefacts caused by the presence of admixtures could be excluded in most *** of all Rietveld refinement was optimized based on varying different parameters.A fairly good correlation of Rietveld derived crystallite sizes and specific surface area determined by N-adsorption(SSA)was found which proves the importance of considering the crystallite size parameters for Rietveld refinement and at the same times proves the quality of *** IR spectroscopy yet published relations of band position and Al-content could be confirmed despite the fact that the range of Al-contents was ***,the band position of the Fe–O stretching,previously used as proxy for crystallinity assessment,was found to be least variable hence contradicting yet published *** results were also published for the effect of the Al-content on the position of the asymmetric FeOH stretching band at 450 *** goethites investigated in the present study indicate that the crystall

关键词： Crystallinity Goethite IR-spectrometry X-ray diffraction XRD rietveld refinement Characterization

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Increasing loss of mature boreal forests around protected areas with red-listed forest species

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Ecological Processes 2022年第1期11卷 319-331页

作者： Aino‑Maija Määttänen Raimo Virkkala niko Leikola Risto K.Heikkinen Biodiversity Centre Finnish Environment InstituteLatokartanonkaari 1100790 HelsinkiFinland

Background:Protected areas(PA)are central to biodiversity,but their efficiency is challenged by human‑induced habitat loss and *** the Fennoscandian boreal region,forestry with clearcutting is a threat to biodiversity causing the loss of mature forest elements and deterioration of ecological processes in forest landscapes,ultimately affecting PAs via declined structural *** paper aims to(1)determine PAs with high,red‑listed species concentrations;(2)estimate the change in forest habitat around these PAs on different spatial scales;and(3)determine if forest management intensity is higher around biologically most valuable *** of red‑listed forest‑dwelling species in Finland were used to identify PAs harbouring these species and to produce site‑specific importance *** landcover data was used as a baseline for the distribution of forests to assess the cover of clear‑cuttings from 2001 to 2019 with the Global Forest Change(GFC)data set in three buffer areas around the PAs with occurrences of red‑listed ***:The largest proportion of clear‑cuts occurred in 1 km and 10 km buffers around the PAs in the southern and middle boreal zones,being ca.20%.This indicates that the forest habitat is degrading fast at regional and landscape *** the positive side,the change in forest cover was lower around the biologically most important PAs compared to other PAs with red‑listed ***:Open and free satellite‑data based assessments of the cover and change of forests provide reliable estimates about the rates at which mature and old‑growth forests are being converted into young managed ones in Finland mainly via clear‑cuts on different scales around *** rate of clear‑cuts was lowest in adjacent buffer areas next to the most species‑rich PAs,which provides opportunities for biodiversity conservation efforts to be targeted to the remaining mature and old‑growth forests found in the vicinity of these areas.

关键词： Biodiversity conservation Boreal forest Change detection Global Forest Watch Habitat loss Structural connectivity

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Inoperable severe aortic valve stenosis in geriatric patients: treatment options and mortality rates

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Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2018年第11期15卷 703-707页

作者： Julie Paul Joelle Kefer Marianne Beeckmans niko Speybroeck Benoit Boland Departments of Geriatric Medicine Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc Brussels Belgium Departments of Cardiology Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc BrusselsBelgium Clinical Research Universite catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium Departments of Biostatistics Universite catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium Institutes of Health and Society Universite catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium

Among geriatric patients suffering from severe but inoperable aortic valve stenosis because of high surgical risk and severe co-morbidities,[1] some benefit from trans-aortic valve implantation (TAVI) while others are deemed too frail for TAVI and received medical treatment (MT). This study conducted in frail geriatric patients aimed at describing the patienfs characteristics and the mortality rate associated with the treatment option (MT vs. TAVI) as well as the patient's characteristics associated with one-year mortality.

关键词： Aortic valve stenosis Medical treatment The elderly Transaortic valve implantation

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鼓丘和巨型冰川线理的冰川摩擦学:剥蚀和沉积的争论之谜得到解决?

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地质学报 2021年第8期95卷 2306-2317页

作者：周维维 Nick EYLES Shane SOOKHAN niko PUTKINEN 昆明理工大学国土资源工程学院地球科学系云南昆明650093 多伦多大学士嘉堡分校物理与环境科学系加拿大多伦多M1C1A4 芬兰地质调查局芬兰科科拉FI-67101

冰流是指冰盖中快速流动(高达10 km/a)的区域。冰流通常长达1000 km,宽200 km,嵌入在冰盖中。沿其流动方向形成了低幅度波纹状基岩床。这些波纹状基岩床由一些高度拉伸的沿着流向呈平行状分布的脊和沟槽(巨型冰川线理)组成。这些巨型冰... 详细信息

冰流是指冰盖中快速流动(高达10 km/a)的区域。冰流通常长达1000 km,宽200 km,嵌入在冰盖中。沿其流动方向形成了低幅度波纹状基岩床。这些波纹状基岩床由一些高度拉伸的沿着流向呈平行状分布的脊和沟槽(巨型冰川线理)组成。这些巨型冰川线理在空间上继承自体积大、拉伸程度低的鼓丘。由于鼓丘核部的地质条件复杂多变且不存在特征性的岩相,同时很难直接观察到现代冰盖下鼓丘的形成,因而鼓丘的起源在世界上仍然是未解之谜。基于新的高分辨率(0.5 m)LiDAR数据绘制的地形图和对更新世古冰流岩床进行野外地质考察表明,鼓丘和巨型冰川线理是底形连续体(后者由前者演化而来)。它们由基岩或部分岩石和早期较老的沉积物组成,基于此部分学者提出了鼓丘的侵蚀起源说。本文重点介绍了类似鼓丘和巨型冰川线理的椭圆-流线型和带有沟槽的表面,这些表面广泛形成于多种非冰川的地质环境中(无论是在地球上还是在火星上),它们是由于受限剪切作用下颗粒状碎屑对基底面的磨损所产生的。变质核杂岩中的大型滑脱断层和俯冲带巨型逆冲断层的表面显示出槽状表面,其形状和规模能够与巨型冰川线理相类比。多尺度的断层面上都表现出了逐渐消除的类似鼓丘状的"椭圆形凸起",形成带凹槽的岩石光滑面,从而减少了阻力并允许继续滑动。现代冰流岩床记录的冰下地震的独特"纹理"与凹槽内基底面遭受的局部侵蚀和剪切一致,冰下地貌特征加强了与断层运动学的联系。火山碎屑流、陨石撞击坑周围的溅射毯以及滑坡和块体搬运沉积体系的滑动,它们的下垫面都会形成类似巨型冰川线理的沟槽。在人造和生物材料的摩擦接触表面上,也可以重现这些由粒状"磨损碎屑"(被定义为"第三层")切割形成的类似鼓丘的椭圆形凸起和类似巨型冰川线理的沟槽表面。因此,我们提议将鼓丘和巨型冰川线理作为冰川动力学研究的相关组成部分,可以称之为"磨损痕迹"或者"流向剪切痕"。它们是由于不同的冰流速度拖曳粗颗粒的变形冰碛物切割底面(沉积物或者岩石(或其他岩相组合))形成的。地学界颇具争议的鼓丘-冰川线理成因谜团已逐渐清晰。

关键词：鼓丘巨型冰川线理流线型沟槽侵蚀起源摩擦磨损冰川摩擦学

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Atomic and electronic structure of Si dangling bonds in quasi-free-standing monolayer graphene

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Nano Research 2018年第2期11卷 864-873页

作者： Yuya Murata Tommaso Cavallucci Valentina Tozzini niko Pavliček Leo Gross Gerhard Meyer Makoto Takamura Hiroki Hibino Fabio Beltram Stefan Heun NEST Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa Italy IBM Research-Zurich Rüschlikon Switzerland NTT Basic Research Laboratories Atsugi Kanagawa Japan

Si dangling bonds at the interface of quasi-free-standing monolayer graphene （QFMLG） are known to act as scattering centers that can severely affect carrier mobility Herein, we investigate the atomic and electronic structure of Si dangling bonds in QFMLG using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy/ spectroscopy （STM/STS）, atomic force microscopy （AFM）, and density functional theory （DFT） calculations. Two types of defects with different contrast were observed on a flat graphene terrace by STM and AFM; in particular, their STM contrast varied with the bias voltage. Moreover, these defects showed characteristic STS peaks at different energies, 1.1 and 1.4 eV. The comparison of the experimental data with the DFT calculations indicates that the defects with STS peak energies of 1.1 and 1.4 eV consist of clusters of three and four Si dangling bonds, respectively. The relevance of the present results for the optimization of graphene synthesis is discussed.

关键词： quasi-free-standingmonolayer graphene hydrogen intercalation carrier mobility scanning tunnelingmicroscopy scanning tunnelingspectroscop^atomic force microscop3~density functional theory

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Early Snowmelt Enhances the Carbon Sequestration of Hummock-Forming Sphagnum Mosses on Boreal Wetlands

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Open Journal of Ecology 2016年第3期6卷 103-112页

作者： niko Silvan Kari Jokinen Natural Resources Institute Finland Natural Resources and Bioproduction Parkano Unit Parkano Finland Natural Resources Institute Finland Natural Resources and Bioproduction Viikki Unit Helsinki Finland

Sphagnum mosses are globally important owing to their considerable peat-forming ability and their potential impact on global climatic cycles acting as a long-term net carbon sink. However, changes in climatic conditions due to global warming may affect the relations between Sphagnum mosses and vascular plants but also the competition among Sphagnum, and thus alter the accumulation of carbon on boreal wetlands. Sphagnum mosses are a plant genus with a favorable ability to grow in low solar irradiance and temperature conditions compared to vascular plants. This may be increasingly beneficial in increased wintertime temperatures and predated snowmelt conditions. To understand particularly the importance of early spring photosynthetic activity and thus the role of the length of growing season on carbon balance, we analyzed the CO2 exchange of Sphagnum mosses with closed chamber technique in two categories of microtopographical habitats, hummocks and lawns, during four seasons 2010-2013 on a raised bog in Central Finland. During CO2 exchange measurements, instantaneous net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and ecosystem respiration (RE) were measured. Our results show that the mean measured seasonal NEE, i.e. the instantaneous net carbon sequestration, of hummocks was generally only slightly higher than the NEE of lawns, but the mean measured seasonal RE of hummocks was clearly and significantly higher than the RE of lawns in every study year. A reason for the observed still higher seasonal carbon sequestration of hummocks than that of lawns besides the slightly higher rate of carbon accumulation was the longer duration of physiologically active growing season. Therefore, hummock-forming Sphagnum mosses exposed firstly from snow cover showed to get the extra time for photosynthesis and thus extra benefit compared to other mire plants. This may be further enhanced by the expansion of hummock-forming Sphagnum moss dominated raised bogs towards northern aapa-mi

关键词： Sphagnum Mosses Boreal Wetlands Mire Microtopography Carbon Dynamics Global Warming

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To Train or to Entertain the Brain： How Does Enhanced Focus of Attention Guide Perception into the Goal Directed Action

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Journal of Philosophy Study 2017年第8期7卷 420-425页

作者： Rado Gorjup niko Gorjup Geoproton Inc. Research and Development ITR-Institute for Transdisciplinary Research and Development

Different areas of cognitive science traditionally perceived the mind as an abstract information processing entity, whose interactions with the outside world should be of small or no relevance at all. However, a recent embodied cognition perspective, view cognitive processes as deeply embedded into the body＇s interactions with the world. In support of such contention, lots of empirical evidence has been brought and thusly different claims proposed. In this paper, we present the computer based neurocognitive task of sustained attention which is a dual task with many characteristics that obviously mirror some of the above claims. In this regard, we take into consideration both on-line and off-line aspects of the embodied cognition and point out how processing efficiency and attentional functioning are crucial vehicles in bringing perception into effective action （embodied cognition）. Furthermore, there is plenty of evidence about the bidirectional relationship between the attentional/cognitive functioning and emotion regulation as well. This rises new possibilities in looking at the cognitive bias modification approaches and brain-cognitive training procedures for human beings without perceiving them as disembodied minds or complex machines but instead proactive and physically involved in the real world. We argue that such cognitive training approaches even though at first glance seemed as mere technical and machine oriented procedures, should be regarded as humanistic in its nature which perfectly mirror the Merleau-Ponty＇s concept of ＂embodied subjectivity.＂ Finally, we explain how such approaches can be successfully combined with the neurobiological accounts and effectively implemented into clinical practice （self-regulation, self-directed neuroplasticity, effortful control, behavior change）.

关键词： embodied subjectivity self-regulation effortful control attentional networks brain-cognitive training self-directed neuroplasticity

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Impact of Ash-Fertilization and Soil Preparation on Soil Respiration and Vegetation Colonization on Cutaway Peatlands

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American Journal of Climate Change 2016年第2期5卷 178-192页

作者： niko Silvan Jyrki Hytönen Natural Resources Institute Finland New Technologies Development Parkano Unit Parkano Finland Natural Resources Institute Finland Natural Resources and Bioproduction Kannus Unit Kannus Finland

As a result of several decades of peat extraction, the area of cutaway peatlands in Finland totals ca. 50,000 ha. Furthermore, some 2000 - 3000 ha of peatlands are abandoned annually from active peat extraction. Forestry is considered to be their main after-use option. However, since cutaway peat is generally rich in nitrogen, but poor in phosphorus and potassium, soil amelioration measures are needed for successful vegetation and afforestation. Soil preparations bringing mineral soil into peat surface or recycling of ash containing P and K are alternative ways for soil amelioration. We studied the initial effects of soil preparation and ash fertilization on soil CO2-effluxes and colonisation of cutaway peat by vegetation. Oppositely to the previous studies, this study shows that carbon released from the residual peat may be so high that the ash-fertilized cutaway peatlands still act as sources of carbon even after afforestation. However, even though the CO2-effluxes following ash fertilization or soil preparation may occasionally exceed the carbon sequestration into growing tree stands, afforestation mostly compensates the CO2-effluxes if also we take into consideration the below-ground biomass. In conclusion, our study shows that although ash fertilization enhances the CO2-effluxes into the atmosphere, it has beneficial effects on the environment by enabling rapid colonisation of vegetation on these sites which would remain vegetationless for decades without soil amelioration.

关键词： Soil Amelioration CO2-Efflux Ground Vegetation Cutaway Peatlands

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