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WHY PROHIBIT DONATIONS BETWEEN HUSBAND AND WIFE IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE？

Frontiers of Law in China-Selected Publications from Chinese Universities 2012年第4期7卷 644-655页

作者： nicolas Laurent-Bonne School of Law University Pantheon-Assas Paris II12 place Panth6on 75005 ParisFrance

Between the end of the eleventh century and the beginning of the twelfth century, following the rediscovery of Roman law in the West, the first Bolognese commentators stuck to the Roman principle prohibiting donations between spouses. Authors commented over and over again upon fragments of the writings of Roman jurists Paul and Ulpian that were integrated into the Digest of Emperor Justinian. According to these jurists of the Classical Age, fears of despoliation between spouses, of negligence in the children ＂s education and of marriage becoming venal were the main reasons found. Medieval canon law takes the subject of donations between spouses very seriously. Laurent of Spain （＇k 1248）, in the Glossa Palatina, worries about donations of cosmetics, which are seen as luxury enhancing. In Liber Extra （1234）, a decretal signed by Gregory IX took up the subject, confirming the opinions expressed by Paul and Ulpian by expressing hostility to such donations on the basis of public morality. Following the Fourth Lateran Council （1215）, a new literary form appeared.＂ confession ~ or casuistic ~ manuals. In these aspects, the subject of gifts between spouses is closely assimilated to the question of sin, especially of luxury. Continental Europe＇s common law （ius commune） shows similar spirit in that respect. Italian statutory laws, in conformity with the separatist spirit of Roman law, forbade them without distinction. They were outlawed in English law by unitas carnis which presides over conjugal relations. According to Jean Boutiltier （1395）, the author of La Somme rural, a famous French interpreter of law, donations between spouses are generally regarded as a result of fear, complacency or luxury, and so shouM be forbidden. The common theme between Roman or Canon law and different common laws is the upholding of a certain public morality and the control of couples as the mainstay of their respective families.

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Study of Harmful Vaginal Practices of Women in the Municipality of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

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Health（健康） 2024年第5期 425页

作者： Daniel Dori Ramata Porgo Hyacinthe Zamané nicolas Méda Rasmané Semdé

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Stochastic ordering by g-expectations

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Probability, Uncertainty and Quantitative Risk 2021年第1期6卷 61-98页

作者： Sel Ly nicolas Privault School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Division of Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore 637371

We derive sufficient conditions for the convex and monotonic g-stochastic ordering of diffusion processes under nonlinear g-expectations and *** approach relies on comparison results for forward-backward stochastic differential equations and on several extensions of convexity,monotonicity,and continuous dependence properties for the solutions of associated semilinear parabolic partial differential *** to contingent claim price comparison under different hedging portfolio constraints are provided.

关键词： Stochastic ordering g-expectation g-evaluation g-risk measures Forward-backward stochastic differential equations Parabolic PDEs Propagation of convexity

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Body fluid analog chlorination:Application to the determination of disinfection byproduct formation kinetics in swimming pool water

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2020年第1期32卷 112-122页

作者： Lucie Tsamba nicolas Cimetiere Dominique Wolbert Olivier Correc Pierre Le Cloirec Rennes University ENSCRCNRSISCR-UMR 6226F-35000 RennesFrance Scientific and Technical Center for Buildings 11 rue Henri PicheritBP 8234144323 Nantes Cedex 3France

Disinfection by-products(DBPs)are formed in swimming pools by the reactions of bather inputs with the *** a wide range of molecules has been identified within DBPs,only few kinetic rates have been *** study investigates the kinetics of chlorine consumption,chloroform formation and dichloroacetonitrile formation caused by human *** the flux and main components of human inputs have been determined and formalized through Body Fluid Analogs(BFAs),it is possible to model the DBPs formation kinetics by studying a limited number of precursor *** each parameter the individual contributions of BFA components have been quantified and kinetic rates have been determined,based on reaction mechanisms proposed in the *** a molar consumption of 4 mol Cl2/mol,urea is confirmed as the major chlorine consumer in the BFA because of its high concentration in human *** higher reactivity of ammonia is however *** acid is responsible for most of the chloroform produced during BFA *** formation is relatively slow with a limiting rate constant determined at 5.50×10^-3 L/mol/sec.L-histidine is the only precursor for dichloroacetonitrile in the *** DBP is rapidly formed and its degradation by hydrolysis and by reaction with hypochlorite shortens its lifetime in the *** rates of dichloroacetonitrile formation by L-histidine chlorination have been established based on the latest chlorination mechanisms ***,this study shows that the reactivity toward chlorine differs whether L-histidine is isolated or mixed with BFA components.

关键词： Disinfection by-products Kinetic modeling Body fluid analog Swimming pools

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Reproductive seasonality of Astyanax mexicanus cavefish

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Zoological Research 2023年第4期44卷 698-700页

作者： Luis Espinasa nicolas Rohner Sylvie Rétaux School of Science Marist CollegePoughkeepsieNY 12601USA Stowers Institute for Medical Research Kansas CityMO 64110USA Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKS 66160USA Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience CNRS and UniversitéParis-SaclaySaclay 91400France

DEAR EDITOR,The characiform fish Astyanax is a well-studied model system for understanding evolutionary development and genomics in cave ***,considerable gaps remain in our understanding of its field ***,we conducted a fouryear field study and found that while cavefish spawned yearround,reproductive peaks occurred in January to February.

关键词： cave ecology fish

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European versus American Perspectives on the Belt and Road Initiative

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China & World Economy 2020年第2期28卷 84-112页

作者： Madi Sarsenbayev nicolas Veron Peterson Institute for International Economics USA

China has started to deploy its Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)in the European Union(EU),and the EU in turn has regional and global interests that intersect with the BRI's *** to future adjustments of China s BRI strategy,the initiative s potential contribution to the EU requirements for infrastructure development could be significant,even though its modalities in the EU are inevitably different from those in countries that are poorer or have more difficult financial market *** EU's attitude to the BRI,however,has not yet fully *** superficial similarities in public discourses,the EU has a profoundly distinct perspective from that of the US on the BRI,and more generally on the rise of China and its growing global *** the EU,the BRI generates challenges but also potential *** EU should improve its ability to welcome sensible BRI projects,including through the adoption of greater reform of screening frameworks for foreign direct *** generally,the EU should enhance its ability to define policies independent of the US on China and the challenges resulting from China’s *** should also make further efforts to foster a constructive relationship with the EU.

关键词： Belt and Road Initiative European Union infrastructure investment multiannual financial framework

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Surgical approach to synchronous colorectal liver metastases:staged, combined, or reverse strategy

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Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition 2020年第1期9卷 25-34页

作者： Heather A. Lillemoe Jean-nicolas Vauthey Department of Surgical Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA

An increasing number of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) are presenting with synchronous disease to the liver. The optimal surgical approach for this complex patient group is controversial, but ultimately depends on individual patient characteristics and institutional practices. Surgical strategies include the traditional staged approach, a combined colorectal and liver resection, or a liver-first reverse approach. In this review, the authors will provide an overview of each strategy, including case examples demonstrating the benefits of the more recently described liver-first approach, while arguing for individualized planning and multidisciplinary discussion for every patient.

关键词： Synchronous colorectal liver metastases (SCRLM) liver-first reverse approach multidisciplinary discussion

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Remains of the day:Biliary complications related to single-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第3期20卷 843-851页

作者： Pierre Allemann nicolas Demartines Markus Schfer Department of Visceral Surgery University Hospital CHUV

AIM: To assesse the rate of bile duct injuries (BDI) and overall biliary complications during single-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SPLC) compared to conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy (CLC).

关键词： Bile ducts Cholecystectomy Single port Single incision

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On a fractional stochastic Hodgkin-Huxley model

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International Journal of Biomathematics 2018年第5期11卷 1-16页

作者： Laure Coutin Jean-Marc Guglielmi nicolas Marie Institut de Mathematiques de Toulouse Toulouse France American Hospital of Paris NeuiUy-sur-Seine France Laboratoire Modal'X Universite Paris 10 Nanterre France ESME Sudria Paris France

The model studied in this paper is a stochastic extension of the so-called neuron model introduced by Hodgkin and Huxley. In the sense of rough paths, the model is perturbed by a multiplicative noise driven by a fractional Brownian motion, with a vector field satisfying the viability condition of Coutin and Marie for R× [0, 1]3. An application to the modeling of the membrane potential of nerve fibers damaged by a neuropathy is provided.

关键词： Hodgkin-Huxley model stochastic differential equations fractional Brownian motion viability theorem.

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Gastrointestinal bleeding 30 years after a complicated cholecystectomy

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2010年第37期16卷 4747-4750页

作者： Thorsten Brechmann Wolff Schmiegel Volkmar nicolas Markus Reiser Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Berufsgenossenschaftliche Kliniken Bergmannsheil University of Bochum Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Berufsgenossenschaftliche Kliniken Bergmannsheil University of Bochum

Gastrointestinal bleeding from small-bowel varices is a rare and difficult to treat complication of portal hypertension. We describe the case of a 79-year-old female patient with recurrent severe hemorrhage from smallbowel varices 30 years after a complicated cholecystectomy. When double balloon enteroscopy was unsuccessful to reach the site of bleeding, a rendezvous approach was favored with intraoperative endoscopy. Active bleeding from varices within a biliodigestive anastomosis was found and controlled by endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate. Intraoperative endoscopy should be considered in the case of life-threatening gastrointestinal hemorrhage that is not accessible by conventional endoscopy.

关键词： Upper gastrointestinal bleeding Intestinal varices Intraoperative endoscopy Cyanoacrylate

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