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Detection of Adenovirus in Fresh Fruit, Vegetables, Wastewater and Manure from Irrigated Farms in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2024年第7期15卷 644-662页

作者： Kuan Abdoulaye Traore Madou Sanou Jean Bienvenue Ouoba Bruno Lalidia Ouoba Pierre Roques nicolas barro Laboratoire de Biologie Molculaire dEpidmiologie et de Surveillance des Bactries et Virus Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA) Universit Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratoire Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre (LaSVT) Universit Norbert ZONGO Koudougou Burkina Faso Virology Unit Institut Pasteur de Guine Conakry Guinea

Enteric viral pathogens are responsible for numerous epidemics associated with the consumption of fresh fruit and vegetable, whether raw or minimally processed. The aim of the present study was to assess agricultural practices and the presence of adenovirus (AdV) in fruits and vegetables, manure and irrigation wastewater sampled in the urban and peri-urban perimeters of Ouagadougou. A total of 286 samples including 30 lettuces, 42 tomatoes, 30 carrots, 30 strawberries, 74 manures and 80 wastewater samples were collected from four market garden sites in and around Ouagadougou. Nested PCR was performed with specific primers to detect adenoviruses (AdVs). A face-to-face survey was carried out using a questionnaire on market garden production practices. Overall, adenoviruses prevalence was 5.9% [IC95, 3.2% - 8.7%] in all samples analyzed. It was specifically 7.14% (3/42) from tomatoes, 6.7% (2/30) from lettuces, 20% (6/30) on strawberries and 7.5% (6/80) in irrigation water. The survey showed that irrigation water came from untreated sources (dam, well, canal) and then 52% of farms used untreated manure. No farms have implemented measures to limit access by domestic and wild animals. This work shows the presence of human adenoviruses in surface irrigation water and fresh produce, which is of concern when fresh produce is consumed raw. To reduce the public health risks associated with consuming these foods, it is essential to follow good hygiene and cultivation practices.

关键词： Adenovirus Raw Fruits and Vegetables Nested PCR Wastewater Manure Ouagadougou

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Phenotypic and Genotypic Antibiotic Resistant Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Patients with Diarrhea in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

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Advances in Microbiology 2023年第7期13卷 347-359页

作者： Haoua Cissé Assèta Kagambèga Soutongnooma Caroline Bouda Abdallah Sawadogo nicolas barro Laboratoire de Biologie Molé culaire d’Epid&eacutemiologie et de Surveillance des agents Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA) Universit&eacute Joseph KI-Zerbo Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Ecole Normale Supé rieure (ENS) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Background: The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria have become a major public health problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries such as Burkina Faso. This study aims to determine phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistant diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) from patients with diarrhea in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Methodology: Microbiological and biochemical analysis were done to detect two hundred and ninety-two (292) strains. The susceptibility of the strains to antibiotics was determined by the agar disc diffusion method. 16-plex-PCR assays were carried out to detect both virulence and resistance genes encoding betalactams, quinolones, phenicols, tetracyclines and virulence gene of DEC. Results: Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli was detected in 8% (23/292) of patients with diarrhea using the 16-plex-PCR and 39.1% (9/23) of the DEC detected carry at least one resistance gene. Resistance rate in disc diffusion test was 86.96% to tetracycline, 65.23% to cotrimoxazole, 17.4% to nalidixic acid, 17.4% to norfloxacin, 17.4% to ciprofloxacin, 13.04% to ceftriaxone, 13.04% to cefotaxime, 8.7% to gentamicin, 8.7% to Chloramphenicol, 0% to netilmicin. The prevalence of different resistance genes in the studied strains varied from 44.4% to 5.5%. The gene Tet coding for resistance to tetracycline was found in 8 strains (44.4%). The CatA gene coding for resistance to Chloramphenicol was detected in 38.9% of isolates. The qnrS, blaSHV and blaOXA genes were each detected in 5.5% of isolates. No strain hosts the qnrA, qnrB and blaTEM genes. Conclusion: This study identified β-lactams, quinolones, phenicols and tetracyclines resistance genes in DEC isolates from patients with diarrhea in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. These results indicate the need for a surveillance program to reduce the prevalence of resistance to Enterobacteriaceae strains in hospitals.

关键词： Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Phenotypic Genotypic Resistance Ouagadougou

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Physicochemical and Biochemical Composition of Balanites aegyptiaca Seed and Seed Oil from Burkina Faso

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2023年第12期14卷 1206-1220页

作者： Patrice Bazongo Lassané Ouédraogo Pingdwindé Marie Judith Samadoulougou-Kafando Martin Kiendrebeogo nicolas barro Laboratoire de Biologie Moleculaire d’Epidemiologie et de Surveillance des Bacteries et Virus transmis par les aliments et l’eau (LaBESTA) Université Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST) Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA)/Laboratoire de l’Environnement et des Ecosystèmes Forestiers Agroforestiers et Aquatiques (LaboEcoFAA) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST)/Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies (IRSAT)/Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies des Aliments et Nutrition (LabSTAN) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratoire de Biochimie & Chimie Appliquées Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

In Burkina Faso, the seeds of Balanites aegyptiaca have been considered to be potentially high lipid, protein and mineral sources but seem to be neglected and sometimes unknown by communities. This study aims to complete data on seed oil and detail on amino acids and minerals composition of the seed of B. aegyptiaca for better use. Physicochemical parameters such as moisture and ash content, saponification index, iodine, acid value, peroxide value and the melting point were determined. Seed oil triglycerides, fatty acids and amino acids have been estimated throughout this study. The moisture and ash content were 3.70% ± 0.1% and 2.90% ± 0.2%, respectively. The saponification and iodine values were respectively 181.96 ± 0.4 mg KOH/g of oil and 104.86 ± 0.6 g of iodine/100 g of oil. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content (50.94%) was the most important. Triglyceride (LLO, 22.4%) was the major triglyceride. 9 essential amino acids and 9 non-essential amino acids were identified. Phenylalanine (11697.82 ± 0.00 mg/kg) was the most important essential amino acid. The content of 21 minerals was determined and the most important was potassium (9323.13 ± 0.01 mg/kg). Ca/P, Ca/Mg, Ca/Mg and Na/K ratios were 0.34;1.18;0.04 and 0.19 respectively. B. aegyptiaca seed oil is a source of multiple nutritional values and can be used by the population for multipurpose.

关键词： Seed Seed Oil Fatty Acids Amino Acids Minerals Balanites aegyptiaca Burkina Faso

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Prevalence of Salmonella in Fresh Produce Tomatoes Sold in Open Market in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2023年第12期14卷 1259-1268页

作者： Hanseni Bognini Assèta Kagambèga WP Bertrand Tiendrebeogo Abdallah Sawadogo nicolas barro Théodore Knight-Jones Michel Dione Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire D’épidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA)/Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies (EDST)/Université Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Ecole Normale Supérieure Ministère des Enseignement Supérieur de la Recherche Scientifique et de L’innovation Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Animal and Human Health Program International Livestock Research Institute Rue 18 Cité Mamelles BP Ouakam Dakar Senegal

Tomato is a widely consumed vegetable in Burkina Faso and throughout the world. However, when handled improperly, it can serve as a vector of pathogen transmission to human if ingested raw or through cross-contamination with cooked food. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp from tomatoes sold in the markets of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso and characteristics of vending conditions. One hundred and ninety-eight (198) different tomato samples were randomly purchased from one hundred and thirteen (113) different vendors in the markets of Ouagadougou. The samples were examined and classified into three categories according to their texture and the level of deterioration. The prevalence of Salmonella spp identification was determined using standard microbiological methods. A survey was conducted using a questionnaire on transport and vending conditions for tomatoes. In total, Salmonella prevalence was 19.19% in all tomato’s samples analyzed and was 18.18% for intact category, 22.73% in D2 category and 16.67% in category D4. The survey revealed poor transport and sales conditions for the majority of tomato sellers. The present study revealed the presence of Salmonella in tomatoes samples. These results highlight the risk associated with the consumption of tomatoes if hygienic practices are not respected during tomatoes handling and preparation. The results of the study also show the need to wash tomatoes systematically after purchase with a disinfectant, especially tomatoes sold in open markets in developing countries.

关键词： Salmonella Tomatoes Hygiene Food Security

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Antimicrobial Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Human Infections in N’Djamena, Chad

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Open Journal of Medical Microbiology 2023年第1期13卷 17-30页

作者： Ahmat Mahamat Ahmat Mahamat Ali Bolti Fissou Henry Yandai Hamit Mahamat Alio Martin-Paul Baane Mayoré Atéba Djibrine Evariste Bako nicolas barro Choua Ouchemi Ecole Doctorale Sciences Techniques et Environnement Université de N’Djamena N’Djamena Tchad Centre Hospitalier Universitaire la Renaissance (CHU-R) N’Djamena Tchad Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Humaine Université de N’Djamena N’Djamena Tchad Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement (IRED) N’Djamena Tchad Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire d’Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA) Université Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Hôpital de la Caisse Nationale de Prévoyance Sociale Maroua Cameroun Institut National Supérieur du Sahara Iriba Tchad

Background: Urinary Tract infections and pus are major public health problems. The evolution of bacterial resistance to antibiotics makes the treatment of these infections problematic. This is why this study is undertaken to identify and evaluate the resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to antibiotics. Methods: This is a prospective study carried out from December 2020 to November 2021. The germs were isolated on the agar supplemented with cetrimide and identified by the API 20 NE gallery method according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The strains’ resistance profiles were determined by the diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton according to the criteria EUCAST- 2021. Results: A total of 46/1467 (3.13%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa were identified, of which 29/1008 (2.87%) were urinary tract infections and 17/459 (3.70%) were pus. The high resistances were: 97.8% to ceftazidim, 91.3% to aztreonam, 93.5% to cefepim, 82.6% to piperacillin, 58.7% to levofloxacin, 52.2% to amikacin, 47.8% to tazobactam-piperacillin, 47.8% to tobramycin and 43.5% to ciprofloxacin. Low resistance was only 2.2% to fosfomycin, 2.2% to colistin and 15.2% to imipenem. Conclusion: This study reveals the considerable resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to commonly used antibiotics, and thus compromises the empirical treatment practiced in hospitals. This result motivates the need to carry out susceptibility testing of isolates before any prescription of antimicrobials.

关键词： Pseudomonas aeruginosa Resistance to Antibiotics Urine Pus N’Djamena

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HIV and Seroconversion among Pregnant Women at the University Hospital of Mother and Child in Chad

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2023年第1期11卷 106-115页

作者： Fissou Henry Yandai Ali Mahamat Moussa Mahamat Ali Bolti Djidda Abakar Oumar Hissene Adanaou Khadidja Attimer Hamit Mahamat Alio Kuan Abdoulaye Traore nicolas barro Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement (IRED) N’Djamena Tchad Centre Hospitalier Universitaire la Renaissance (CHU-R) N’Djamena Tchad Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire d’Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA) Université Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Humaine (FSSH) N’Djamena Tchad Laboratoire de Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre (LaSVT) Université Norbert ZONGO Koudougou Burkina Faso

Background: HIV in pregnant women presented a risk of transmission to newborns. This study was to determine HIV prevalence among pregnant women in the birthing rooms and give antiretrovirals to women infected and their newborns. Methods: A preliminary study was conducted from 2013 to 2015 at the Mother and Child Hospital. Pregnant women were counseled and tested for HIV-antibody according to the national algorithm using Determine HIV 1 & 2 and Immunocomb II Bispot HIV1 & 2. The women screened HIV-negative during the prenatal consultation and who accepted a second test were screened in the birth room. The data collected were processed using the Access Microsoft office 16 and SPSS software version 18. Results: A total of 6080 pregnant women were tested before and in the birth room. Of these, 5943 (97.4%) were detected as HIV-negative and 159 (2.6%) were HIV-positive. Of the 5943 with HIV-negative status, 1333 accepted the second test in the birth room, 10 of which have become HIV-positive. The rate of seroconversions was 0.75%. Conclusion: This study determined the prevalence of HIV in pregnant women. The result reveals the importance and necessity of repeating the screening test in the birth room because of the possibility of seroconversion or new infection during pregnancy.

关键词： HIV Prevalence Seroconversion Pregnancy Chad

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Detection and Serological Characterization of Rice Yellow Mottle Virus in Central African Republic

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Agricultural Sciences 2016年第12期7卷 911-919页

作者： Régis Dimitri Sokpé Longué Innocent Zinga Silla Semballa nicolas barro Oumar Traoré Crop Production Department Institute of Environment and Agricultural Research Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Life Science Department University of Bangui Bangui Central African Republic Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology University of Ouagadougou I-Professor Joseph Ki-Zerbo Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Serological and biological detection of Rice Yellow Mottle Virus (RYMV) in leaf samples belonging from cultivated rice species and wild grasses revealed 201 positive detections. All these isolates occurred exclusively on cultivated rice species (Oryza sativa L. and O. glaberrima Steud). A relationship was found between cultural practices and presence of RYMV in fields (X2 = 108.83, df = 1, P

关键词： RYMV Detection Serological Characterization Central African Republic

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Detection of Campylobacter sp. from Poultry Feces in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2021年第2期12卷 107-114页

作者： Assèta Kagambèga Alexandre Thibodeau Daniel K. Soro nicolas barro Philippe Fravalo Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire d’épidémiologie et de surveillance des bactéries et virus transmissibles par les aliments (LaBESTA)/Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies (EDST)/Université Joseph KI-ZERBOOuagadougou Burkina Faso Institut Des Sciences (IDS) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Veterinary Medicine Faculty Department of Pathology and Microbiology NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat-Safety (CRSV) University of Montreal Saint-Hyacinthe QC Canada

Background: Campylobacter contamination in poultry and poultry product has been reported worldwide. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter in poultry feces using selective enrichment Bolton broth and multiplex PCR. Method: Two methods were used in this study: the first was direct plating of poultry feces into mCCDA agar plates. The second, three antibiotics were used at different concentrations to add in Bolton broth supplemented. These antibiotics were Rifampicin (Oxoid, Nepean, Ontario) with 10 mg/L, colistin (Oxoid, Nepean, Ontario) with 1 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL;trimethoprim (Oxoid, Nepean, Ontario) with 10 mg/L. The colonies with typical campylobacter morphology on blood agar (little, red and

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Antibiotic Resistance in the Uropathogenic Enterobacteria Isolated from Patients Attending General Reference Hospital (GRH) of Niamey, Niger

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Open Journal of Medical Microbiology 2023年第1期13卷 78-90页

作者： Alassane Halawen Mohamed René Dembélé Chaibou Salaou Alix Bénédicte Kagambèga Hiliassa Coulibaly Frédéric François Bado Alio Mahamadou Fody Laouali Boubou Alkassoum Ibrahim Eric Adehossi Omar Mauricio Arcos Holzinger nicolas barro Microbiology Laboratory of the General Reference Hospital (GRH) Niamey Niger Laboratory of Molecular Biology Epidemiology and Surveillance of Foodborne Bacteria and Viruses (LaBESTA) University Joseph KI-ZERBO of Ouagadougou Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Training and Research Unit in Applied Sciences and Technologies University of Dedougou Dedougou Burkina Faso Superior Normal School University Abdou Moumouni of Niamey Niamey Niger Bacteriology Laboratory of the Niamey National Hospital (NNH) Niamey Niger Direction of Surveillance and Response to Epidemics Ministry of Public Health Niamey Niger Faculty of Health Sciences University Abdou Moumouni of Niamey Niamey Niger Center for Medical and Health Research Niamey Niger Instituto de Ciencias Médicas Las Tablas Panama

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a frequent reason for consultation and lead to a significant and sometimes inappropriate prescription of antibiotics. The latter favors antibiotic resistance and an increase in mortality as well as the cost of treatment. The present study aims to contribute to the fight against antibiotic resistance of enterobacteria. Methods: This is a prospective study from January to December, 2021 in the Microbiology laboratory of the General Reference Hospital (GRH) of Niamey including 3369 urine samples. The antibiotic resistance of enterobacteria was determined using the Viteck-2 method. Results: At least 280 strains of Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from the patient’s urine. Among these strains, Escherichia coli was the most predominant (74.64%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (16.07%) and Enterobacter cloacae (7.14%) and other enterobacteria 2.15%. These Enterobacteriaceae are more common in community patients than in hospitalized patients. The average age of patients is 52 years and the age group most affected by these enterobacteria is 46 - 60 years (23.33%). The female sex is the most affected sex with (51.07%) against (48.97%) for the male sex with 1.04 as sex ratio. The hospitalization departments most affected by these enterobacteria are Nephrology (29.23%) and Endocrinology (21.54%). Up to 75% of the Enterobacteriaceae isolates show high resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ticarcillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, cefoxitin, cefixime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid and ofloxacin. Conclusion: The high rate of antibiotic resistance among enterobacteria in urine is of concern. Only a few Enterobacteriaceae show low resistance to ertapenem, imipenem, amikacin, gentamicin, fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin. Therefore, these antibiotics are recommended as first line treatment for urinary tract infections.

关键词： Antibiotic Resistance Urinary Tract Infections Enterobacteriaceae Viteck-2 Niger

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Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2) and HTLV-1 &2 among Female Sex Workers in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

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Open Journal of Medical Microbiology 2022年第2期12卷 56-69页

作者： Henri Gautier Ouédraogo Dinanibè Kambiré Tani Sagna Tegwinde Rebeca Compaore Oumarou Ouédraogo Abdou Azaque Zouré Serge Théophile Soubeiga Sylvie Zida Danielle Belemsaga/Yugbaré Samadoulougou Benoît Cesaire Odette Ky-Zerbo Yves Traoré nicolas barro Seni Kouanda Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Sécrétariat Permanent du Conseil National de Lutte contre le Sida et les Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles (SP/CNLS-IST) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (UFR-SDS) Université Joseph Ki Zerbo Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Background: Herpes Simplex Virus type-2 (HSV-2) infection is one of the most common worldwide sexually transmitted and female sex workers are most at risk for these infections. Beside HSV-2, Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) is one of these infections with a high risk of sexual transmission. HTLV-1 causes T-cell leukaemia and myelopathy. Little is known about the HSV-2, HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections among female sex workers in West Africa in general, and particularly in Burkina Faso. The aim of this study aimed to estimate HSV-2 and HTLV-1/2 seroprevalence among female sex workers, in Ouagadougou in order to inform HIV prevention programs. Methods: Archived sera samples of a biological and behavioral cross-sectional study among female sex workers (FSWs) in Ouagadougou were tested for HSV-2 and HTLV-1/2. Sera samples collected from February to May 2013 were previously tested for HIV and syphilis and stored with participants’ additional consent for further infection testing. Antibodies against HSV-2 and HTLV-1/2 detection tests were performed using Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) methods. Results: HSV-2 seroprevalence was approximately 75.7% (95% CI: 70.8-79.9) among FSWs. It ranged from 69.3% among FSWs under 24 years of age, to 88.5% among those who were at least 30 years old. Furthermore, HSV-2 seroprevalence was high among FSW with no formal education (87.7%) and decreased significantly among those with at least primary education (76.0%) and others with secondary education and above (64.9%). Regarding HTLV-1/2, 11.2% (95% CI: 8.3 - 15.1) of FSWs were positive. By age group, 11.8% were positive among FSWs under 25 years of age;15.2% among those 25 to 29 years of age, and 5.8% among those over 30 years of age. Conclusion: HSV-2 and HTLV-1&2 infections are common among FSWs, which confirms the need for effective and preventive interventions such as sex education and early screening.

关键词： HSV-2 HTLV-1/2 Seroprevalence Female Sex Workers FSWs

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