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A review of enhanced oil recovery(EOR)methods applied in Kazakhstan

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Petroleum 2021年第1期7卷 1-9页

作者： Bianca Anne Bealessio Natalia ABlanquez Alonso nicholas John mendes Anna Vladimirovna Sande Berna hascakir Petroleum Engineering Department Texas A&M UniversityUnited States

Application of enhanced oil recovery methods in Kazakhstan has been ongoing for decades alongside the continued discovery of new oil and gas fields in the Pre-Caspian *** objective of this review is to provide an overview of the hydrocarbon reserves and production,and the status of the petroleum industry in Kazakhstan,with a focus on the EOR methods and projects being applied to recover those reserves.A summary of the specific EOR methods in use was prepared,and existing enhanced recovery projects in Kazakhstan were reviewed and their successes and challenges were *** performance of these projects in the context of EOR performance indicators such as capillary number and mobility ratio,as well as operational and environmental issues,were *** for current and potential applications of EOR in Kazakhstan were also *** widespread application of thermal EOR methods,in use for decades in Kazakhstan’s older fields,was found to be successful,with very favorable impacts on mobility ratio from the addition of thermal energy to the *** EOR methods in Kazakhstan have had more limited success,with some significant challenges due to high concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the injected *** injection started in the late 1960s,achieving good results.A recent polymer injection pilot project has shown some promise,with a favorable impact on mobility ratio and oil production,although the project has not yet been expanded beyond two polymer *** results indicate the huge potential of existing and future EOR *** review is the first compilation of Kazakhstan’s existing oil and gas reserves,production,and EOR project performance,and should be seen as a guide to the existing applications of EOR methods in Kazakhstan.

关键词： Kazakhstan Thermal EOR Sour gas injection Polymer flooding

Leg Extension Strength, Explosive Strength, muscle Activation, and Growth as Predictors of Vertical Jump Performance in Youth Athletes

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Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise 2020年第4期2卷 336-348页

作者： Zachary m.Gillen marni E.Shoemaker Brianna D.mcKay nicholas A.Bohannon Sydney m.Gibson Joel T.Cramer Department of Nutrition and health Sciences University of Nebraska-Lincoln211 Ruth Leverton HallLincolnNE 68583USA

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among leg extension strength,explosive strength,muscle activation,and measurements of growth to predictions of vertical jump performance in youth *** height,body mass,skinfolds,and quadriceps femoris muscle cross-sectional area were measured in 39 sports active children(20 females,19 males,age=12.52±0.62 years old).Peak torque(PT),rate of torque development(RTD),rate of velocity development(RVD),and rate of electromyographic amplitude rise(RER)were measured during isometric and isokinetic leg ***,RTD,and RVD were expressed in absolute terms and normalized to body *** jump height(Jh)and peak power(PP)were assessed during static(SJ),counter-movement(CmJ),and drop(DJ)*** Jh exhibited greater correlations with PT normalized to body mass(r=0.387-0.758)than absolute PT(r=0.338-0.417),whereas PP exhibited greater correlations with absolute PT(r=0.368-0.837).Only negligible to moderate relation-ships existed between Jh and PP across all jumps(r=0.053-0.605).Over 50%of the variability in PP was predicted in 24 of 30 regression models with absolute muscle strength,muscle activation,and measurements of growth,while only 6 of 30 models predicted more than 50%of the variability in *** Overall,absolute static and dynamic muscle strength,muscle activation,and growth better explained PP meas-ured during vertical jumps than estimated Jh.

关键词： Children Adolescent Torque Jump height Power

Percutaneous coronary intervention of totally occluded coronary venous bypass grafts:An exercise in futility?

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World Journal of Cardiology 2021年第9期13卷 493-502页

作者： Evan W Nardone Brandon m madsen melissa m mcCarey David L Fischman nicholas J Ruggiero Paul Walinsky Alec Vishnevsky michael P Savage Department of medicine Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPA 19107United States Department of Anesthesiology Medstar Georgetown University HospitalWashingtonDC 20007United States Jefferson Clinical Research Institue Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPA 19107United States

BACKGROUND Percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)of diseased saphenous vein grafts(SVG)continues to pose a clinical *** PCI guidelines give a class III recommendation against performing PCI on chronically occluded ***,contemporary outcomes after SVG intervention have incrementally improved with distal protection devices,intracoronary vasodilators,drug-eluting stents,and prolonged dual antiplatelet *** To reassess the procedural and long-term outcomes of PCI for totally occluded SVG with contemporary *** This was a retrospective observational study conducted at a single university *** study population consisted of 35 consecutive patients undergoing PCI of totally occluded ***-procedure dual antiplatelet therapy was continued for a minimum of one year and aspirin was continued *** outcomes were assessed at a mean follow-up of 1221±1038 *** primary outcome was freedom from a major adverse cardiac event(mACE)defined as the occurrence of any of the following:death,myocardial infarction,stroke,repeat bypass surgery,repeat PCI,or graft *** The study group included 29 men and 6 women with a mean age of 69±12 *** was present in 14(40%)*** patients had Canadian heart Classification class III or IV *** presentation was an acute coronary syndrome in 34(97%)*** SVG age was 12±5 *** duration of occlusion was acute(h)in 34%of patients,subacute(>24 h to 30 d)in 26%,and late(>30 d)in 40%.PCI was initially successful in 29/35 SVG occlusions(83%).Total stent length was 52±35 *** complications of distal embolization or no-reflow occurred in 6(17%)*** longer term follow-up,mACE-free survival was only 30%at 3 years and 17%at 5 *** PCI of totally occluded SVG can be performed with a high procedural success ***,its clinical utility remains limited by poor follow-up outcomes.

关键词： Coronary artery bypass grafting Coronary stents Chronic total occlusion Percutaneous coronary intervention Restenosis Saphenous vein grafts

FROm-GC: 30 m global cropland extent derived through multisource data integration

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2013年第6期6卷 521-533页

作者： Le Yu Jie Wang nicholas Clinton Qinchuan Xin Liheng Zhong Yanlei Chen Peng Gong ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System modeling Center for Earth System ScienceTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science Jointly Sponsored by Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital EarthChinese Academy of Sciencesand Beijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina Department of Environmental Science Policy and ManagementUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA

We report on a global cropland extent product at 30-m spatial resolution developed with two 30-m global land cover maps(***-GLC,Finer Resolution Observation and monitoring,Global Land Cover;FROm-GLC=agg)and a 250-m cropland probability map.A common land cover validation sample database was used to determine optimal thresholds of cropland probability in different parts of the world to generate a cropland/noncropland mask according to the classification accuracies for cropland samples.A decision tree was then applied to combine two 250-m cropland masks:one existing mask from the literature and the other produced in this study,with the 30-m global land cover map *** the smallest difference with country-level cropland area in Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical(FAOSTAT)database,a final global cropland extent map was composited from the FROm-GLC,FROm-GLC-agg,and two masked crop=land *** this map FROm-GC(Global Cropland),we estimated the global cropland areas to be 1533.83 million hectares(mha)in 2010,which is 6.95 mha(0.45%)less than the area reported by the Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)of the United Nations for the year 2010.A country-by=country comparison between the map and the FAOSTAT data showed a linear relationship(FROm-GC=1.05*FAOSTAT-1.2(mha)with R^(2)=0.97).Africa,South America,Southeastern Asia,and Oceania are the regions with large discrepancies with the FAO survey.

关键词： Landsat mODIS global mapping FROm-GLC FROm-GLC-agg

heterosis and combining ability evaluation for growth traits of blunt snout bream(megalobrama amblycephala)when crossbreeding three strains

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2014年第9期59卷 857-864页

作者： Wei Luo Cong Zeng Shaokui Yi nicholas Robinson Weimin Wang Zexia Gao College of Fisheries Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding Ministry of Agriculture Huazhong Agricultural University Nofima PO Box 5010 1432 s Norway Collaborative Innovation Center for healthy Freshwater Aquaculture of hubei Province

The blunt snout bream(megalobrama amblycephala)is a major aquaculture species in the Chinese freshwater polyculture *** this study,complete diallel crossing of three strains(i.e.,Liangzi[LZ],Poyang[PY]and Yuni[YN])was used to evaluate the combining ability and heterosis effect of intraspecific crossbreeding on the growth performance(i.e.,body weight,total length,body length,body height,and Fulton’s coefficient of condition).The offspring produced from the three strains were reared in a communal pond for 20 months,and nine microsatellites were used to assess their *** the749 offspring,708(94.53%)could be assigned directly to a single parental *** differences were observed in body weight(BW)among the different combinations,indicating that the combining ability of BW from each strain was significantly *** general combining ability(GCA)of BW from the sire was much higher than that from the *** GCA for the dam and sire of the LZ and YN were the largest and the smallest,*** special combining ability of YN$9 PY#was the largest,and YN$9 PY#showed significantly positive heterosis effects on all F1growth traits,except for Fulton’s condition coefficient(K)(P\0.05).In addition,significant positive linear correlations were found between the mean BW of corresponding progeny and the h E of the parental generation(y=600.7x-29.472,r=0.8651,P=0.0026),h O(y=1206.9x-518.14,r=0.7436,P=0.0216),and the polymorphism information content(y=1021.3x-331.31,r=0.8245,P=0.0063)as determined by a correlative *** findings obtained from the study will be important for future considerations of *** stock improvement programs.

关键词：杂种优势效应特殊配合力生长性状双列杂交团头鲂平均体重评价线性相关关系

Characterization of colonic dendritic cells in normal and colitic mice

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2005年第40期11卷 6338-6347页

作者： Sheena m Cruickshank nicholas R English Peter J Felsburg Simon R Carding Institute of molecular and Cellular Biology Antigen Presentation Research Group Department of Clinical Science

AIm： Recent studies demonstrating the direct involvement of dendritic cells （DC） in the activation of pathogenic T cells in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease identify DC as important antigen presenting cells in the colon. however, very little is known about the properties of colonic DC. mEThODS： Using immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and flow cytometry we have characterized and compared colonic DC in the colon of healthy animals and interleukin-2-deficient （IL2-/-） mice that develop colitis. RESULTS： In the healthy colon, DC resided within the lamina propria and in close association with the basement membrane of colonic villi. Type i myeloid （CD11c^＋, CD11b^＋, B220, CD8） DC made up the largest （40-45%） population and all DC expressed low levels of CD80, CD86, and CD40, and had high endooltic activity consistent with an immature phenotype. In colitic IL2-/- mice, colonic DC numbers increased four- to five-fold and were localized within the epithelial layer and within aggregates of T and B cells. They were also many more DC in mesenteric lymph nodes （mLN）. The majority （〉85%） of DC in the colon and mLN of IL2./ mice were type 1 myeloid, and expressed high levels of mhC class II, CD80, CD86, CD40, DEC 205, and CCR5 molecules and were of low endocytic activity consistent with mature DC. CONCLUSION： These findings demonstrate striking changes in the number, distribution and phenotype of DC in the inflamed colon. Their intimate association with lymphocytes in the colon and draining lymph nodes suggest that they may contribute directly to the ongoing inflammation in the colon.

关键词： Colonic dendritic cells Interleukin 2 Colitis

Lower extremity injury in female basketball players is related to a large difference in peak eversion torque between barefoot and shod conditions

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Journal of Sport and health Science 2014年第3期3卷 227-232页

作者： Jennifer m.Yentes max J.Kurz nicholas Stergiou Nebraska Biomechanics Core Facility Department of HealthPhysical Education and Recreation.University of Nebraska at Omaha munroe-meyer Institute.Department of Physical Therapy University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public health Department of Environmental HealthOccupational Health and ToxicologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center

Background： The majority of injuries reported in female basketball players are ankle sprains and mechanisms leading to injury have been debated. Investigations into muscular imbalances in barefoot versus shod conditions and their relationship with injury severity have not been performed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of wearing athletic shoes on muscular strength and its relationship to lower extremity injuries, specifically female basketball players due to the high incidence of ankle injuries in this population. methods： During pre-season, 11 female collegiate basketball players underwent inversion and eversion muscle strength testing using an iso- kinetic dynamometer in both a barefoot and shod conditions. The difference between conditions was calculated for inversion and eversion peak torque, time to peak torque as well as eversion-to-inversion peak torque percent strength ratio for both conditions. Lower extremity injuries were documented and ranked in severity. The ranked difference between barefoot and shod conditions for peak torque and time to peak torque as well as percent strength ratio was correlated with injury ranking using a Spearman rho correlation （p） with an a level of 0.05. Results： The ranked differences in barefoot and shod for peak eversion and inversion torque at 120°/s were correlated with their injury ranking. Ranking of the athletes based on the severity of injuries that were sustained during the season was found to have a strong, positive relationship with the difference in peak eversion torque between barefoot and shod （p = 0.78; p = 0.02）. Conclusion： It is possible that a large discrepancy between strength in barefoot and shod conditions can predispose an athlete to injury. Nar- rowing the difference in peak eversion torque between barefoot and shod could decrease propensity to injury. Future work should investigate the effect of restoration of muscular strength during barefoot and shod exercise on injury rates

关键词： Ankle sprain Isoklnetic dynamometer muscular imbalance Strength

Operando Converting BiOCl into Bi_(2)O_(2)(CO_(3))_(x)Cl_(y) for Efficient Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Formate

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Nano-micro Letters 2022年第7期14卷 263-278页

作者： huai Qin Fu Junxian Liu nicholas m.Bedford Yun Wang Joshua Wright Peng Fei Liu Chun Fang Wen Liang Wang huajie Yin Dongchen Qi Porun Liu hua Gui Yang huijun Zhao Centre for Catalysis and Clean Energy Gold Coast CampusGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLD 4222Australia School of Chemical Engineering University of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia Department of Physics Illinois Institute of TechnologyChicagoIL 60616USA Key Laboratory for Ultrafine materials of ministry of Education School of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai 200237People’s Republic of China Centre for materials Science School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLD 4001Australia

Bismuth-based materials(e.g., metallic, oxides and subcarbonate) are emerged as promising electrocatalysts for converting CO_(2) to formate. however, Bio-based electrocatalysts possess high overpotentials, while bismuth oxides and subcarbonate encounter stability issues. This work is designated to exemplify that the operando synthesis can be an effective means to enhance the stability of electrocatalysts under operando CO_(2)RR conditions. A synthetic approach is developed to electrochemically convert Bi^(O)Cl into Cl-containing subcarbonate(Bi_(2)O_(2)(CO_(3))_(x)Cl_(y)) under operando CO_(2)RR conditions. The systematic operando spectroscopic studies depict that BiOCl is converted to Bi_(2)O_(2)(CO_(3))_(x)Cl_(y) via a cathodic potential-promoted anion-exchange process. The operando synthesizedBi_(2)O_(2)(CO_(3))_(x)Cl_(y) can tolerate-1.0 V versus RhE, while for the wet-chemistry synthesized pure Bi_(2)O_(2)CO_(3),the formation of metallic Bio occurs at-0.6 V versus RhE. At-0.8 V versus RhE, Bi_(2)O_(2)(CO_(3))_(x)Cl_(y) can readily attain a FEhCOO-of 97.9%,much higher than that of the pure Bi_(2)O_(2)CO_(3)(81.3%). DFT calculations indicate that differing from the pure Bi_(2)O_(2)CO_(3)-catalyzed CO_(2)RR, where formate is formed via a *OChO intermediate step that requires a high energy input energy of 2.69 eV to proceed, the formation of h COO-over Bi_(2)O_(2)(CO_(3))_(x)Cl_(y) has proceeded via a *COOh intermediate step that only requires low energy input of 2.56 eV.

关键词： Carbon dioxide reduction Chloride-containing bismuth subcarbonate Cathodic potential-promoted anion-exchange Stability

The human Role in Constructing Settlement Patterns and Landscapes:A Caution Based on Systematic Archaeological Survey in Coastal Shandong Province,China

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东方考古 2016年第1期 1-15页

作者： Gary m.Feinman Linda m.nicholas Fang hui The Field museum Shandong University

Introduction The recent advances in archaeobotany that have fostered our understanding of agricultural origins and variable crop regimes across Neolithic and Bronze Age Eastern Asia represent major contributions for which we applaud our colleagues who have presented their discoveries and results at this *** findings help us see how early villagers in this part of the world constructed diverse niches that they inhabited thousands of years ago.

关键词： Constructing Settlement Patterns Landscapes Survey