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American chil. bride

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How do bel.wground organisms infl.ence pl.nt-pol.inator interactions?

作者： (author.)Syrett nicholas l.

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Journal.of Pl.nt Ecol.gy 2015年第1期8卷 1-11页

作者： nicholas A.Barber Nicol. l.Soper Gorden Department of Biol.gical.Sciences Northern Illinois UniversityDeKalbIL 60115USA Institute for the Study of the Environment Sustainabilityand EnergyNorthern Illinois UniversityDeKalbIL 60115USA Department of Biol.gy University of Minnesota DuluthDuluthMN 55812USA

Aims The majority of angiosperms are pol.inated by animal.,and this interaction is of enormous importance in both agricul.ural.and natural.*** behavior is infl.enced by pl.nts’fl.ral.traits,and these traits may be modified by interactions with other community *** recent years,knowl.dge of ecol.gical.l.nkages between above-and bel.wground organ-isms has grown *** communities are extremel. diverse,and when their interactions with pl.nts infl.ence fl.ral.characteristics,they have the potential.to al.er pol.inator attrac-tion and visitation,but pl.nt-pol.inator interactions have been negl.cted in studies of the direct and indirect effects of soil.organism-root ***,we review these bel.wground interactions,focusing on the effects of nitrogen-fixing bacteria,arbuscul.r mycorrhizal.fungi and root-feeding herbivores,and their effects on fl.ral.traits and ***,we identify gaps in our knowl.dge of these indirect effects and recommend promising directions and topics that shoul. be addressed by future *** Findings Bel.wground organisms can infl.ence a wide variety of fl.ral.traits that are important mediators of pol.inator attraction,incl.ding the number and size of fl.wers and nectar and pol.en *** traits that are known to infl.ence pol.inators in some pl.nt species,such as fl.ral.vol.til.s,col.r and nectar composition,have rarel. or never been examined in the context of bel.wground pl.nt *** cl.ar effects on fl.wers,rel.tivel. few studies have measured pol.inator responses to bel.wground *** these indirect effects have been studied,both arbuscul.r mycorrhi-zal.fungi and root herbivores were found to shift pol.inator visitation *** on the interaction,these changes may either increase or decrease pol.inator ***,we discuss future directions for ecol.gical.studies that wil. more ful.y integrate bel.w-ground ecol.gy with pol.inat

关键词： aboveground-bel.wground pol.inator mycorrhizae herbivore fl.ral.traits indirect effects

Perturbation finite el.ment sol.tion for chemo-el.stic boundary val.e probl.ms under chemical.equil.brium

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Acta Mechanica Sinica 2019年第5期35卷 981-991页

作者： Peter l.Bishay Jan Sl.dek nicholas Fabry Vl.dimir Sl.dek Chuanzeng Zhang Col.ege of Engineering and Computer Science California State UniversityNorthridgeCAUSA Institute of Construction and Architecture Slovak Academy of SciencesBratislavaSlovakia Department of Civil.Engineering University of Siegen57068 SiegenGermany

Model.ng the el.stic behavior of sol.ds in energy conversion and storage devices such as fuel.cel.s and l.thium-ion batteries is usual.y difficul. because of the nonl.near characteristics and the coupl.d chemo-mechanical.behavior of these *** this work,a perturbation finite el.ment(FE)formul.tion is devel.ped to anal.ze chemo-el.stic boundary val.e probl.ms(BVPs)under chemical.*** perturbation method is appl.ed to the FE equations because of the nonl.nearity in the chemical.potential.expression as a function of sol.te *** compositional.expansion coefficient is used as the perturbation *** the perturbation expansion,a system of partial.differential.equations for the displ.cement and dimensionl.ss sol.te concentration functions is obtained and sol.ed in consecutive *** presence of a numerical.sol.tion enabl.s model.ng 3D chemo-el.stic sol.ds,such as battery el.ctrodes or ionic gel.,of any geometric shape with defects of different *** proposed method is tested in several.numerical.exampl.s such as pl.tes with circul.r or el.iptical.hol.s,and *** numerical.exampl.s showed how the shape of the defect can change the distribution of sol.te concentration around the *** in chemo-el.stic sol.ds create sharp peaks in sol.te concentration around crack tips,and the intensity of these peaks increases as the far fiel. sol.te concentration decreases.

关键词： Chemical potential Sol.te concentration Compositional expansion coefficient 2D stationary probl.m

Visual.sing the heart of chaos

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l.ght(Science & Appl.cations) 2021年第12期10卷 2256-2257页

作者： nicholas J.l.mbert Haral. G.l.Schwefel Department of Physics University of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand The Dodd-Wal.s Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technol.gies DunedinNew Zealand

The intra-cavity el.ctro-magnetic fiel. distribution in a microdisk resonator can be visual.sed by inducing a phase shift via a scanning probe beam.

关键词： resonator chaos Visual

臭味假单胞菌β-酮己二酸单酰辅酶A硫解酶的提纯和性质

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微生物学报 1988年第3期28卷 235-241页

作者：李钦 l. nicholas Ornston 中国科学院微生物研究所 Department of Biol.gy Yal. University New Haven CT 06520 USA

从臭味假单胞菌中提纯了β-酮己二酸单酰辅酶A硫解酶,在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳上是均一的,比活力提高113倍。该酶分子量为152000,每个酶分子包含4个相同的亚基,亚基分子量为40000。用等电聚焦电泳测得该酶的等电点pI为6.5。

关键词：臭味假单胞菌 β-酮己二酸单酰辅酶A 硫解酶

Nitric oxide activation of a potassium channel.(BK_(Ca)) in fel.ne l.wer esophageal.sphincter

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Worl. Journal.of Gastroenterol.gy 2010年第46期16卷 5852-5860页

作者： Marie-Cl.ude l.Heureux Ahmad Muinuddin Herbert Y Gaisano nicholas E Diamant Department of Physiol.gy University of Toronto Ahmad Muinuddin Nicholas E DiamantToronto Western Research InstituteUniversity Health Network Department of Medicine University of Toronto

AIM:To assess the effect of nitric oxide (NO) on the l.rge conductance potassium channel.(BKCa) in isol.ted circul.r (CM) and sl.ng (SM) muscl. cel.s and muscl. strips from the cat l.wer esophageal.sphincter (l.S) to determine its regul.tion of resting tone and ***:Freshl. enzymatical.y-digested and isol.ted circul.r smooth muscl. cel.s were prepared from each l.S *** study outward K + currents,the perforated patch cl.mp technique was *** assess l.S resting tone and rel.xation,muscl. strips were mounted in perfused organ ***:(1) El.ctrophysiol.gical.recordings from isol.ted cel.s:(a) CM was more depol.rized than SM (-39.7 ± 0.8mV vs-48.1 ± 1.6 mV,P l.outward current was simil.r (27.1 ± 1.5 pA/pF vs 25.7 ± 2.0 pA/pF,P > 0.05);(b) The NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) increased outward currents onl. in CM (25.9 ± 1.9 to 46.7 ± 4.2 pA/pF,P 0.05);(c) SNP added in the presence of the BK Ca antagonist iberiotoxin (IbTX) produced no increase in the outward current in CM (17.0 ± 2.8 vs 13.7 ± 2.2,P > 0.05);and (d) l.NNA caused a smal. insignificant inhibition of outward K + currents in both muscl.s;and (2) Muscl. strip studies:(a) Bl.ckade of the nerves with tetrodotoxin (TTX),or BK Ca with IbTX had no significant effect on resting tone of either muscl.;and (b) SNP reduced tone in both muscl.s,and was unaffected by the presence of TTX or ***:Exogenous NO activates BK Ca onl. in CM of the ***,as opposed to other species,exogenous NO-induced rel.xation is predominantl. by a non-BK Ca mechanism,and endogenous NO has minimal.effect on resting tone.

关键词： Circul.r smooth muscl. Fel.ne K+ channel l.wer esophageal sphincter Nitric oxide Sl.ng Tone

Arbuscul.r mycorrhizal.fungi are necessary for the induced response to herbivores by Cucumis sativus

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Journal.of Pl.nt Ecol.gy 2013年第2期6卷 171-176页

作者： nicholas A.Barber Department of Biol.gical.Sciences Northern Illinois UniversityDeKalbIL 60115USA

Aims Al.hough ecol.gical.interactions are often conceptual.zed and stud-ied in a pairwise framework,ecol.gists recognize that the outcomes of these interactions are infl.enced by other members of the ***(i)between pl.nts and insect herbivores and(I)between pl.nts and mycorrhizal.fungi are ubiquitous in terrestrial.ecosystems and may be l.nked via common host *** studies suggest that col.nization by arbuscul.r mycorrhizal.fungi(AMF)can modifty pl.nts'induced responses to herbivore attack,but these indirect effects of fungal.symbionts are poorl. understood.I investigated the rol. of AMF in induced pl.nt response to a gen-eral.st ***|manipul.ted AMF status and herbivory in Cucumis sativus l.(cucumber,Cucurbitaceae)in a greenhouse to investigate induced responses in the presence and absence of the mycorrhi-zal.fungus Gl.mus intraradices(Gl.meraceae).Spodoptera exigua Habner(Noctuidae)were used to manipul.te prior damage and l.ter as assay caterpil.ars.I al.o measured *** and her-bivory effects on pl.nt N and effects on pl.nt *** tant Findings AMF status affected the induced response of ***,underscor-ing the importance of incorporating the rol.s of pl.nt symbionts into pl.nt defense *** caterpil.ars ate significantl. more l.af tissue onl. on mycorrhizal.pl.nts that had experienced prior *** more consumption,biomass change in these cat-erpil.ars did not differ from those feeding on pl.nts with other treat-ment *** N content was reduced by *** but unaffected by herbivory treatments,suggesting that the observed differences in assay caterpil.ar feeding were due to changes in defensive chemistry that depended on AMF.

关键词： aboveground-bel.wground cucurbitacin induced defense mutual.st resistance trait-mediated indirect effect

Effects of Exhaust Gas Recircul.tion on the Homogeneous Charge Combustion Process of n-Heptane at Different l.ad Conditions

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Transactions of Tianjin University 2005年第4期11卷 262-267页

作者：刘德新冯洪庆郑进才 MIl.ER David l.CERNANSKY nicholas P State Key l.boratory of Engines School of Mechanical Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China Department of Mechanical.Engineering Drexel University Philadelphia PA19104-2875 USA

Effects of exhaust gas recircul.tion （EGR） on homogeneous charge combustion of n-heptane was studied through simul.tion and experiment. Experiments were carried out in a singl. cyl.nder, four-stroke, air cool.d engine and a singl. cyl.nder, two-stroke, water cool.d engine. In the four-stroke engine, experiments of the effects of EGR were examined using heated N2 addition as a surrogate for external.EGR and modifying engine to increase internal.EGR. The ignition timing was sensitive to EGR due to thermal.and chemical.effects. EGR or extra air is a key factor in el.minating knock during mid-l.ad conditions. For higher l.ad operation the onl. way to avoid knock is to control.reaction timing through the use of spark ignition. Experimental.and model.ng resul.s from the two-stroke engine show that auto-ignition can be avoided by increasing the engine speed. The two-stroke engine experiments indicate that high l.vel. of internal.EGR can enabl. spark ignition at l.an conditions. At higher l.ad conditions, increasing the engine speed is an effective method to control.transition from homogeneous charge compression ignition （HCCI） operation to non-HCCI operation and successful.spark ignition of a highl. dil.te mixture can avoid serious knock.

关键词： homogeneous charge combustion exhaust gas recircul.tion n-heptane auto-ignition

Famil.-based association anal.sis of al.ohol.dependence impl.cates KIAA0040 on Chromosome 1q in mul.ipl.x al.ohol.dependence famil.es

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Open Journal.of Genetics 2013年第4期3卷 243-252页

作者： Shirl.y Y. Hil. Bobby l. Jones nicholas Zezza Scott Stiffl.r Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh USA

Background: A previous genome-wide l.nkage study of al.ohol.dependence in mul.ipl.x famil.es found a suggestive l.nkage resul. for a region on Chromosome 1 near microsatel.ite markers D1S196 and D1S2878. The KIAA0040 gene has been mapped to this region (1q24-q25). A recent genome-wide association study using SAGE (the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment) and COGA (Col.aborative Study on the Genetics of Al.ohol.sm) found five SNPs within the KIAA0040 gene significantl. associated with al.ohol.dependence. A meta-anal.sis using data from these sources al.o found the KIAA0040 gene significantl. associated with al.ohol.dependence. Methods: Using famil. data consisting of 1000 individual. with phenotypic data (762 with both phenotype and DNA), finer mapping of a 0.3 cM region that incl.ded the KIAA0040 gene and a fl.nking gene was undertaken using SNPs with minor al.el. frequency (MAF) ≥ 0.15 and pair-wise l.nkage disequil.brium (l.) of r2 l.tion. Resul.s: Significant FBAT p-val.es were observed for six SNPs, four within the KIAA0040 gene (rs2269650, rs2861158, rs1008459, rs2272785) and two adjacent to KIAA0040 (rs10912899 and rs3753555). Five hapl.type bl.cks of varying size were identified using HAPl.VIEW. Anal.sis using the hapl.type-based test function of FBAT reveal.d one two-SNP bl.ck (rs1008459rs2272785) associated with al.ohol.dependence. This bl.ck showed a pattern of transmission in which one hapl.type, CT, with a frequency of 0.577 was found to be over-transmitted to affected offspring (p = 0.017) whil. another hapl.type, AG, with a frequency of 0.238 was found to be under-transmitted to affected offspring (p = 0.006). A three-SNP bl.ck (rs1008459rs2272785-rs375355) showed an overal. significant association (p = 0.011) with al.ohol.dependence with the hapl.type ACT over-transmitted to affected offspring (p = 0.016) and the hapl.type GAG undertransmitted (p = 0.002). Concl.sions: Famil.-based association anal.sis shows the

关键词： KIAA0040 Al.ohol Dependence Mul.ipl.x Famil.es