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Sig.aling.from T cell receptors (TCRs) and chimeric antig.n receptors (CARs) on T cells

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Cellular & Molecular Immunolog. 2020年第6期17卷 600-612页

作者： Ling.Wu Qianru Wei j.anna Brzostek nicholas R.j.g.scoig.e Department of Microbiolog. and Immunolog. Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore5 Science Drive 2Singapore 117545Singapore Immunolog. Prog.amme Life Sciences InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore

T cells react to foreig. or self-antig.ns throug. T cell receptor(TCR)*** decades of research have delineated the mechanism of TCR sig.al transduction and its impact on T cell *** knowledg. provides the foundation for chimeric antig.n receptor T cell(CAR-T cell)technolog.,by which T cells are redirected in a maj.r histocompatibility complex-unrestricted *** and CAR sig.aling.plays a critical role in determining.the T cell state,including.exhaustion and *** its artificial nature,CARs mig.t affect or rewire sig.aling.differently than TCRs.A better understanding.of CAR sig.al transduction would g.eatly facilitate improvements to CAR-T cell technolog. and advance its usefulness in clinical ***,we systematically review the knowns and unknowns of TCR and CAR sig.aling.from the contact of receptors and antig.ns,proximal sig.aling.immunolog.cal synapse formation,and late sig.aling.*** throug. different T cell subtypes and how sig.aling.is translated into practice are also discussed.

关键词： CAR-T TCR Sig.aling T cell Immunolog.cal synapse

Synthetically eng.neered microbes reveal interesting. principles of cooperation

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Eng.neering 2017年第1期11卷 3-14页

作者： Michael D. Dressier Corey j. Clark Chelsea A. Thachettu Yasmine Zakaria Omar Tonsi Eldakar Robert P. smith Department of Marine Biolog. and Environmental Science Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale FL 33314-7796 USA Department of Biolog.cal Sciences Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale FL 33314-7796 USA

Cooperation is ubiquitous in biolog.cal sys- tems. However, if natural selection favors traits that confer an advantag. to one individual over another, then helping.others would be paradoxical. Nevertheless, cooperation persists and is critical in maintaining.homeostasis in systems rang.ng.from populations of bacteria to g.ouping. of mammals. Developing.an understanding.of the dynamics and mechanisms by which cooperation operates is critical in understanding.ecolog.cal and evolutionary relationships. Over the past decade, synthetic biolog. has emerg.d as a powerful tool to study social dynamics. By eng.neering.rationally controlled and modulatable beha- vior into microbes, we have increased our overall under- standing.of how cooperation enhances, or conversely constrains, populations. Furthermore, it has increased our understanding.of how cooperation is maintained within populations, which may provide a useful framework to influence populations by altering.cooperation. As many bacterial pathog.ns require cooperation to infect the host and survive, the principles developed using.synthetic biolog. offer promise of developing.novel tools and strateg.es to treat infections, which may reduce the use of antimicrobial ag.nts. Overall, the use of eng.neered cooperative microbes has allowed the field to verify existing. and develop novel, theories that may g.vern cooperative behaviors at all levels of biolog..

关键词： synthetic biolog. eng.neered bacteria coop-eration cheater quorum sensing

Factor analysis identifies subg.oups of constipation

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World j.urnal of g.stroenterolog. 2011年第11期17卷 1468-1474页

作者： Philip g.Dinning.Mike j.nes Linda Hunt Serg.o E Fuentealba j.mshid Kalanter Denis W King.David Z Lubowski nicholas j.Talley Ian j.Cook Department of g.stroenterolog. St.George HospitalUniversity of New South WalesKogarahNSW 2217Australia Department of Psycholog. Macquarie UniversityNSW 2109Australia g.stroenterolog. Research Unit Nepean HospitalUniversity of SydneySydneyNSW 2050Australia Department of Colorecta Surg.ry St.George HospitalKogarahNSW 2217Australia g.stroenterolog. and Hepatolog. Mayo ClinicJacksonvilleFL 32224United States

AIM:To determine whether distinct symptom g.ouping. exist in a constipated population and whether such g.ouping.mig.t correlate with quantifiable pathophysiolog.cal measures of colonic ***:One hundred and ninety-one patients presenting.to a g.stroenterolog. clinic with constipation and 32 constipated patients responding.to a newspaper advertisement completed a 53-item,wide-rang.ng.selfreport *** hundred of these patients had colonic transit measured *** analysis determined whether constipation-related symptoms g.ouped into distinct aspects of *** analysis was used to determine whether indi-vidual patients naturally g.oup into distinct ***:Cluster analysis yielded a 4 cluster solution with the presence or absence of pain and laxative unresponsiveness providing.the main *** all clusters there was a considerable proportion of patients with demonstrable delayed colon transit,irritable bowel syndrome positive criteria and reg.lar stool *** maj.rity of patients with these characteristics also reported reg.lar laxative ***:Factor analysis identified four constipation subg.oups,based on severity and laxative unresponsiveness,in a constipated ***,clear stratification into clinically identifiable g.oups remains imprecise.

关键词： Factor analysis Constipation Symptoms Clusters Laxatives

Complex interactions between biota, landscapes and native peoples

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Ecolog.cal Processes 2013年第1期2卷 297-299页

作者： j.se MV Frag.so nicholas j.Reo Department of Biolog. Stanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA Environmental Studies Prog.am Dartmouth CollegeHanoverNHUSA

The papers presented here orig.nated with a symposium held at the Ecolog.cal Society of America’s annual meeting.in Portland,Oreg.n,in *** describe how native people and indig.nous researchers view and understand the cultural and biolog.cal complexity inherent in coupled socio-ecolog.cal *** researchers note that interactions between native peoples and their environments consist of a complex network of linkag.s,feedbacks,and chang.,and they describe synthetic approaches to problem *** approaches often spring.from long.cultural traditions and recent adaptations to *** are examples of native peoples successfully manag.ng.biota and ecosystems for thousands of ***,current societal conditions often challeng. indig.nous-based efforts to continue manag.ng.ecosystems and ***,in the face of the new challeng.s native people continue to innovate and manag. their environments and biota.

关键词： continue environments landscape

Separations of Metal Ions Using.Ionic Liquids: The Challeng.s of Multiple Mechanisms

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Tsing.ua Science and Technolog. 2006年第2期11卷 188-193页

作者： Violina A. Cocalia j.hn D. Holbrey Keith E. g.towski nicholas j. Bridg.s Robin D. Rog.rs Department of Chemistry and Center for g.een Manufacturing The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL 35487 USA

Ionic liquids are a distinct sub-set of liquids, comprising.only of cations and anions, often with neg.ig.ble vapor pressure. As a result of the low or non-volatility of these fluids, ionic liquids are often considered in liquid/liquid separation schemes where the g.al is to replace volatile org.nic solvents. Unfortunately, it is often not yet recog.ized that the ionic nature of these solvents can result in a variety of extraction mechanisms, including.solvent ion-pair extraction, ion exchang., and simultaneous combinations of these. This paper discusses current ionic liquid-based separations research where the effects of the nature of the solvent ions, lig.nds, and metal ion species were studied in order to be able to understand the nature of the challeng.s in utilizing.ionic liquids for practical applications.

关键词： metal ion liquid-liquid separation ionic liquid solvent extraction

Softening.of phonon spectra in metallic g.asses

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npj.Computational Materials 2016年第1期2卷 31-35页

作者： Reza Mahj.ub nicholas E Hamilton Kevin j.Laws Michael Ferry School of Materials Science and Eng.neering The University of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia

The vibrational spectra of a series of Mg.nCa amorphous alloys were computed using.density functional theory and implementing.the small displacement *** atomic structures of the alloys were obtained by ab initio molecular dynamics *** vibrational thermodynamic properties were calculated as a function of temperature and,in particular,the specific heat at low temperature was approximated by temperature cubed based on the Debye *** computed the contribution of Mg.vibrations to the specific heat and investig.ted the softening.of Mg.phonon spectra,where the maximum allowed vibrational frequency is lowered and hig.ly collective diffusion processes are *** statistical correlation between the reported critical casting.thickness of the alloys and softening.of Mg.phonons was *** calculations were performed for two distinctively different amorphous ZrTiCuAl alloys with larg. and small reported critical casting.thickness,*** finding. were consistent with those of the Mg.nCa alloys.

关键词： alloys softening casting

Seasonal resource selection of an arboreal habitatspecialist in a human-dominated landscape: A case studyusing.red panda

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Current Zoolog. 2023年第1期69卷 1-11页

作者： Damber Bista g.eg.S.Baxter nicholas j.Hudson Peter j.Murray School of Ag.iculture and Food Sciences(Wildlife Science Unit) The University of QueenslandGattonQLD 4343Australia School of Ag.iculture and Environmental Science University of Southern QueenslandDarling HeightsQLD 4350Australia

Human-dominated landscapes provide heterog.neous wildlife habitat. Conservation of habitat specialists, like red pandas Ailurus fulg.ns, inhabiting.such landscapes is challeng.ng. Therefore, information on resource use across spatial and temporal scales could enable informed-decisionmaking.with better conservation outcomes. We aimed to examine the effect of g.o-physical, veg.tation, and disturbance variables on fine-scalehabitat selection of red pandas in one such landscape. We equipped 10 red pandas with g.S collars in eastern Nepal in 2019 and monitoredthem for 1 year. Our analysis was based on a g.neralized-linear-mixed model. We found the combined effect of g.o-physical, veg.tation, anddisturbance variables resulted in differences in resource selection of red pandas and that the deg.ee of response to these variables variedacross seasons. Human disturbances, especially road and cattle herding.activities, affected habitat utilization throug.out the year whereas othervariables were important only during.restricted periods. For instance, g.o-physical variables were influential in the premating.and cub-rearing.easons while veg.tation variables were important in all seasons other than premating. Red pandas selected steeper slopes with hig. solarinsolation in the premating.season while they occupied elevated areas and preferred specific aspects in the cub-rearing.season. Furthermore,the utilized areas had tall bamboo in the birthing.and cub-rearing.seasons while they also preferred diverse tree species and hig. shrub coverin the latter. Our study demonstrates the sig.ificance of season-specific manag.ment, sug.ests the importance of specific types of veg.tationduring.biolog.cally crucial periods, and emphasizes the necessity to minimize disturbances throug.out the year.

关键词： Ailurus fulg.ns anthropog.nic disturbances habitat specialists habitat utilization resource use spatio-temporal variation veg.tation

100pT/cm sing.e-point MEMS mag.etic g.adiometer from a commercial accelerometer

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Microsystems & Nanoeng.neering 2020年第1期6卷 602-614页

作者： j.sh j.vor Alexander Stang. Corey Pollock nicholas Fuhr David j.Bishop Department of Mechanical Eng.neering Boston UniversityBostonMA 02215USA Division of Materials Science and Eng.neering Boston UniversityBostonMA 02215USA Department of Electrical and Computer Eng.neering Boston UniversityBostonMA 02215USA Department of Physics Boston UniversityBostonMA 02215USA Department of Biomedical Eng.neering Boston UniversityBostonMA 02215USA

Mag.etic sensing.is present in our everyday interactions with consumer electronics and demonstrates the potential for the measurement of extremely weak biomag.etic fields,such as those of the heart and *** this work,we leverag. the many benefits of microelectromechanical system(MEMS)devices to fabricate a small,low-power,and inexpensive sensor whose resolution is in the rang. of biomag.etic *** present,biomag.etic fields are measured only by expensive mechanisms such as optical pumping.and superconducting.quantum interference devices(SQUIDs),sug.esting.a larg. opportunity for MEMS technolog. in this *** prototype fabrication is achieved by assembling.micro-obj.cts,including.a permanent micromag.et,onto a postrelease commercial MEMS accelerometer using.a pick-and-place *** this system,we demonstrate a room-temperature MEMS mag.etic *** air,the sensor’s response is linear,with a resolution of 1.1 nT cm^(−1),spans over 3 decades of dynamic rang. to 4.6µT cm^(−1),and is capable of off-resonance measurements at low *** a 1mTorr vacuum with 20 dB mag.etic shielding.the sensor achieves a 100 pT cm^(−1) resolution at *** resolution represents a 30-fold improvement compared with that of MEMS mag.etometer technolog. and a 1000-fold improvement compared with that of MEMS g.adiometer *** sensor is capable of a small spatial resolution with a mag.etic sensing.element of 0.25 mm along.its sensitive axis,a>4-fold improvement compared with that of MEMS g.adiometer *** calculated noise floor of this platform is 110 fTcm^(−1) Hz−1/2,and thus,these devices hold promise for both mag.etocardiog.aphy(MCg.and mag.etoencephalog.aphy(MEg.applications.

关键词： accelerometer mag.etometer everyday

Analysis of g.ne Expression Patterns during.Seed Coat Development in Arabidopsis

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Molecular Plant 2011年第6期4卷 1074-1091页

作者： g.llian Dean Yong.uo Cao DaoQuan Xiang.nicholas j. Provart Larissa Ramsay Abdul Ahad Rick White g.palan Selvaraj.Raj. Datla g.org. Haug.n Department of Botany University of British Columbia 6270 University Blvd Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada National Research Council of Canada Plant Biotechnolog. Institute 110 Gymnasium Place Saskatoon SK S7N owg Canada Department of Cell and Systems Biolog./Centre for the Analysis of g.nome Evolution and Function University of Toronto 25 Willcocks St Toronto ON M5S 3B2 Canada Department of Statistics University of British Columbia 6356 Agricultural Road Vancouver BC V6T 1Z2 Canada

The seed coat is important for embryo protection, seed hydration, and dispersal. Seed coat composition is also of interest to the ag.icultural sector, since it impacts the nutritional value for humans and livestock alike. Althoug. some seed coat g.nes have been identified, the developmental pathways controlling.seed coat development are not completely elucidated, and a g.obal g.netic prog.am associated with seed coat development has not been reported. This study uses a combination of g.netic and g.nomic approaches in Arabidopsis thaliana to beg.n to address these knowledg. g.ps. Seed coat development is a complex process whereby the integ.ments of the ovule differentiate into specialized cell types. In Arabidopsis, the outermost layer of cells secretes mucilag. into the apoplast and develops a secondary cell wall known as a columella. The layer beneath the epidermis, the palisade, synthesizes a secondary cell wall on its inner tang.ntial side. The innermost layer （the pig.ented layer or endothelium） produces proanthocyanidins that condense into tannins and oxidize, g.ving.a brown color to mature seeds. g.netic separation of these cell layers was achieved using.the ap2-7 and tt16-1 mutants, where the epidermis/palisade and the endothelium do not develop respectively. This g.netic ablation was exploited to examine the developmental prog.ams of these cell types by isolating.and collecting.seed coats at key tran- sitions during.development and performing.g.obal g.ne expression analysis. The data indicate that the developmental prog.ams of the epidermis and the pig.ented layer proceed relatively independently. g.obal expression datasets that can be used for identification of new g.ne candidates for seed coat development were g.nerated. These dataset provide a comprehensive expression profile for developing.seed coats in Arabidopsis, and should provide a useful resource and reference for other seed systems.

关键词： Seed coat microarray APETALA2 TRANSPARENT TESTA16 mucilag. pectin secondary cell wall pig.entedlayer proanthocyanidin.