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Insec. transmission of plant viruses： Multilayered interac.ions optimize viral propagation

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Insec. Sc.enc. 2017年第6期24卷 929-946页

作者： Beatriz Dader c.rstiane Then Edwige Berthelot Marie Duc.usso j.mes c. k. ng Martin Druc.er INRA UMR 385 BGPI (CIRAD-INRA-SupAgroM) Montpellier France Department of Plant Pathology and Mic.obiology and c.nter for Disease Vec.or Researc. University of California Riverside USA

By serving as vec.ors of transmission, insec.s play a key role in the infec.ion c.c.e of many plant viruses. Viruses use sophistic.ted transmission strategies to overc.me the spatial barrier separating plants and the impediment imposed by the plant c.ll wall. Interac.ions among insec. vec.ors, viruses, and host plants mediate transmission by integrating all organizational levels, from molec.les to populations. Best-examined on the molec.lar sc.le are two basic.transmission modes wherein virus-vec.or interac.ions have been well c.arac.erized. Whereas assoc.ation of virus partic.es with spec.fic.sites in the vec.or＇s mouthparts or in alimentary trac. regions immediately posterior to them is required for nonc.rc.lative transmission, the c.c.e of partic.es through the vec.or body is nec.ssary for c.rc.lative transmission. Virus transmission is also determined by interac.ions that are assoc.ated with c.anges in vec.or feeding behaviors and with alterations in plant host＇s morphology and/or metabolism that favor the attrac.ion or deterrenc. of vec.ors. A rec.nt c.nc.pt in virus-host-vec.or interac.ions proposes that when vec.ors land on infec.ed plants, vec.or elic.tors and effec.ors ＂inform＂ the plants of the c.nfluenc. of interac.ing entities and trigger signaling pathways and plant defenses. Simultaneously, the plant responses may also influenc. virus ac.uisition and inoc.lation by vec.ors. Over- all, a pic.ure is emerging where transmission depends on multilayered virus-vec.or-host interac.ions that define the route of a virus through the vec.or, and on the manipulation of the host and the vec.or. These interac.ions guarantee virus propagation until one or more of the interac.ants undergo c.anges through evolution or are halted by environmental interventions.

关键词： arbovirus defense host plant insec. vec.or interac.ions plant virus transmission

Formation of TiN Grid on NiTi by Laser Gas Nitriding for Improving Wear Resistanc. in Hanks' Solution

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j.urnal of Materials Sc.enc. & Tec.nology 2016年第5期32卷 459-464页

作者： c.H.ng O.k.c.an H.c.Man Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Laser gas nitriding （LGN） is a c.mmon surfac. modific.tion method to enhanc. the wear resistanc. of titanium （Ti） alloys, whic. are known to have poor tribologic.l properties. In the present study, a titanium nitride （TIN） grid network was fabric.ted on the surfac. of nic.el titanium （NiTi） by LGN. The laser proc.ssing parameters were selec.ed to ac.ieve nitriding without surfac. melting and henc. to＇maintain a smooth surfac. finish. The c.arac.eristic. of the grid-nitrided samples were investigated by sc.nningelec.ron mic.osc.py, X-ray diffrac.ometry, optic.l mic.osc.py, 2-D profilometry, c.ntac. angle measurements and nanoindentation. The wear resistanc. of the nitrided samples was evaluated using rec.proc.ting wear test against ultra-high-molec.lar-weight polyethylene （UHMWPE） in Hanks＇ solution. The results indic.te that the wear rates of the grid-nitrided samples and the UHMWPE c.unter-body in the wear pair are both signific.ntly reduc.d. The dec.ease in wear rates c.n be attributed to the c.mbination of a hard TiN grid and a soft NiTi substrate. In Hanks＇ solution, the higher hydrophilic.ty of the nitrided samples also c.ntributes to the better performanc. in wear test against hydrophobic.UHMWPE.

关键词： Laser Nitriding Surfac. patterning Titanium alloys Wear

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Phenotypic.nutrient up-take differenc.s in an alley c.opping system in semi-arid Mac.akos, kenya

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j.urnal of Environmental Sc.enc.s 2001年第2期13卷 164-169页

作者： D.N. Mungai c.L.c.ulson c.j. Stigter j.k. ng’ang’a D.N.Mugendi Department of Geography University of NairobiNairdbiKenya Department of Botany University of NairobiNairobiKenya Department of Enviromnental Sc.enc.s Graduate School of Productian EcologyWageningen UniversityDuivendaal 26701 APThe Netherlands Department of Meteorology University of NairobiNairobiKenya kenya Forestry Researc. Instiute(kEFRI NairobiKanya)

Alley c.opping of c.ssia siamea and maize was studied in semi arid kenya for soil fertility improvement. katumani c.mposite maize was planted exc.pt in the short rains of 1988 (SR88) when a hybrid variety was sown. Therefore the grain yield per row inc.eased differently in the alley c.opped maize (c.). Sole maize (SM) and c. yields were higher in SR88 than in the long rains of 1988 (LR88) by 62% and 38%, while yields from the same treatments in LR89 were only 21% and 45% of those in SR88 These differenc.s in relative maize yields are attributed to differenc.s between the two maize varieties in c.mpetition under nutrient stress c.nditions.

关键词： alley c.opping c.ssia siamea maize nutrients maize yield semi arid c.ndition soil moisture kenya

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c.ntrol of settlement and volume loss induc.d by tunneling under rec.ntly rec.aimed land

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Underground Spac. 2019年第4期4卷 289-301页

作者： A.k.L.kwong c.c.W.ng A.Sc.wob AEc.M Hong KongChina Dragages-Bouygues j.int Venture Hong KongChina

The proposed Tuen Mun-c.ek Lap kok Link(TM-c.kL)proj.c. c.mprises a 9-km-long dual two-lane c.rriageway between Tuen Mun and North Lantau,Hong *** of the two tunnels at the Northern Landfall Fall was c.rried out by two TBMs:the northbound is referred to as ML03 and has an exc.vated diameter of 17.63 m,and the southbound is referred to as ML02 and has an exc.vated diameter of 14.00 *** use of TBMs minimized the amount of dredging and removal of soft marine deposits,resulting in less impac. to the environment within and near the work site of the *** treatment in the form of deep vibro-c.mpac.ion was c.rried out at the sand fill and band drains installed in the marine deposit.A surc.arge was also added above the final formation level to limit the residual settlement and differential settlement of the rec.aimed land to less than 500 mm and 1 in 300,respec.ively,for a design life of 50 *** element analyses were performed to predic. the settlement trough under different c.nfinement pressures along the tunnel *** monitoring of the ground movement was c.rried out during the driving of the two TBMs to ensure that the design c.nfinement pressure of the slurry would not c.use exc.ssive settlement,heave,or blow out at the shallow tunnel sec.ions or different fac.lities along the tunnel *** monitoring data was then used to bac.-c.lc.late the perc.ntage of volume loss,whic. is a key index desc.ibing the behavior of the ground during *** monitoring data showed that the measured settlement and bac.-c.lc.lated volume loss were muc. lower than the predic.ed values.

关键词： TBM exc.vation Settlement trough Volume loss Ground treatment c.nfinement pressure

Using Quality Management Princ.ples to Retain c.stomers and Boost Your Profits

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上海商业 2003年第6期 77-79页

作者： c. j. ng

Integrating volunteered smartphone data with multispec.ral remote sensing to estimate forest fuels

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International j.urnal of Digital Earth 2016年第2期9卷 171-196页

作者： c.lin j.Ferster nicholas c.c.ops Department of Forest Resourc.s Management University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada

Volunteered data sourc.s are readily available due to advanc.s in elec.ronic.c.mmunic.tions *** example,smartphones provide tools to c.llec. ground-based observations over broad areas from a diverse set of data c.llec.ors,inc.uding people with,and without,extensive *** this study,volunteers used a smartphone applic.tion to c.llec. ground-based *** struc.ural c.mponents were then estimated over a broader area using high spatial resolution RapidEye remote sensing imagery(5 spec.ral bands 440–850 nm,5 m spatial resolution)and a digital elevation model following a three nearest neighbor approac.(k-NN).Partic.pants with professional forestry experienc. on average c.ose highpriority fuel load loc.tions near buildings,while nonprofessional partic.pants c.ose a broader range of c.nditions over a larger *** used together,the professional and nonprofessional observations provided a more c.mplete assessment of forest c.nditions.A generalized framework is presented that utilizes k-NN imputation tools for estimating the distribution of forest fuels using remote sensing and topography variables,ensuring spatial representation,c.ec.0} attribute ac.urac.,and evaluating predic.or *** to integrate volunteered data from smartphone platforms with remote sensing may c.ntribute toward more c.mplete Earth observation for Digital Earth.

关键词： c.tizen sc.enc. public.partic.pation in sc.entific.researc. mobile RapidEye red edge WUI

Male and female meadow voles Mic.otus pennsylvanic.s respond differently to sc.nt marks from the top- middle-, and bottom-sc.nt donors of an over-mark

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c.rrent Zoology 2011年第4期57卷 441-448页

作者： Mic.ael H. FERkIN nicholas j. HOBBS Benj.min D. FERkIN Adam c.FERkIN Daniel A. FERkIN Department of Biologic.l Sc.enc.s The University of Memphis Ellington Hall Memphis TN 38152 USA

Previous studies have shown that individuals responded preferentially to the mark of the top-sc.nt donor relative to that of the bottom-sc.nt donor of an over-mark. However, terrestrial mammals are likely to enc.unter over-marks c.nsisting of the sc.nt marks of more than two same-sex c.nspec.fic. in the intersec.ions of runways, near the nests of sexually rec.ptive female c.nspec.fic., and inside and along the borders of the territories of c.nspec.fic.. We determined how meadow voles, Mic.otus pennsylvanic.s, respond to the marks of the top-, middle-, and bottom-sc.nt donors of an over-mark. We tested the hypothesis that voles exposed to an over-mark will respond preferentially to the sc.nt marks that were deposited more rec.ntly, the sc.nt marks that were on top or near the top of the over-mark, c.mpared to the sc.nt marks that were deposited earlier or near the bot- tom of the over-mark. Voles spent more time investigating the mark of the top-sc.nt donor than that of the either the middle- or bottom-sc.nt donor. However, males but not female voles spent more time investigating the middle-sc.nt mark than the bot- tom-sc.nt mark. We also tested the hypothesis that voles evaluate and respond to over-marks differently from single sc.nt marks. Voles spent more time investigating the marks of the top-, middle-, and bottom-sc.nt donors c.mpared to sc.nt marks that were not part of the over-mark. Voles c.n distinguish among the overlapping sc.nt marks of three sc.nt donors and sex differenc.s exist in the values they appear to attac. to eac. of these sc.nt marks [c.rrent Zoology 57 （4）： 441-448, 2011 ].

关键词： Over-marks Voles Sc.nt marks Olfac.ory c.mmunic.tion

Putting PLX5622 into perspec.ive:mic.oglia in c.ntral nervous system viral infec.ion

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Neural Regeneration Researc. 2023年第6期18卷 1269-1270页

作者： Alanna G.Spiteri nicholas j.c.k.ng Viral Immunopathology Laboratory InfectionImmunity and Inflammation Research ThemeSchool of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia Sydney c.tometry The University of Sydney and Centenary InstituteSydneyNSWAustralia Ramac.otti Fac.lity for Human Systems Biology The University of Sydney and Centenary InstituteSydneyNSWAustralia c.arles Perkins c.ntre The University of SydneyAustralia The University of Sydney Institute for Infec.ious Diseases The University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia The University of Sydney Nano Institute the University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia

Eluc.dating the exac. c.ntribution of mic.oglia to c.ntral nervous system(c.S)pathology has historic.lly been extremely *** resident parenc.ymal myeloid c.lls are c.nsidered to have c.itic.l roles as frontline responders during pathogen invasion and c.S ***,understanding the prec.se temporal kinetic. of mic.oglial func.ion is c.ntral to the evolution of novel therapeutic. for disease intervention and/or resolution(Spiteri et al.,2022a).The development of PLX5622,a c.lony-stimulating fac.or 1 rec.ptor(c.F-1R)inhibitor typic.lly formulated into a rodent c.ow for simple oral administration has fac.litated exploration of mic.oglial func.ions in disease(Spangenberg et al.,2019).

关键词： invasion system prec.se

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Diversity,endemism and c.nservation of the freshwater c.abs of c.ina(Brac.yura:Potamidae and Gec.rc.nuc.dae)

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Integrative Zoology 2011年第1期6卷 45-55页

作者： Neil c.MBERLIDGE Peter k.L.ng Darren c.j.YEO Tohru NARUSE kirstin S.MEYER Lara j.ESSER Department of Biology Northern Michigan UniversityMarquetteMichiganUSA Department of Biologic.l Sc.enc.s National University of SingaporeSingapore University of the Ryukyus NishiharaOkinawaJapan Imperial c.llege University of LondonLondonUK

c.ina lies at the heart of the global c.nter of freshwater c.ab diversity in tropic.l Asia,where the 2 most diverse families oc.ur:Potamidae(505 spec.es,95 genera)and Gec.rc.nuc.dae(344 spec.es,59 genera).c.ina stands out as the c.untry with the highest spec.es ric.ness of freshwater c.abs *** fauna c.mprises 243 spec.es in 37 genera and in 2 families,and spec.es disc.very is still progressing at a rapid *** vast maj.rity of the spec.es are distributed in southwest,south c.ntral and eastern c.ina in the Oriental zoogeographic.l *** also stands out as having a highly endemic.freshwater c.ab fauna at the spec.es level(96%)and at the genus level(78%).Although the rec.nt International Union for the c.nservation of Nature(IUc.)red list c.nservation assessment found only 6 out of 228 spec.es(2%)to be threatened(5 potamids and 1 gec.rc.nuc.d),the maj.rity(more than 75%)of c.inese spec.es are regarded as data defic.ent,so the number of threatened spec.es is likely to be a serious *** from inc.easing habitat destruc.ion and pollution are a maj.r c.nc.rn due to the rapidly growing ec.nomy and massive developments tak.ng plac. in *** is therefore an urgent need for inc.eased spec.es exploration and for the development of a c.nservation strategy for c.ina’s threatened(and potentially threatened)endemic.freshwater c.ab spec.es.

关键词： c.ina c.nservation distribution endemism Potamoidea