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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are necessary for the induced response to herbivores by Cucumis sativus

Journal of Plant Ecology 2013年第2期6卷 171-176页

作者： nicholas a.barber Department of Biological Sciences Northern Illinois UniversityDeKalbIL 60115USA

Aims Although ecological interactions are often conceptualized and stud-ied in a pairwise framework,ecologists recognize that the outcomes of these interactions are influenced by other members of the ***(i)between plants and insect herbivores and(I)between plants and mycorrhizal fungi are ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems and may be linked via common host *** studies suggest that colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)can modifty plants'induced responses to herbivore attack,but these indirect effects of fungal symbionts are poorly understood.I investigated the role of AMF in induced plant response to a gen-eralist ***|manipulated AMF status and herbivory in Cucumis sativus L.(cucumber,Cucurbitaceae)in a greenhouse to investigate induced responses in the presence and absence of the mycorrhi-zal fungus Glomus intraradices(Glomeraceae).Spodoptera exigua Habner(Noctuidae)were used to manipulate prior damage and later as assay caterpillars.I also measured *** and her-bivory effects on plant N and effects on plant *** tant Findings AMF status affected the induced response of ***,underscor-ing the importance of incorporating the roles of plant symbionts into plant defense *** caterpillars ate significantly more leaf tissue only on mycorrhizal plants that had experienced prior *** more consumption,biomass change in these cat-erpillars did not differ from those feeding on plants with other treat-ment *** N content was reduced by *** but unaffected by herbivory treatments,suggesting that the observed differences in assay caterpillar feeding were due to changes in defensive chemistry that depended on AMF.

关键词： aboveground-belowground cucurbitacin induced defense mutualist resistance trait-mediated indirect effect

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Plant responses to arbuscular mycorrhizae under elevated temperature and drought

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2017年第4期10卷 692-701页

作者： Phyllis H.Pischl nicholas a.barber Department of Biological Sciences Northern Illinois UniversityDeKalbIL 60115USA Institute for the Study of the Environment Sustainabilityand EnergyNorthern Illinois UniversityDeKalbIL 60115USA

Aims Climate change is predicted to cause both increased temperatures and changes in precipitation,leading to more severe droughts in some *** these changes will affect plant growth may depend in part on biotic *** vascular plants form symbiotic rela-tionships with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF),root symbionts that provide soil nutrients to plants in exchange for carbohydrates,which may reduce the effects of environmental stresses on *** investigated if AMF modified temperature and drought effects on plant growth,fitness and defenses against *** We manipulated AMF presence,temperature and water availability on bell pepper plants(Capsicum annuum L.)in a field setting to measure plant growth and fitness *** a growth chamber experiment,we also investigated if AMF influenced insect herbi-vores feeding on plants at elevated *** findings Drought consistently reduced plant growth,and AMF did not change drought ***,with sufficient water,AMF tended to benefit plant growth and flower production(but not fruit production)compared to non-mycorrhizal *** the growth chamber,temperature and AMF influenced plant protein and phos-phorus contents,but not defensive chemistry or herbivore ***,AMF may ameliorate the effects of temperature stress due to climate change on plants by increasing growth and nutrient content,but these effects do not extend to the constitutive herbivory defenses examined here.

关键词： aboveground-belowground arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi climate change drought herbivore indirect effects

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How do belowground organisms influence plant-pollinator interactions?

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2015年第1期8卷 1-11页

作者： nicholas a.barber Nicole L.Soper Gorden Department of Biological Sciences Northern Illinois UniversityDeKalbIL 60115USA Institute for the Study of the Environment Sustainabilityand EnergyNorthern Illinois UniversityDeKalbIL 60115USA Department of Biology University of Minnesota DuluthDuluthMN 55812USA

Aims The majority of angiosperms are pollinated by animals,and this interaction is of enormous importance in both agricultural and natural *** behavior is influenced by plants’floral traits,and these traits may be modified by interactions with other community *** recent years,knowledge of ecological linkages between above-and belowground organ-isms has grown *** communities are extremely diverse,and when their interactions with plants influence floral characteristics,they have the potential to alter pollinator attrac-tion and visitation,but plant-pollinator interactions have been neglected in studies of the direct and indirect effects of soil organism-root ***,we review these belowground interactions,focusing on the effects of nitrogen-fixing bacteria,arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and root-feeding herbivores,and their effects on floral traits and ***,we identify gaps in our knowledge of these indirect effects and recommend promising directions and topics that should be addressed by future *** Findings Belowground organisms can influence a wide variety of floral traits that are important mediators of pollinator attraction,including the number and size of flowers and nectar and pollen *** traits that are known to influence pollinators in some plant species,such as floral volatiles,color and nectar composition,have rarely or never been examined in the context of belowground plant *** clear effects on flowers,relatively few studies have measured pollinator responses to belowground *** these indirect effects have been studied,both arbuscular mycorrhi-zal fungi and root herbivores were found to shift pollinator visitation *** on the interaction,these changes may either increase or decrease pollinator ***,we discuss future directions for ecological studies that will more fully integrate below-ground ecology with pollinat

关键词： aboveground-belowground pollinator mycorrhizae herbivore floral traits indirect effects

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《音乐之声》:歌声飘过50年

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新东方英语（中英文版） 2015年第7期 60-64页

作者： nicholas barber 阿诺

不必关注尼尔‘帕特里克·哈里斯的内裤，也不必在意帕特丽夏‘阿奎特发表的政治性言论。在今年的奥斯卡颁奖礼上，Lady Gaga献唱时才是最引人注目的一划：为了庆祝影片《音乐之声》上映50周年，她演唱了片中的歌曲串烧。谁能预料到这... 详细信息

不必关注尼尔‘帕特里克·哈里斯的内裤，也不必在意帕特丽夏‘阿奎特发表的政治性言论。在今年的奥斯卡颁奖礼上，Lady Gaga献唱时才是最引人注目的一划：为了庆祝影片《音乐之声》上映50周年，她演唱了片中的歌曲串烧。谁能预料到这样的一幕呢？舞台上，这位曾以一身“生肉装”亮相的前卫电子流行乐歌星如今身着一袭塞率作响的白色礼服长裙，用清晰的英国口音大声演唱《我最心爱的东西》这首歌。

关键词：《音乐之声》歌声帕特里克哈里斯奥斯卡流行乐演唱政治

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在当前英国,我们反对制定成文宪法

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山西高等学校社会科学学报 2015年第2期27卷 57-61页

作者：尼古拉斯.巴伯朱铮牛津大学中国政法大学北京100088

自1998年《人权法案》实施以来,英国宪法面临着来自国内和欧盟的双重挑战。在国内,法院获得了对议会主要立法作"不一致宣告"的权力,由于议会尊重法院的宣告,往往对不符合欧盟法的主要立法进行修改,司法权因此而发展,甚至已经形成了挑战... 详细信息

自1998年《人权法案》实施以来,英国宪法面临着来自国内和欧盟的双重挑战。在国内,法院获得了对议会主要立法作"不一致宣告"的权力,由于议会尊重法院的宣告,往往对不符合欧盟法的主要立法进行修改,司法权因此而发展,甚至已经形成了挑战议会主权的态势。这引发了废止《人权法案》与限缩法官权力的改革呼声。另一方面,议员任期、下议院对战争的表决权、上议院终身制改革等议题也成为宪法改革的助推力。欧盟方面,欧盟法常常与英国议会立法不一致,欧盟法院的判决在英国国内的效力也总引起争议。鉴于此,有学者提出了制定成文宪法的改革方案。该文对此进行了反思,认为制定成文宪法将零散的改革事项捆绑在一起,很难证成其合理性;同时,某些宪法惯例无法成文法化,即便写入宪法也很难实施,而不能实施的宪法不具有可适用性。而不成文宪法具有模糊性优点,可以调整王室和首相、首相与阁员间的关系,搁置欧洲议会和英国议会间的效力高低之争,使任何一方都能在现行宪制框架下和平共存,这无疑是一种成功的宪制安排。当下的英国,旧的宪政秩序正逐步瓦解,新的宪政秩序尚未建立,制定成文宪法风险极大,其必要性也存在疑问。故反对制定一部成文宪法。

关键词：英国宪法成文宪法宪法改革人权法案欧盟法

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