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作者： ngwoke charles chukwudi（查理斯）山东大学

学位级别：硕士

中国的对非外交政策追及历史,尽管在方法与途径上有所改变,但是从未触及根本原则。目前的外交政策格局与当时政策制定的历史大背景是一致的,也就是说中国对非外交仍然遵循(和平共处)基本原则。(和平共处五项基本原则蕴含着中国外交政策... 详细信息

中国的对非外交政策追及历史,尽管在方法与途径上有所改变,但是从未触及根本原则。目前的外交政策格局与当时政策制定的历史大背景是一致的,也就是说中国对非外交仍然遵循(和平共处)基本原则。(和平共处五项基本原则蕴含着中国外交政策与外交关系的基本原则。)然而,由于国内政治与国际环境的改变,中国对非政策的方法和具体实施因此起起伏伏：根据由不断变化的可变因素带来的具体时间表而改变形式。20世纪50年代至70年代,中国的非洲政策主要围绕极力维护中国以及非洲国家的主权和独立而展开。冷战之风径直吹向边缘国家,导致反对帝国主义的“不结盟运动”的产生。作为一个事实上的发展中国家的“领头羊”,中国脱颖而出,捍卫自身的思想建设。20世纪80年代和90年代,中国外交政策的主要着眼点是防止非洲和南美洲国家承认台湾。(阎学通,“中国的国家利益分析”,第二卷,P114.天津人民出版社,1997年8月出版)台湾当时通过公共外交和对其经济优势的使用,试图限制中国在非洲和其他大陆不断增长的参与。这种竞争被一些非洲国家所利用。尼日尔共和国在1992年同时与中国大陆和台湾发展关系,直到后来选择与台湾建立,最后于1996年又转向中国。塞内加尔于1996年第三次转向台湾。1998年,伴随中国的信心和能力的增加,南非与台湾断绝关系。利比里亚和塞内加尔分别在2004年和于2005年如此效仿。2006年8月,乍得与中国的外交关系恢复正常化;马拉维紧随其后,在2007年也恢复了与中国的外交关系。截至2012年,除了四个非洲国家布基纳法索,圣多美和普林西比,斯威士兰,冈比亚之外,已有50个非洲国家承认一个中国的原则,中国成功地实现了重新团结非洲的政治目标。从20世纪90年代和2001年,中国转变成一个正在进行现代化的国家。从20世纪90年代不断增长的能源需求大大超出国内生产能力。实用主义开始在外交政策上占据主导地位,中国鼓励走出去寻求能源安全、材料和新的市场的全球战略。尽管中国有更为长期的与政治外交相关的战略,但是不能否认的是中国自2001年以来的对非外交本质上由经济外交因素驱使。(这包括中非在共同反对霸权主义强权政治和不平等国际规则时的互相支持,联合国人权会议上由发达国家提交的反对中国“人权记录”的11项提议。关于经济外交,论文引用了来自中国、非洲和其他国家的学者和高层政治官员的观点和说明。比如Li Anshan, He Wepeng, Adams Bodomo, Osita Ezeh, Liu Guijin)贺文萍指出,“中国的非洲政策超越了单纯追求资源的需求。相反,了解中国的非洲政策,关键是采取更为深远的看法,将中国的总体外交战略追求和中国的全球地位以及其为经济持续发展和在重要的全球问题上需要获取政治支持而做出的努力结合在一起。”[贺文萍,“中国非洲政策的平衡行为：超越资源,载于《中国安全》第3卷第3期,2007夏季刊,p.24。2007世界安全研究所]新出现的现象显示中国对非洲外交政策上的“三管齐下”：i.是中国经济发展主导的外交政策的广泛光谱的一部分;ii.中国线性发展模型的巩固和投影：是中国的历史延续性、现代的吸引力、软权力以及作为不同于西方对外关系和发展模式的替代方式的一部分。[请参考“中国模式：福山与张玮玮之间的对话,新视角季刊,民主制度研究中心,2011秋季,28(4)第40-67页]。iii.在南南合作方面建立一个更广泛的伙伴网络,以在许多地区和全球问题上支持中国,从而保持与发达北方国家的平衡(而非对抗)。国家利益、国际和地区环境、其他角色的行为,在互相依赖中的竞争等因素都在影响着外交政策。相互依存的其他国家根据自身的能力与国际形势,通过这个互相作用互相循环的过程获取利益与好处。[乔纳森·特纳,人权机构：社会进化理论,(Rowman and Littlefield,2004) p.259]针对这些因素,加上外交政策实施过程中的协调和控制问题,理性主义与实用主义倾向于某些机构的出现如中非合作论坛(FOCAC)来管理这些复杂的力量。在最一般的水平,这种关系围绕物质资本与经济发展展开。在互相依存的竞争中,地缘政治政策通过外交政策来实现-所有的政策制定都为如何获得其他社会的资源和市场服务,反过来这能够决定资源和市场获得、制度构建、生产力和分配过程的水平和形象。最终的目标,是经济和政治关系的诸多交易过程中的资本交换。在双边关系的水平上(国家-国家),中国关注经济外交和发展问题,然而在多变关系上(非洲联盟、中非合作论坛),对话集中于非常广泛的问题上,重点在于建立政治基础、支撑和框架以加强经济合作协议,巩固“友好伙伴关系”作为缓冲西方国家在某些全球问题和其他地区事务上施加的压力和非对称条件。如非洲联盟被设想为在地区和全球事

关键词： China African Countries Foreign Policy Mutual Respect Win-Win Economic Diplomacy Resources-for-Infrastructure South-South Cooperation

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Screening of Rice Accessions for Tolerance to Drought and Salt Stress Using Morphological and Physiological Parameters

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2020年第12期11卷 2080-2102页

作者： chukwudi Umego Valentine Otang Ntui Effiom Eyo Ita charles Opara Edak Aniedi Uyoh Department of Genetics and Biotechnology University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria International Institute for Tropical Agriculture Nairobi Kenya

Drought and salinity are the most widespread soil problems, posing a big threat to food security in rice growing regions. The present study evaluated the performance of eleven rice genotypes using morphological and physiological parameters, under induced drought and salinity conditions. The seedlings were raised in 5 kg of homogenous soil in plastic bags in the greenhouse. For the drought experiment, each bag was watered with 200 ml of water twice daily until plants reached the five-leaf stage when watering was suspended for 2 weeks for the drought stressed plants but not suspended for the control plants. The experiment was a 2 × 11 factorial and the set up was arranged using the completely randomized design with three replications. Data were taken on Plant height, Number of tillers, leaf length, Number of green leaves, Number of dead leaves, Leaf rolling score (LRS) and Rate of water loss. The salinity experiment was set up in a similar manner except that the plants were irrigated twice a day for 2 weeks with 200 ml of treatment solution containing either 0 mM NaCl or 75 mM and data were collected on plant height, number of tillers, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, Na+ and K+ concentrations, relative water content and chlorophyll content. Data from both experiments were subjected to Analysis of variance test using the GenStat software 10th edition and the means separated using least significant difference test. Individual stress response index (ISRI) was calculated for each parameter and the means used in grouping the varieties. Of the genotypes evaluated, four (FARO 44,

关键词： Oryza sativa Salinity Tolerance Drought Tolerance Morpho-Physiological Parameters Stress Response Indices

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Monitoring and Evaluation of Air Pollution at Ohaji/Egbema Flow Station and Its Environs via GPS in Ohaji Egbema Lga, Imo State Nigeria

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Detection 2022年第4期9卷 37-49页

作者： Sylvester Obum Anyikwa Obineche charles Ndukwe Theresa Chinwendu Umeojiakor Pat chukwudi Nnaji Ndidiamaka Martina Amadi Department of Chemical Engineering Federal University of Technology Owerri Owerri Nigeria Department of Chemical Engineering Federal Polynekede Owerri Owerri Nigeria Department of Chemical Engineering Federal University of Agriculture Umudike Owerri Nigeria

The work of “Monitoring and Evaluation of Air Pollution” the main aim of this work is to measure the concentrations of gases which include CO2, CO, NOx, SOx and thermal radiation and carry out an analysis of the measured data. This experiment was scheduled to take place at Egbema flow station which is managed by NPDC (Nigerian Petroleum Development Commission) Shell location 2 in Obiakpu, Ohaji Imo state. The bad effects of these pollutant gases on the community can include cause of diseases to plants and animals, causes of physical ailments in the respiratory tract of humans, and death and degradation of the surrounding environment. The parameters measured during this exercise include the distance from the flow station, latitude and longitude of the distance measured on the earth’s surface, time for the experiment and the concentration of pollutant gases. The instrument used includes CO meter, CO2 meter, SOx and NOx meters, and thermal radiation meter. The gases were measured in three different time intervals between 10:50 am - 11:23 am (for CO: 0.02 ppm, 0.01 ppm, 0 ppm, 0 ppm, 0.01 ppm, 0 ppm;for CO2: 0.04 ppm, 0.01 ppm, 0.01 ppm, 0.02 ppm, 0.01 ppm, 0 ppm;for SOx: 0 mg/m3, 0 mg/m3, 0 mg/m3, 0 mg/m3, 0 mg/m3, 0 mg/m3;for NOx: 0.127 mg/m3, 0.098 mg/m3, 0.12 mg/m3, 0.122 mg/m3, 0.113 mg/m3, 0.103 mg/m3;for thermal radiation: 57.4 W/m2, 61.5 W/m2, 65.1 W/m2, 64.9 W/m2, 81.9 W/m2, 148.3 W/m2), 1:30 pm - 2:13 pm (for CO: 0.01 ppm, 0.02 ppm, 0 ppm, 0 ppm, 0.1 ppm, 0 ppm;for CO2: 0.01 ppm, 0.01 ppm, 0.01 ppm, 0.01 ppm, 0 ppm, 0 ppm;for SOx: 0 mg/m3, 0 mg/m3, 0 mg/m3, 0 mg/m3, 0 mg/m3, 0 mg/m3

关键词： Ohaji/Egbema Flow Station Chemiluminescence Air Pollution

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Effectiveness of Contact Tracing of Index Tuberculosis Cases in Nigeria

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2018年第4期8卷 173-199页

作者： Okorie Onuka Ikpeazu Okezie John Ahukanna chukwudi Okebaram Patrick Dakum Aderonke Agbaje Vivian Ibeziako Gidado Mustapha Nkem Chukwueme Emperor Ubochioma Amarachi Okorie Nwafor charles Chux Anago TB Control Program Ministry of Health Abia State Nigeria Abia State Government House Umuahia Abia State Nigeria Ministry of Health Abia State Nigeria Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Abia State University Uturu Nigeria Institute of Human Virology Abuja Nigeria KNCV Abuja Nigeria National TB Control Program Abuja Nigeria School of Midwifery Ministry of Health Umuahia Nigeria GLRA Enugu Enugu Nigeria Clinton Health Access Initiative Abuja Nigeria

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease that has impacted negatively on human history. The biology of the mycobacterium tuberculosis is complicated and has affected the control as well as elimination of the disease. Nigeria is one of the countries with high incidence and prevalence of TB. The late and low case detection has been a major problem with National TB control program, caused by passive case finding strategy practiced by the country. A shift from the passive and active case search has been recommended for detection of missing cases of TB and improved program performance. The proximity of TB contact is a major determinant of disease transmission. However, maximizing early case detection and prompt treatment of notified cases is very useful in (TB) control especially in high burden countries. The tracking of TB contacts provides a good platform for early diagnosis, educating the household on TB disease and infection control as well as breaking the chain of transmission. The objective of the study is to ascertain effectiveness of contact tracing on Tuberculosis case detection. The study is a retrospective quasi experimental with quantitative arm. The study was conducted in Abia State, one of the South Eastern States of Nigeria. A pre-tested questionnaire was used for data collection and analyzed with SPSS. A total of 168 and 162 index cases of TB were recruited for both intervention and control facilities. The 168 index TB cases yielded 301 TB contacts. The result revealed 55% contact/index ratio, presumptive TB yield of 130 (43.2%) and TB yield of 68 (22.6%). The cases registered in the State increased from 336 to 417 and p value = 0.001, while presumptive TB and BCG vaccination were major predictors. The study shows that tracing contact of index TB cases is an effective and complementary method of finding undetected cases of TB.

关键词： Contact tracing Index TB cases

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A Case Study of Multi Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB), HIV and Diabetes Mellitus (Dm) Comorbidity: Triple Pathology;Challenges and Prospects

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2017年第3期7卷 70-79页

作者： Okorie Onuka John Ahukanna chukwudi Okebaram Patrick Dakum Aderonke Agbaje Vivian Ibeziako Gidado Mustapha Nkem Chukwueme Chux Anago Emperor Ubochioma Amarachi Okorie Odume Bethrand Nwafor charles Abia State Ministry of Health Umuahia Nigeria Department of Pharmacology Abia State University Okigwe Nigeria Institute of Human Virology Abuja Nigeria Challenge KNCV Abuja Nigeria Clinton Health Access Initiative Abuja Nigeria National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Program Abuja Nigeria School of Midwifery Umuahia Nigeria Department of Family Medicine National Hospital Abuja Nigeria German Leprosy and Tuberculosis Relief Association Enugu Nigeria

Tuberculosis (TB), diabetes mellitus and HIV co-morbidity is a rare and interrelated health condition with associated high morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries with high prevalence of TB. It has become an emerging concern to epidemiologists and TB control programs due to complexities in its control and management. Managing MDR-TB, DM and HIV comorbidity is challenging, with risk of unfavorable outcome;consequently, close monitoring is necessary. Individuals with weak immunity resulting from diseases such as uncontrolled Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and HIV have a higher risk of developing TB or progression from latent to active TB. We present a 65-year old known diabetic patient who presented to Royal Cross Hospital Ugwueke Abia State, Nigeria with a one-year history of recurrent productive cough with associated night sweats, low grade fever and marked weight loss. A diagnosis of drug-resistant TB with DM/HIV co-morbidity was made and co-managed by experts from the respective clinics and the State TB control program. The patient was declared cured (7 months consecutive negative cultures each taken 30 days apart) after completing 20 months of conventional MDR-TB treatment. The patient showed remarkable clinical improvement including weight gain, good diabetic control and significant increase in CD4 (700 cells). Managing MDR-TB patients with diabetes and HIV is challenging, however, appropriate treatment, psychosocial support, adequate blood sugar control as well as monthly monitoring of patients with requisite investigations are vital in achieving good treatment outcome.

关键词： Co-Morbidity-Diabetes-Multi Drug Resistant TB and HIV

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