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Vaccination and Measles Epidemic in the Republic of Congo

Open Journal of Epidemiology 2024年第1期14卷 45-55页

作者： Léa Gwladys Gangoue Yanne Mavougou Fabien Rock Niama Pembe Issamou Mayengue etienne nguimbi National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP) Ministry of Health and Population Brazzaville Republic of Congo Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory (BCM) Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Marien Ngouabi University Brazzaville Republic of Congo

Measles is a highly infectious, vaccine-preventable viral disease. Often forgotten, it is potentially fatal. Its main symptoms are: fever, cough, conjunctivitis, rhinitis and skin rash. Serological diagnoses by ELISA test based on the detection of anti-measles virus immunoglobulins M and G (IgM and IgG), are used respectively for the confirmation of suspected cases notified by means of clinical signs of the disease in health structures of the twelve departments of the Republic of Congo involved in the epidemiological surveillance of the disease, and for the evaluation of the immunity conferred by vaccination. During 2021, 459 suspected cases of measles were reported and sampled throughout the country, despite the administration under the Expanded Routine Immunization Program (EPI), of 2 doses of the combined measles-rubella vaccine (RR1 and RR2) in 2020. The notification rate was higher in the south of the country, more precisely in the health structures of the departments of Pointe-Noire (42%) and Brazzaville (11%). During the year 2021, 459 suspected cases of measles were notified and sampled throughout the country with a high notification rate in the south of the country, more precisely in the health structures of the Pointe-Noire departments (42%) and Brazzaville (11%). The samples consisting of human blood (serum) were sent to the National Public Health Laboratory and analyzed by various ELISA tests for the detection of anti-measles immunog-lobulins M and G. The analysis of the results obtained shows that the measles virus circulated in all departments of the country. 154 cases (33.55%) were confirmed positive by IgM ELISA and 98 positive cases (63.63%) were patients vaccinated against measles. Vaccination coverage in RR1 of [50%-95% [(first dose) as well as the lowest RR2 < 50% (second dose) undoubtedly because the COVID-19 pandemic could be the cause of the high frequency of cases positive vaccinated. The non-detection of IgG immunoglobulins in vaccinated pat

关键词： Vaccination Measles Epidemic

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Physicochemical and Bacteriological Profile of Bilanko and Ngamakala Peat Bog Soils (Republic of Congo)

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2024年第8期15卷 842-862页

作者： Gatsé Elgie Viennechie Mboukou Kimbatsa Irène Marie Cecile Ignoumba Evariste Mesmin Morabandza Cyr Jonas nguimbi etienne Laboratory of Microbiology Infectiology and Immunology ENS-UMNG Brazzaville Republic of Congo Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology FST-UMNG Brazzaville Republic of Congo Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Forest Ecology ENS-UMNG Brazzaville Republic of Congo

Peatlands are unique and complex natural ecosystems that are part of the most important carbon reservoirs on our planet, home to a diversity of microorganisms responsible for fermentation, humification or peat. The aim is to understand chemical and biological indicators of peatland soils. This work aims to determine the physicochemical and bacteriological profile and lipolytic activity of soil bacteria in Bilanko peatlands. The bacterial profile with the production of lipases is carried out by classical microbiology techniques. The results show that the soils are moderately acidic with temperatures of 27.8˚C ± 0.01˚C for Bilanko and 27.1˚C ± 0.57˚C for Ngamakala. The electroconductivity (EC) varies from (9.52 ± 0.002) μS/cm to (39.01 ± 1.4) μS/cm with low turbidity of (2.04 ± 0.66) mg/L to (31.02 ± 0.84) mg/L and low ion concentrations with, however, a richness in phenolic compounds for Bilanko compared to Ngamakala. FMAT diversity ranged from (1.71 ± 0.88)∙104 UFC/g to (2.92 ± 0.07)∙105 UFC/g for Bilanko and (1.30 ± 0.73)∙104 UFC/g to (2.89 ± 0.06)∙104 UFC/g for Ngamakala. Bacillus loads ranged from (5.20 ± 1.40)∙103 CFU/g to (1.22 ± 0.13)∙104 CFU/g and from (1.11 ± 0.13)∙104 CFU/g to (9.20 ± 2.05)∙103 CFU/g;enterobacteria loads from (1.40 ± 0.76)∙103 CFU/g to (8.80 ± 1.73)∙103 CFU/g and from (1.01 ± 0.02)∙103 CFU/g to (9.20 ± 2.05)∙103 CFU/g;in Pseudomonas from 0 to (2.30 ± 0.53)∙102 CFU/g and from 0 to (8.90 ± 2.35)∙102 CFU/g for Bilanko and Ngamakala respectively. These results reveal a variation in bacterial similarity and distribution in the Bilanko and Ngamakala peat bogs.

关键词： Bacteria Lipase Polyphenol Soil Peat Bog Republic of Congo

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Hydrolytic and Antimicrobial Activities of Bacteria Isolated from Fermented Peppers Sold in Markets at Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2024年第9期12卷 215-234页

作者： Faly Armel Soloka Mabika Elgie Viennechie Gatsé Ngo Itsouhou Tarcisse Baloki Ngoulou Mérite Berthelie Mouanda Nzoussi nguimbi etienne Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Marien Ngouabi University Brazzaville Republic of the Congo Unit of Molecular Microbiology and Bioinformatics Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Marien Ngouabi University Brazzaville Republic of the Congo

Microorganisms are omnipresent in all environments and play mainly the role of transformers, thanks to the multiple enzymes they are able to produce. In order to valorize fermented foods in the Republic of the Congo, this work aimed to characterize and study some properties of microorganisms isolated from samples of peppers sold in three markets of Brazzaville. A numeration of the total aerobic mesophilic flora (TAMF) was made in a solid medium, allowing the evaluation of each sample’s microbial concentration. The microbial mass varied from 2.8 × 105 CFU/g for the Ouénzé sample to 1.8 × 104 CFU/g for the Total sample and 2 × 104 CFU/g for the Moungali market sample. The evaluation of the enzymatic properties of the Bacillus isolates showed that 68.42% were capable of producing cellulases and 78.94% were capable of producing amylases and proteases. Antimicrobial activities revealed that 63.15% of the isolates were able to secrete inhibitory substances against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Molecular analysis by PCR amplification, sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and BLAST bioinformatics analysis provides newly identified bacteria strains with new accession numbers in GenBank: Bacillus thuringiensis MBCBR322 (OP474008), Bacillus megaterium MBCBJ1822 (OP476493), Bacillus thuringiensis MBCBR222 (OP476494), Priestia megaterium MBCBJ2022 (OP476495) and Lactobacillus paraplantarum MBCBR1522 (OP476496). Multiple sequences alignment of identified sequences with their homologs of GenBank has shown high similarities. The phylogenetic inference assay has provided the two groups of strains observed in this study, and the two groups are very coherent with the phylogeny of the reference.

关键词： Antimicrobial Activity Hydrolytic Activity Sequencing Pepper Brazzaville

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Molecular Detection of Pathogens Involved in Sexually Transmitted Infections in Brazzaville, Congo

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Open Journal of Medical Microbiology 2024年第3期14卷 190-205页

作者： Jeanine Mireille Sita Maboundou Bitsi Nina Esther Ngoyi Ontsira Edith Sophie Kombo Bayonne Tanguy Mieret Geril Sekangue Obili Herlen Tsoumou Lina Foungou Kessengue Samantha Potokoue Mpia Chloé Dupont Guilhem Conquet Gickel Mpika Bitsene Bienvenu Roland Ibara Ossibi Axel Aloumba etienne nguimbi Sylvain Godreuil Faculty of Sciences and Technology Marien NGOUABI University Brazzaville Republic of the Congo Faculty of Health Sciences Marien NGOUABI University Brazzaville Republic of the Congo Bacteriology-Virology Laboratory University Hospital Center Brazzaville Republic of the Congo Department of Infectious Diseases Referral Hospital Center of Talanga Brazzaville Republic of the Congo Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory University Hospital Center Brazzaville Republic of the Congo Department of Gynecology-Obstetrics University Hospital Center Brazzaville Republic of the Congo UMR IRD224-CNRS5290-UM MIVEGEC Infectious Diseases and Vectors: Ecology Genetics Evolution and Control CREES (Reshearch Center in Ecology and Evolution Health) Montpellier France Bacteriology Laboratory Arnaud de Villeneuve University Hospital CHU of Montpellier Montpellier France Department of Infectious Diseases University Hospital Center Brazzaville Republic of the Congo

The objective of this multicentric study was to assess the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma génitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis infections in Brazzaville, in the Republic of Congo, using molecular methods. From January to December 2021, the sexually transmitted disease risk participants were recruited from six centers: The Association of Young HIV-Positive People of Congo, The Congolese Association for Family Welfare, The Association for Support to Vulnerable Groups, Talangaï hospital, Brazzaville university hospital (outpatient service) and the private clinic COGEMO (outpatient service). The real-time multiplex PCR was carried out to detect these pathogens. Each patient had at least one specimen (urine, urethral, anal and/or vaginal samples). The patients were considered infected when one of their samples was positive. 287 participants made of 227 women and 60 men were tested. The general prevalence of these infections was: Chlamydia trachomatis 2.79%, Neisseria gonorrhoeae 3.14%, Mycoplasma génitalium 3.45% and Trichomonas vaginalis 2.97. The prevalence rates according to sex were: C. trachomatis, M. génitalium, N. gonorrhea and T. vaginalis were 1.32%, 2.05%, 1.32% and 3.42% in women and 8.33%, 7.02%, 10% and 1.75% in men, respectively. Most infected patients were asymptomatic. Prevalence rates were higher in bisexual individuals, with the exception of T. vaginalis which showed higher prevalence in heterosexual patients. The bisexual and homosexual individuals represent a major public health problem in sexually active young adults, particularly among men having sex with men. These sexually transmitted infections are mainly asymptomatic, their diagnosis and management remain difficult in developing countries.

关键词： Prevalence Chlamydia trachomatis Neisseria gonorrhoeae Mycoplasma génitalium Trichomonas vaginalis

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Antiseptic Efficacy of A Soap Made from Biosurfactants Isolated from Bacillus and Lactobacillus against Pathogenic Bacteria

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Advances in Microbiology 2024年第1期14卷 31-58页

作者： Frédéric Yannick Okouakoua Christian Aimé Kayath Nicaise Saturnin Mokémiabeka Varelle Bervanie Ngala Elenga Digne Nedjea N’goma-Mona Ndelani Nkalla Lambi Sandra Paola Elenga Wilson Christ Dieuveil Bayakissa Malanda Rodinet Tsana Junior Patrick Sergy Bissoko1 Moïse Doria Kaya-Ongoto Duchel Jeanedvi Kinavouidi etienne nguimbi Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Molé culaire (BCM) Facult&eacute des Sciences et Techniques Universit&eacute Marien N’gouabi Brazzaville Congo Institut National de Recherche en Sciences Exactes et Naturelles (IRSEN) Avenue de l’Auberge Gascogne Brazzaville Congo

The aim of our study was to use a biosurfactant produced by Bacillus and Lactobacillus isolates as an antiseptic in the formulation of local soap. A total of 60 isolates were characterized by microbiological techniques (30 Bacillus and 30 Lactobacillus) and the ability to produce biosurfactants was demonstrated by a hydrocarbon emulsification index (E24). The emulsification indexes (E24) varied from 9% to 100% for Bacillus and from 33% to 100% for Lactobacillus as well. The antagonistic assay showed that biosurfactants were able to inhibit the formation of biofilms and growth of pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhirium, Shigella boydii and Proteus mirabilis. The biosurfactant consortium (BioC) from Bacillus consortium and from Lactobacillus was able to inhibit biofilm formation and the pathogens growth. The BioC was stable to alkaline pH and the temperatures stability of Biosurfactant was ranging from 50°C to 90°C. The soap was made by the cold saponification process using one biosurfactant consortium formulated. This soap has a pH of 10 and showed good cleaning power and good foam stability. Similarly, the soap showed good antiseptic power and disinfection power against all pathogens tested. Handwashing is critical to preventing disease transmission. The persistence of pathogens in waste water was evaluated. The BioS produced showed good disinfection power against all pathogens tested. The valor of reduction on the hands and in the waste water was significantly more than compared to the control soaps used. This soap could be used in the prevention, fighting, and treatment of bacterial and viral infections.

关键词： Antiseptic Soap Biosurfactants Bacillus Lactobacillus Disinfection Pathogens bacteria

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Antibiotic Resistance Phenotypes of <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>Isolated from Household Wastewater in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo

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Advances in Microbiology 2021年第1期11卷 27-36页

作者： Rachel Moyen Tarcisse Baloki Ngoulou etienne nguimbi Gabriel Ahombo Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology Sciences and Techniques Faculty University Marien NGOUABI Brazzaville Congo

Household wastewater is a source of pollution and can present health risks when discharged into the environment. Thus, samples of household wastewater from a few neighborhoods in Brazzaville were analyzed for microbiological quality. The various samples were cultured for isolation on solid media using conventional microbiological methods. The bacteria isolated were identified by the Enterobacter System gallery. Sensitivity tests were performed using the standard antibiotic susceptibility test by diffusion on Mueller Hinton medium. At the end of the analysis, 51 Enterobacteriaceae were isolated and identified. They included: 8 (15.68%) Escherichia coli, 8 (15.68%) Salmonella spp., 8 (15.68%) Shigella spp., 8 (15.68%) Klebsiella spp., 5 (9.80%) Enterobacter aerogenes, 8 (15.68%) Enterobacter cloacae, 3 (5.90%) Arizona spp., 3 (5.90%) Proteus spp. The results obtained show that the bacteria tested showed total resistance to the following antibiotics: amoxicillin, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, cloxacillin and nalidixic acid. On the other hand, imipenem, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, cefftriazone and kanamycin were the most active antibiotics with low levels of resistance. The low resistance rates observed for imipenem, cefotaxime, cefuroxime and cefftriazone show that these antibiotics can be used for the treatment of infections caused by household wastewater bacteria.

关键词： Antibiotic Therapy Enterobacteriaceae Sewage Households

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埃博霉素(Epothilones)的PKS/NRPS杂合基因簇

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生物工程学报 2003年第5期19卷 511-515页

作者：黎志凤 etienne nguimbi 李越中刘巍峰山东大学生命科学院微生物技术国家重点实验室济南250100

埃博霉素是由粘细菌纤维堆囊菌产生的一类具有促微管聚合活性的大环内酯类化合物。埃博霉素生物合成的多酶复合体是一个由多个功能模块组成 ,同时含有多聚酮合酶 (PKS)和非核糖体肽合成酶 (NRPS)的大操纵子。根据同位素标记试验结果和... 详细信息

埃博霉素是由粘细菌纤维堆囊菌产生的一类具有促微管聚合活性的大环内酯类化合物。埃博霉素生物合成的多酶复合体是一个由多个功能模块组成 ,同时含有多聚酮合酶 (PKS)和非核糖体肽合成酶 (NRPS)的大操纵子。根据同位素标记试验结果和合成酶全基因簇功能的推测 ,埃博霉素的生物合成包括聚酮链的引发、链合成的起始和噻唑环的形成、链的延伸和转移、链合成的终止释放和环化、及产物的后修饰 5个阶段。埃博霉素的PKS NRPS杂合基因簇是开展组合生物合成研究的良好材料。

关键词：埃博霉素多聚酮合酶非核糖体肽合成酶基因簇组合生物合成抗癌药

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Antiseptic Efficacy of A Soap Made from Biosurfactants Isolated from Bacillus and Lactobacillus against Pathogenic Bacteria

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Advances in Microbiology（微生物学） 2024年第1期

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Shigella Strain Has Developed Non-Studied Pathogenicity Mechanisms of Adaptability in the Colonization of Epithelial Cells

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Advances in Microbiology 2022年第4期12卷 270-294页

作者： Duchel Jeanedvi Kinouani Kinavouidi Christian Aimé Kayath Nicole Prisca Makaya Dangui Nieko Saturnin Nicaise Mokemiabeka David Charles Roland Moukala etienne nguimbi Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire (BCM) Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université Marien Ngouabi Brazzaville République du Congo Institut National de Recherche en Sciences Exactes et Naturelles (IRSEN) Brazzaville République du Congo Ecole Normal Supérieur (ENS) Université Marien Ngouabi Brazzaville République du Congo

According to the World Health Organization, foodborne diseases are a major public health problem, particularly in developing countries including the Republic of Congo. They are responsible for several episodes of diarrhea, especially in children under five years old. There is no reliable epidemiological data on the pathogenicity of the Shigella spp. strains circulating in the whole Republic of Congo drafting this paper. The purpose of this study was to examine the Shigella spp strain pathogenicity close to an environment contaminated with faeces in the city of Brazzaville. As a result, 54 isolates have been associated with Shigella spp. The gastric acid resistance test performed on Shigella Environmental Strain (SES) and Shigella Clinical Strains (SCS) resulted in 38.8% (21/54) and 100% acid resistant, respectively. Shigella spp. Strains (SES and SCS) were ranged in a survival percentage from 11% to 93%. By monitoring Biosurfactant-Like Molecule (BLM) production, we showed that the BLM production of SES and SCS was highly dependent on bacterial culture density involving the Quorum Sensing (QS). S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. sonnei and as well as SES and SCS were able to invade and contaminate eggs by colonizing egg yolk. The counting bacteria were ranging from two to 5 × 107 CFU/mL after contamination. Concomitantly, BLM was secreted during the post contamination of poultry eggs with 100% EI24. Further by trying to show the pathogenicity by the hemolysis test, we have shown that SES and SCS were able to show significant areas of lysis on blood agar. Finally, this work has proposed an additional model of cell invasion including biosurfactants during the pre- and post-invasion phases.

关键词： Shigella Biosurfactant Quorum Sensing Invasion Epithelial Cells Pathogenicity

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Antibiotics Resistance Profile of Bacillus cereus Strains Isolated from Soil and Pepper in Brazzaville

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2022年第9期10卷 30-40页

作者： Isaac Samuel Onyankouang Nicole Prisca Makaya Dangui Nieko Cyr Jonas Morabandza Moїse Doria Kaya-Ongoto Christoffer Pregna Mounkala etienne nguimbi Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université Marien Ngouabi Brazzaville Congo Laboratoire National de Santé Publique Brazzaville Congo Laboratoire de Microbiologie Infectiologie et Immunologie Ecole Normale Supérieure Université Marien Ngouabi Brazzaville Congo

Introduction: Bacillus cereus and spores produced in various ecological niches are responsible for toxic infections in humans. This study is conducted to determine the antibiotics resistance profile of B. cereus strains isolated from soil and pepper consummated in Brazzaville. Methodology: An antimicrobial susceptibility test of 16 B. cereus strains from soil and peppers was performed using 11 antibiotics by the Kirby-Bauer’s diffusion on disc method. Results: Results revealed 100% (16/16) of resistance in penicillin G, amoxicillin, ceftazidime, rifampicin, and colistin, also 18.75% (3/16), 11.76% (2/16), and 18.75% (3/16) of resistance in doripenem, vancomycin and chloramphenicol respectively. In addition, we have observed 100% (16/16), 81.25% (13/16), 76.47% (13/16), 35.29% (5/16), 35.50% (6/16), and 12.5% (2/16) of sensitivity to line-zolid, tigecycline, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, doripenem and chloram-phenicol respectively. However, all strains have been multidrug resistant (MDR) to betalactams, polypeptides, and ansamycins. Moreover, 7 strains (43.75%) have been variably multiresistant. One strain, Ri10 has been resistant to beta-lactams, polypeptides, ansamycins, cyclins and glycopeptides. No strain was ultraresistant (XDR) or largely insensitive (PDR) to different antibiotics. Conclusion: This study reveals that 51% of strains have been resistant to antibiotics, 32% are sensitive, and 17% have intermediate resistance. These results partly explain the high rate of gastroenteritis observed in Brazzaville due to food poisoning.

关键词： Antibiotics Resistance Bacillus cereus Soil Pepper

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