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Pathogenic mechanisms of pancreatitis

World journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2017年第1期8卷 10-25页

作者： Murli Manohar Alok Kumar Verma Sathisha Upparahalli Venkateshaiah nathan L sanders Anil Mishra Department of Medicine Section of Pulmonary DiseasesTulane Eosinophilic Disorders CenterTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLA 70112United States

Pancreatitis is inflammation of pancreas and caused by a number of factors including pancreatic duct obstruction, alcoholism, and mutation in the cationic trypsinogen gene. Pancreatitis is represented as acute pancreatitis with acute inflammatory responses and; chronic pan-creatitis characterized by marked stroma formation with a high number of infiltrating granulocytes(such as neutrophils, eosinophils), monocytes, macrophages and pancreatic stellate cells(PSCs). These inflammatory cells are known to play a central role in initiating and promoting inflammation including pancreatic fibrosis, i.e., a major risk factor for pancreatic cancer. A number of inflammatory cytokines are known to involve in pro-moting pancreatic pathogenesis that lead pancreatic fibrosis. Pancreatic fibrosis is a dynamic phenomenon that requires an intricate network of several autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways. In this review, we have provided the details of various cytokines and molecular mechanistic pathways(i.e., Transforming growth factor-β/SMAD, mitogen--activated protein kinases, Rho kinase, janus kinase/signal transducers and activators, and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase) that have a critical role in the activation of PSCs to promote chronic pancreatitis and trigger the phenomenon of pancreatic fibrogenesis. In this review of literature, we discuss the involvement of several pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as in interleukin(IL)-1, IL-1β, IL-6, IL--8 IL-10, IL-18, IL--33 and tumor necrosis factor-α, in the pathogenesis of disease. Our review also highlights the significance of several experimental animal models that have an important role in dissecting the mechanistic pathways operating in the development of chronic pancreatitis, including pancreatic fibrosis. Additionally, we provided several intermediary molecules that are involved in major signaling pathways that might provide target molecules for future therapeutic treatment strategies for pancreatic pathogenesis.

关键词：胰腺炎胰腺的星形的房间转变生长 factor-/SMAD janus kinase/signal 变换器和使活跃之物激活 Mitogen 的蛋白质 kinases

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Appendectomy and Clostridium difficile colitis:Relationships revealed by clinical observations and immunology

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World journal of Gastroenterology 2013年第34期19卷 5607-5614页

作者： nathan L sanders R Randal Bollinger Ryan Lee Steven Thomas William Parker Department of Surgery Duke University Medical Center

Advances in understanding the interaction between the human immune system and the microbiome have led to an improved understanding of the function of the vermiform appendix as a safe-house for beneficial bacteria in the colon.These advances have been made despite long standing clinical observations that the appendectomy is a safe and effective procedure.However,more recent clinical data show that an appendectomy puts patients at increased risk for recurrent Clostridium difficile(C.difficile)-associated colitis,and probably other diseases associated with an altered microbiome.At the same time,appendectomy does not apparently put patients at risk for an initial onset of C.difficile-associated colitis.These clinical observations point toward the idea that the vermiform appendix might not effectively protect the microbiome in the face of broad spectrum antibiotics,the use of which precedes the initial onset of C.difficile-associated colitis.Further,these observations point to the idea that historically important threats to the microbiome such as infectious gastrointestinal pathogens have been supplanted by other threats,particularly the use of broad spectrum antibiotics.

关键词： Appendectomy Clostridium difficile Colitis Diarrheal illness Vermiform appendix

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PIV measurements of turbulent jets issuing from triangular and circular orifice plates

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2013年第6期56卷 1176-1186页

作者： XU MinYi ZHANG jianPeng MI jianChun nathan G j KALT P A M Marine Engineering College Dalian Maritime University State Key Laboratory of Turbulence & Complex Systems College of EngineeringPeking University Centre for Energy Technology and School of Mechanical Engineering University of AdelaideSA 5005Australia

The present study experimentally investigated the near-field flow mixing characteristics of two turbulent jets issuing from equilateral triangular and circular orifice plates into effectively unbounded surroundings,respectively.Planar particle image velocimetry(PIV) was applied to measure the velocity field at the same Reynolds number of Re=50,000,where Re = UeDe /with Ue being the exit bulk velocity and the kinematic viscosity of fluid,D e the equivalent diameters.The instantaneous velocity,mean velocity,Reynolds stresses were obtained.From the mean velocity field,the centreline velocity decay rate and half-velocity width were derived.Comparing the mixing characteristics of the two jets,it is found that the triangular jet has a faster mixing rate than the circular counterpart.The triangular jet entrainments with the ambient fluid at a higher rate in the near field.This is evidenced by a shorter unmixed core,faster Reynolds stress and centreline turbulence intensity growth.The primary coherent structures in the near field are found to break down more rapidly in the triangular jet as compared to the circular jet.Over the entire measurement region,the triangular jet maintained a higher rate of decay and spread.Moreover,all components of Reynolds stress of the triangular jet appear to reach their peaks earlier,and then decay more rapidly than those of the circular jet.In addition,the axis-switching phenomenon is observed in the triangular jet.

关键词：等边三角形 PIV测量湍流射流圆形发行孔板混合特性粒子图像测速

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Metamaterial-based graphene thermal emitter

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Nano Research 2018年第7期11卷 3567-3573页

作者： Cheng Shi nathan H. Mahlmeister Isaac j. Luxmoore Geoffrey R. Nash College of Engineering Mathematics and PhysicaI Sciences University of Exeter Exeter EX4 4QF UK

热 emitter 频率选择的表面 metamaterial 层和六角形的硼创作了包含氮化物的 graphene 细丝被表明。宽带 metamaterial 的热排放(由戒指共鸣器组成) 被定制进二个分离乐队，并且测量思考和排放系列与模拟结果同意了很好。能在这些设备... 详细信息

热 emitter 频率选择的表面 metamaterial 层和六角形的硼创作了包含氮化物的 graphene 细丝被表明。宽带 metamaterial 的热排放(由戒指共鸣器组成) 被定制进二个分离乐队，并且测量思考和排放系列与模拟结果同意了很好。能在这些设备被获得的高调整频率，在空中结合了他们的操作，在象煤气的察觉到那样的应用为使用证实他们的可行性。

关键词：频率选择热排放氮化物六角形共鸣器宽带

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Photocatalytic OH radical formation and quantification over TiO_2 P25:Producing a robust and optimised screening method

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2018年第6期29卷 773-777页

作者： Caitlin Buck nathan Skillen jeanette Robertson Peter K.j.Robertson School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Queen's University Belfast School of Biological Sciences Queen's University Belfast Medical Biology Centre

The development of photocatalytic technology has grown significantly since its initial report and as such,a number of screening methods have been developed to assess activity. In the field of environmental remediation, a crucial factor is the formation of highly oxidising species such as OH radicals. These radicals are often the primary driving force for the removal and breakdown of organic and inorganic contaminants. The quantification of such compounds is challenging due to the nature of the radical,however indirect methods which deploy a chemical probe to essentially capture the radical have been shown to be effective. As discussed in the work presented here, optimisation of such a method is fundamental to the efficiency of the method. A starting concentration range of coumarin from 50 mmol/L to 1000 mmol/L was used along with a catalyst loading of 0.01 g/L to 1 g/L Ti TiO2 to identify that 250 mmol/L and 0.5 g/L Ti TiO2 were the optimum conditions for production. Under these parameters a maximum production rate of 35.91 mmol/L（Rmax= 0.4 mmol/L OH＊ min-1） was achieved which yielded at photonic efficiency of 4.88 OH＊moles photon-1 under UV irradiation. The data set presented also highlighted the limitations which are associated with the method which included; rapid exhaustion of the probe molecule and process inhibition through UV light saturation. Identifying both the optimum conditions and the potential limitations of the process were concluded to be key for the efficient deployment of the photocatalytic screening method.

关键词： Photocatalytic screening OH radical quantification Coumarin Environmental remediation Method optimisation

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Mean and fluctuating velocity fields of a diamond turbulent jet

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Chinese Physics B 2013年第3期22卷 344-351页

作者：徐敏义张健鹏米建春 nathan G.j. Kalt P.A.M. State Key Laboratory of Turbulence & Complex Systems College of EngineeringPeking University Marine Engineering College Dalian Maritime University Centre for Energy Technology and School of Mechanical Engineering University of AdelaideSA 5005Australia

The present paper reports the first investigation on a turbulent jet issuing from a diamond orifice（hereafter termed a ＂diamond jet＂） with an aspect ratio of 1.7.Velocity measurements were conducted in the transitional region,and the exit Reynolds number of the jet was 50000.For comparison,a round jet with identical normalized boundary conditions was also measured.It is shown that the diamond jet decays and spreads faster than the round jet does over the measured flow region.The axis-switching phenomenon is observed in the diamond jet.Although both jets display primary coherent structures in the near field,these structures are found to break down more rapidly in the diamond jet,due to the higher three-dimensionality of the flow.Moreover,the streamwise components of the Reynolds normal stress and all the shear stresses reach their maxima around the location of the maximal mean shear while the maxima of the lateral components of the Reynolds normal stresses occur around the centreline of the jet.

关键词： turbulent jet,non-circular jet,PIV measurement,jet entrainment

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Araucaria cunninghamii Seedling Response to Different Forms and Rates of ^(15)N-Labelled Fertiliser

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Pedosphere 2006年第6期16卷 745-755页

作者： T, j. BLUMFIELD XU Zhi-Hong Centre for Forestry and Horticultural Research Nathan Campus Griffith University 170 Kessels Road Nathan Queens- land 4111 （Australia） Faculty of Environmental Sciences Griffith University Nathan Campus Griffith University 170 Kessels Road Nathan Queensland 4111 （Australia）

Nitrogenous fertilisers are under consideration for promoting the growth of nursery-reared hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii Aiton ex A. Cunn) seedlings in the establishment phase of second rotation (2R) plantations. Using 15N-labelled fertilisers, we investigated the effect of different forms (ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate and urea) and rates of application (0, 150 and 300 mg N kg-1 dried soil) of fertilisers on the growth, 15N recovery and carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of hoop pine seedlings in a 12-month glasshouse trial in southeast Queensland, Australia. The 15N-labelled fertilisers were applied to nursery-reared hoop pine seedlings, which were then grown in pots, containing ca. 1.2 kg dried soil, under well watered conditions for 12 months. Four seedlings from each treatment were harvested at 4-month intervals, divided into roots, stem and foliage, with a further subdivision for new and old foliage, and then analysed for 15N, total N,δ13C and total C. There was no significant response in the seedling growth to the form or rate of application of nitrogen (N) fertiliser within the 12-month period, indicating that the seedlings did not experience N deficiency when grown on second rotation hoop pine soils. While the combined 15N recovery from soil and plant remained at around 70% throughout the experiment, the proportion of 15N recovered from the plants increasing steadily over time. Nitrate containing fertilisers at 150 mg N kg-1 soil gradually increased seedling foliageδ13C over the 12-month period, indicating an increase in seedling water use efficiency.

关键词：肯宁南洋杉氮水利用效率森林土壤

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Automated retrofit targeting of heat exchanger networks

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2018年第4期12卷 630-642页

作者： Timothy G.Walmsley nathan S.Lal Petar S.Varbanov jiri j.Klemes Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory -SPIL NETME CentreFaculty of Mechanical Engineering Bmo University of TechnologyBmo 60190Czech Republic Energy Research Centre School of EngineeringUniversity of WaikatoHamilton 3240New Zealand

The aim of this paper is to develop a novel heat exchanger network (HEN) retrofit method based on a new automated retrofit targeting (ART) algorithm. ART uses the heat surplus-deficit table (HSDT) in combination with the Bridge Retrofit concepts to generate retrofit bridges option, from which a retrofit design may be formulated. The HSDT is a tabular tool that shows potential for improved re-integration of heat source and sink streams within a HEN. Using the HSDT, retrofit bridges—a set of modifications that links a cooler to a heater to save energy—may be identified, quantified, and compared. The novel retrofit method including the ART algorithm has been successfully implemented in Microsoft ExcelTM to enable analysis of large-scale HENs. A refinery case study with 27 streams and 46 existing heat exchangers demonstrated the retrofit method’s potential. For the case study, the ART algorithm found 68903 feasible unique retrofit opportunities with a minimum 400 kW·unit−1 threshold for heat recovery divided by the number of new units. The most promising retrofit project required 3 new heat exchanger units to achieve a heat savings of 4.24 MW with a favorable annualised profit and a reasonable payback period.

关键词： process retrofit pinch analysis heat exchanger network heat recovery

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"He Doesn’t Think He's Lying":The Moral Significance of Donald j.Trump’s Linguistic Practices

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Fudan journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 2021年第1期14卷 107-121页

作者： nathan Hilberg Philosophy Department Dallas CollegeDallasTXUSA

Synthesizing the metaethical aspects of George Lakoff’s conception of Strict Father Morality(SFM)and Divine Command Theory(DCT)helps us to have a better understanding of the Trump phenomenon,US President Trump regularly deviating from accepted facts and his supporters having no problem with this practice.We misunderstand the situation if we presume that Trump5s mendacity and his supporters,credulity fully account for this situation.More specifically,I argue that the authoritarian thread that runs through SFM/DCT provides Trump with the justification,in his view as well as in the eyes of his supporters,to dictate the meaning of key concepts,for example,truth,fairness,and justice.As a result,when Trump says something that seems plainly false,I argue that we better understand the situation if we regard Trump as taking himself to be defining what the term in question means.This situation has far-reaching ramifications,from destabilizing the meaning of key moral terms to all issues becoming partisan issues to the loss of expertise.

关键词： Moral schemas Moral theory Divine Command Theory Metaethics US politics

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Deterministic Dual Control of Phase Competition in Strained BiFeO_(3):A Multiparametric Structural Lithography Approach

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Nanomanufacturing and Metrology 2022年第1期5卷 60-66页

作者： nathan Black David Edwards Niall Browne joseph G.M.Guy Niyorjyoti Sharma Kristina M・Holsgrove Aaron B.Naden Raymond G.P.McQuaid Brian j.Rodriguez Amit Kumar School of Maths and Physics Queen's University BelfastBelfast BT7 INNUK School of Chemistry University of St.AndrewsSt Andrews KY169STUK School of Physics University College DublinBelfieldDublin 4Ireland

The realization of a mixed-phase microstructure in strained BiFeO_(3)(BFO)thin films has led to numerous novel effects derived from the coexistence of the tetragonal-like monoclinic phase(T phase)and rhombohedral-like monoclinic phase(R phase).Strong strain and polarization diiferences between the phases should result in a high level of transformation plasticity,which enables the continuous alteration of the relative proportion of R and T states in response to external forces.Although the potential for utilizing such plasticity to control mixed-phase populations under external stimuli is evident,direct experi・mental evidence backed by equilibrium predictions has not yet been fully demonstrated.Here we demonstrate deterministic control of mixed-phase populations in an epitaxially strained BFO thin film through the application of localized stresses and electric fields in a reversible manne匚The results illustrate and rationalize deterministic control of mixed phases in strained BFO films,which could be crucial in tuning their functional properties.The findings also highlight a new multiparametric technique in the scanning probe lithography toolbox based on tip-assisted electric and strain field manipulation of functional properties that might find application beyond the ferroelectric domain and structural phase lithography.

关键词： Phase competition Ferroelectric Stress Lithography

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