Congenital heart disease(CHD)is the most common type of birth defect,representing a significant cause of peri-natal morbidity and *** diagnosis of such anomalies is crucial for improving *** pro-tocols recommend a qua...
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Congenital heart disease(CHD)is the most common type of birth defect,representing a significant cause of peri-natal morbidity and *** diagnosis of such anomalies is crucial for improving *** pro-tocols recommend a qualitative assessment of cardiac structures using two-dimensional ultrasound(2DUS)and color Doppler *** cases of suspected abnormalities,quantitative assessments through cardiac structure measurements and reference curves can aid in accurate *** to centiles widely employed in obste-trics,Z-scores provide more precise quantification of various cardiac structures,particularly at the extremes of the *** the development of reference curves and Z-scores has progressed over the past two decades,a lack of standardization in measurements and statistical methodology for their determination is *** reference curves requires adherence to specific recommendations to improve their *** purpose of this study is to provide a narrative review of the major studies that have generated reference values for cardiac struc-tures using 2DUS and Z-scores,to evaluate their methodology,and to provide a summary of the results.
Macrozoospermia,characterized by the presence of largeheaded spermatozoa usually carrying several flagella,is one of the most severe phenotypes of male *** in most cases,the gametes are chromosomally abnormal and cann...
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Macrozoospermia,characterized by the presence of largeheaded spermatozoa usually carrying several flagella,is one of the most severe phenotypes of male *** in most cases,the gametes are chromosomally abnormal and cannot be used for assisted reproductive technologies(ART)(Ray et al.,2017).In 2007,subjects from consanguineous families were shown to carry the same homozygous deleterious AURKC variant(NM_001015878.2:c.144delC,later renamed c.145delC,***49TrpfsTer23),establishing AURKC as the first and main gene associated with macrozoospermia(Dieterich et al.,2007).Using flow cytometry,all spermatozoa from patients homozygous for the c.145delC variant were shown to be tetraploid,highlighting a cytokinesis blockage of the first meiotic divisions thus confirming that ART cannot be successful for these patients(Dieterich et al.,2009).
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