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Journal of Mountain Science 2022年第7期19卷 1988-1997页

作者： raju RAI ZHANG Yi-li WANG Zhao-feng Basanta PAUDEL LIU Lin-shan Mohan Kumar RAI narendra raj khanal Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China Institute of Fundamental Research and Studies Kathmandu44600Nepal Kathmandu Center for Research and Education Chinese Academy of Sciences-Tribhuvan UniversityKirtipurKathmandu44613Nepal

The Gandaki River Basin(GRB),located in the central Himalaya,provides habitats for a large number of important flora and fauna species.The habitats of key protected species have changed over time as a result of climate changes and human activities related to land use change,including the development of roads.This study assessed the present and future distributions of sloth bear(Melursus ursinus)habitats using the maximum entropy(Max Ent)model.Bioclimatic data,a digital elevation model and roads were used as environmental layers to assess current and future distributions of habitat.Results show that the overall habitat within the study area is likely to undergo important changes in the future.Bio 8(the mean temperature of the wettest quarter)and slope were found to be important variables affecting the distribution of the species.The habitats very highly suitable for sloth bears currently cover an area of 148 km^(2) within the GRB.These habitats are predicted to increase by 122 km^(2) more by 2050.Overall,a net change by 680.38 km^(2) was found in the GRB.Conservation measures are necessary for this key protected species and its habitat within the GRB and elsewhere in Nepal.

关键词： Sloth bear Melursus ursinus Habitat prediction Max Ent Gandaki River Basin Himalays

Erratum to:Decadal glacial lake changes in the Koshi basin,central Himalaya,from 1977 to 2010,derived from Landsat satellite images

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Journal of Mountain Science 2022年第8期19卷 2449-2450页

作者： Finu SHRESTHA GAO Xiao narendra raj khanal Sudan Bikash MAHARJAN rajendra Bahadur SHRESTHA WU Li-zong Pradeep Kumar MOOL Samjwal Ratna BAJRACHARYA International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development(ICIMOD) 44600 KathmanduNepal Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute(CAREERI) CASLanzhou 730000China Central Department of Geography Tribhuvan University44600 KirtipurNepal Polar Research Institute of China Shanghai 200135China

The article Decadal glacial lake changes in the Koshi basin,central Himalaya,from 1977 to 2010,derived from Landsat satellite images,written by Finu SHRESTHA,GAO Xiao,narendra raj khanal,Sudan Bikash MAHARJAN,rajendra Bahadur SHRESTHA,WU Li-zong,Pradeep Kumar MOOL and Samjwal Ratna BAJRACHARYA,was originally erroneously published electronicaliy on the publisher's internet portal(currently SpringerLink)on 04 October 2017 without open access.

关键词： glacial basin images

Review of studies on land use and land cover change in Nepal

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Journal of Mountain Science 2016年第4期13卷 643-660页

作者： Basanta PAUDEL ZHANG Yi-li LI Shi-cheng LIU Lin-shan WU Xue narendra raj khanal Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBering 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Beijing 100101China Central Department of Geography Tribhuvan UniversityKirtipurKathmandu 44613Nepal

Land use and land cover(LULC) in Nepal has undergone constant change over the past few decades due to major changes caused by anthropogenic and natural factors and their impacts on the national and regional environment and climate.This comprehensive review of past and present studies of land use and land cover change(LUCC) in Nepal concentrates on cropland, grassland, forest, snow/glacier cover and urban areas. While most small area studies have gathered data from different sources and research over a short period, across large areas most historical studies have been based on aerial photographs such as the Land Resource Mapping Project in 1986. The recent trend in studies in Nepal is to focus on new concepts and techniques to analyze LULC status on the basis of satellite imagery, with the help of geographic information system and remote sensing tools. Studies based on historical documents, and historical and recent spatial data on LULC, have clearly shown an increase in cropland areas in Nepal,and present results indicating different rates and magnitudes. A decrease in forest and snow/glacier coverage is reported in most studies. Little information is available on grassland and urban areas from past research. The unprecedented rate of urbanization in Nepal has led to significant urban land changes over the past 30 years. Meanwhile, long term historical LUCC research in Nepal is required for extensive work on spatially explicit reconstructions on the basis of historical and primary data collection, including LULC archives and drivers for future change.

关键词：土地利用尼泊尔土地覆被变化土地覆盖变化地理信息系统历史文献综述农田面积

气候变化对喜马拉雅中部甘达基河流域濒危物种的影响预测

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2022年第2期13卷 173-185页

作者： raju RAI 张镱锂刘林山 Paras Bikram SINGH Basanta PAUDEL Bipin Kumar ACHARYA narendra raj khanal 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所陆地表层格局与模拟院重点实验室北京100101 中国科学院大学北京100049 中国科学院加德满都科教中心加德满都44613尼泊尔广东省动物保护与资源利用重点实验室广东省野生动物保护与利用公共实验室广东省科学院动物研究所广州510260 尼泊尔生物多样性保护协会巴格多尔拉利特普尔44700尼泊尔中山大学公共卫生学院流行病学系广州510275

甘达基河流域位于喜马拉雅山脉中部,是众多濒危野生物种的重要栖息地。然而气候变化使该流域的生态环境变得愈发脆弱。本研究利用最大熵物种分布模型(Max Ent)评估气候变化对喜马拉雅黑熊(Ursus thibetanus laniger)和印度花豹(Panthera... 详细信息

甘达基河流域位于喜马拉雅山脉中部,是众多濒危野生物种的重要栖息地。然而气候变化使该流域的生态环境变得愈发脆弱。本研究利用最大熵物种分布模型(Max Ent)评估气候变化对喜马拉雅黑熊(Ursus thibetanus laniger)和印度花豹(Panthera pardus fusca)等濒危物种空间分布变化的潜在影响。研究基于物种出没地点、生物气候和地形(海拔、坡度和坡向)等数据拟合模拟并预测物种在目前与未来的潜在分布情况。研究结果显示,目前喜马拉雅黑熊的高度适宜区面积约为1642 km^(2),占流域面积的5.01%,预计至2050年,其高度适宜区面积在甘达基河流域内将会增加约51 km^(2);印度花豹的高度适宜区面积约为3999 km^(2),占流域面积的12.19%,预计至2050年可能会增加到4806 km^(2)。喜马拉雅黑熊的栖息地面积可能会在研究区域的东部(伯塞里、塔托潘尼和班塞以北)增加,而在东部(颂当、切坎帕)、西部(布尔提邦和波邦)和北部(桑波切、玛南、切坎帕)减少;印度花豹的栖息地面积则将在研究区域东南部(班塞)、西部部分地区(赫里乔尔和桑迪哈克北部)和西北部(桑波切)增加,而在研究区域的东部、南部和其他西部地区减少。研究同时指出,海拔、Bio 15(季节性降水变化)和Bio 16(最湿润季度降水量)等环境因素对喜马拉雅黑熊的栖息地变化影响较大,而Bio 13(最湿润月降水量)和Bio 15(季节性降水变化)对印度花豹的栖息地变化影响较大。总之,这两个物种的栖息地在不同海拔下均会受到气候变化的影响,需要加强对该区域内濒危物种的保护力度。

关键词：气候变化物种栖息地变化喜马拉雅黑熊(Ursus thibetanus laniger) 印度花豹(Panthera pardus fusca) 甘达基河流域

Decadal glacial lake changes in the Koshi basin, central Himalaya, from 1977 to 2010, derived from Landsat satellite images

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Journal of Mountain Science 2017年第10期14卷 1969-1984页

作者： Finu SHRESTHA GAO Xiao narendra raj khanal Sudan Bikash MAHARJAN rajendra Bahadur SHRESTHA WU Li-zong Pradeep Kumar MOOL Samjwal Ratna BAJRACHARYA International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) 44600 Kathmandu Nepal Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CAREERI) CAS Lanzhou 730000 China Central Department of Geography Tribhuvan University 44600 Kirtipur Nepal Polar Research Institute of China Shanghai 200135 China

Changes in glacial lakes and the consequences of these changes, particularly on the development of water resources and management of glacial lake outburst flood(GLOF) risk, has become one of the challenges in the sustainable development of high mountain areas in the context of global warming. This paper presents the findings of a study on the distribution of, and area changes in, glacial lakes in the Koshi basin in the central Himalayas.Data on the number of glacial lakes and their area was generated for the years 1977, 1990, 2000, and 2010 using Landsat satellite images. According to the glacial lake inventory in 2010, there were a total of 2168 glacial lakes with a total area of 127.61 km^2 and average size of 0.06 km^2 in the Koshi basin. Of these,47% were moraine dammed lakes, 34.8% bedrock dammed lakes and 17.7% ice dammed lakes. The number of glacial lakes increased consistently over the study period from 1160 in 1977 to 2168 in 2010, an overall growth rate of 86.9%. The area of glacial lakes also increased from 94.44 km^2 in 1977 to 127.61 km^2 in 2010, a growth rate of 35.1%. A large number of glacial lakes in the inventory are small in size(≤ 0.1km^2). End moraine dammed lakes with area greater than 0.1 km^2 were selected to analyze the change characteristics of glacial lakes in the basin. The results show that, in 2010, there were 129 lakes greater than 0.1 km^2 in area; these lakes had a total area of 42.92km^2 in 1997, increasing to 63.28 km^2 in 2010. The distribution of lakes on the north side of the Himalayas(in China) was three times higher than on the south side of the Himalayas(in Nepal).Comparing the mean growth rate in area for the 33 year study period(1977-2010), the growth rate on the north side was found to be a little slower than that on the south side. A total of 42 glacial lakes with an area greater than 0.2 km^2 are rapidly growing between 1977 and 2010 in the Koshi basin, which need to be paid more attention to monitoring in the future and to identify how critical they are in terms of

关键词：喜马拉雅山冰川湖河流域年代际变化卫星图像 satellite central Landsat

尼泊尔拉姆琼县(Lamjung District)社区森林中树木的组成和更新

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2021年第5期12卷 658-668页

作者： Tilak Babu CHAPAGAI Dipak KHADKA Dinesh raj BHUJU narendra raj khanal 施诗崔大方特里布文大学环境科学学院尼泊尔吉尔蒂布尔44618 华南农业大学林学与风景园林学院广东省森林植物种质创新与利用重点实验室广州510642 特里布文大学金门国际学院尼泊尔加德满都4059 环境保护与研究中心尼泊尔加德满都44600 尼泊尔科学技术研究院尼泊尔特布尔3323 特里布文大学地理学院尼泊尔吉尔蒂布尔44618

尼泊尔的社区森林计划是十分成功的森林保护计划之一。森林生态系统中的树种在维持植被结构、复杂性和异质性方面起着重要的基础性的作用。本研究分析了尼泊尔拉姆琼县(Lamjung District)亚热带地区的5个社区森林(Community Forest,CF)... 详细信息

尼泊尔的社区森林计划是十分成功的森林保护计划之一。森林生态系统中的树种在维持植被结构、复杂性和异质性方面起着重要的基础性的作用。本研究分析了尼泊尔拉姆琼县(Lamjung District)亚热带地区的5个社区森林(Community Forest,CF)中树种的组成和更新,为今后的长期研究提供了基础数据,并帮助社区科学地管理社区森林。本研究使用35个样方(20 m×20 m),通过分层随机抽样生成树种数据。结果表明,森林中成年树的密度在575 Ind ha^(-1)(Tilahar CF)到1196 Ind ha^(-1)(Deurali Thadopakha CF)之间,幼树的生长范围为2533 Ind ha^(-1)(Tilahar CF)到4000 Ind ha^(-1)(Thuliban CF),幼苗为19583 Ind ha^(-1)(Tilahar CF)到37500 Ind ha^(-1)(Thuliban CF);成年树种的胸高断面积为28.34 m^(2)ha^(-1)(Tilahar CF)至49 m^(2)ha^(-1)(Deurali CF);成年树种的Shannon-Weiner‘sH指数为1.08(ThulibanCF)到1.88(TilaharCF);异序乌桕(Sapium insigne)、孟加拉榕树(Ficus benghalensis)、西藏长叶松(Pinus roxburghii)、合欢属(Albizia sp.)以及紫薇属的Lagerstroemia parviflore更新较差。总的来说,除了Tilahar社区森林之外,其余社区森林均具有良好的更新,但根据胸径大小等级分布图来看,均没有可持续的更新。在5个社区森林中,成年植株的胸径大小有显著差异,其中Deurali Thadopakha社区森林的成年植株胸径最小。社区森林中的大多数树种更新能力较弱,较少的树种如粗娑罗双(Shorea robusta)、印度锥(Castanopsis indica)以及西南木荷(Schima wallichii)以优势地位维持了社区森林的整体再生,因此在维护社区森林时需要对更新能力较差的物种进行进一步的区分以制定科学的种植管理计划。

关键词：社区森林物种组成更新物种树木

1971-2009年珠穆朗玛峰地区尼泊尔境内气候变化

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地理学报 2013年第1期68卷 82-94页

作者：祁威张镱锂高俊刚杨续超刘林山 narendra raj khanal 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所北京100101 中国科学院大学北京100049 浙江省气象科学研究所杭州310017 尼泊尔特里布文大学地理学院

利用珠穆朗玛峰南坡尼泊尔境内(科西河流域)的10个气象站1971-2009年月平均气温、月平均最高、最低气温和逐月降水资料,采用线性趋势、Sen斜率估计、Mann-Kendall等方法分析区域气候变化状况及其时空特征,并与珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区气候进... 详细信息

利用珠穆朗玛峰南坡尼泊尔境内(科西河流域)的10个气象站1971-2009年月平均气温、月平均最高、最低气温和逐月降水资料,采用线性趋势、Sen斜率估计、Mann-Kendall等方法分析区域气候变化状况及其时空特征,并与珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区气候进行比较,分析了珠穆朗玛峰地区气候变化的特征与趋势。结果表明:(1)1971-2009年间,珠穆朗玛峰南坡年平均气温为20.0℃,线性升温率为0.25℃/10a,与北坡主要受年平均最低气温影响相反,增幅主要受年平均最高气温升高的影响,并且在1974年及1992年间出现两次显著增温,增温特别明显的月份为2月和9月;(2)该地区降水变化的局地性较强,近40年间年平均降水量为1729.01mm,年平均降水量以每年约4.27mm的线性增幅有所增加,但并不显著,且降水月变化和季变化特征均不明显;(3)由于珠穆朗玛峰南坡受到季风带来暖湿气流和喜马拉雅山阻挡的双重影响,珠峰南坡的年平均降水量远高于北坡;(4)珠穆朗玛峰南坡气温变暖的海拔依赖性并不明显,且南坡地区的变暖趋势并没有北坡变暖趋势明显。

关键词：气候变化 Mann—Kendall分析珠穆朗玛峰地区科西河流域尼泊尔

喜马拉雅中部甘达基河流域尼泊尔国鸟(棕尾虹雉)生境分布变化

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2020年第2期11卷 223-231页

作者： raju RAI Basanta PAUDEL 谷昌军 narendra raj khanal 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所陆地表层格局与模拟重点实验室北京100101 中国科学院大学资源与环境学院北京100049

甘达基河流域(Gandaki River Basin,GRB)是喜马拉雅中部地区的一部分,该地区栖息着许多珍稀的野生动物。由于气候和人类活动的影响,许多珍稀保护物种的生境处于危险之中。本研究基于最大熵(MaxEnt)模型,运用生物气候、土地覆被和DEM数据... 详细信息

甘达基河流域(Gandaki River Basin,GRB)是喜马拉雅中部地区的一部分,该地区栖息着许多珍稀的野生动物。由于气候和人类活动的影响,许多珍稀保护物种的生境处于危险之中。本研究基于最大熵(MaxEnt)模型,运用生物气候、土地覆被和DEM数据,分析各环境要素对棕尾虹雉(Lophophorusimpejanus)的生境适宜性的影响,评估棕尾虹雉现在状况和未来栖息地分布的变化。研究表明,目前棕尾虹雉的高度适宜栖息地面积约为749 km^2,主要分布在流域北部、东部和西部,尤其是郎塘国家公园、马纳斯卢峰自然保护区和安纳布尔纳峰自然保护区等保护区内。到2050年,棕尾虹雉的高度适宜栖息地面积将减少至561 km^2,主要在流域北部和西北部(即Chhyo,Tatopani,Humde和Chame地区)。未来环境变化的模拟表明,由于适宜栖息地面积的减少,棕尾虹雉面临的生存风险将增加。

关键词：气候变化土地覆被棕尾虹雉生境变化甘达基河流域

A geo-spatial database about the eco-environment and its key issues in South Asia

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Big Earth Data 2018年第3期2卷 298-319页

作者： Ainong Li Wei Deng Wei Zhao Bintao Liu Jianqiang Zhang Bo Kong Xi Nan Jinhu Bian Hriday Lal Koirala Hammad Gilani Vishwambhar Prasad Sati Pattiyage I.A.Gomes narendra raj khanal Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina Branch of Mountain Sciences Kathmandu Center for Research and EducationCASChengduChina Central Department of Geography Tribhuvan UniversityKathmanduNepal Institute of Space Technology IslamabadPakistan Department of Geography and Resource Management School of Earth SciencesMizoram UniversityAizawlIndia Department of Civil Engineering Institute of Information TechnologyMalabeSri Lanka

The South Asia has high variability in geographical features,climate,andlandscapes.With the rapid economic development and population growth,the increased pressure on natural resources,land degradation,water crisis,and climate change become the common concerns forthe countries in the region.To get a deep and general idea about the land and water natural resources and environment in South Asia,a knowl-edge database was constructed based on the climatic condition,land use/cover,waterresources,water disasters,and geohazards.There sults presented a scientific insight regarding the spatio-temporal changing pattern of the eco-environ mental components in this region.Risk assessments were performed for the floods,droughts,and geohazards which occurred with a high frequency.In general,the big knowledge database established in this study would be helpful to aid the devel-opment of future policies and programs(like the Belt and Road Initiative)for environmental issues adaptation in the region,including initiatives for regional cooperation and capacity building in natural resources and environment management.

关键词： South Asia eco-environment water resource geohazard climate change assessment

基于遥感影像的甘达基流域博卡拉和巴拉普尔的土地利用变化及其驱动力研究（英文）

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2020年第1期11卷 87-99页

作者： raju RAI 张镱锂 Basanta PAUDEL narendra raj khanal Bipin Kumar ACHARYA 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所陆地表层格局与模拟重点实验室北京100101 中国科学院大学北京100049 中国科学院青藏高原地球科学卓越创新中心北京100101 中国科学院加德满都科教中心尼泊尔加德满都44613 中山大学公共卫生学院流行病学系广州510275

城市扩张是反映经济增长的重要指标,但随意的城市扩张也带来了严重的社会经济问题、环境问题以及城市土地管理问题。在这个背景下,理解城市扩张的过程对于指导城市的可持续增长具有重要意义。本研究采用基于遥感影像的监督分类方法,分... 详细信息

城市扩张是反映经济增长的重要指标,但随意的城市扩张也带来了严重的社会经济问题、环境问题以及城市土地管理问题。在这个背景下,理解城市扩张的过程对于指导城市的可持续增长具有重要意义。本研究采用基于遥感影像的监督分类方法,分析了甘达基流域内的两个大城市—博卡拉和巴拉普尔1990–2018年的城市用地变化。结果表明:在过去的28年,博卡拉和巴拉普尔的城市面积分别显著扩张了300%和近500%。人口增长、城市基础设施和便利的生活方式引起周边地区向城市的人口迁移,是造成本研究区城市扩张的主要原因。除此之外,不断变化的城市定义和城市边界的扩张是造成城市快速扩张的关键因素。由于上述两个城市拥有高水平的商业活动以及现代化的设施,未来城市规模可能继续扩大。应当通过城市规划和政策减少随意的城市扩张,从而实现城市的可持续发展。

关键词：城市用地变化驱动因子博卡拉巴拉普尔甘达基流域