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Fatigue Alleviation Mechanism of Citric Acid Determined by Gene Expression Analysis in the Mouse Liver

Food and Nutrition Sciences 2015年第12期6卷 1095-1102页

作者： Yurie Hara nakamichi watanabe Graduate School of Human Life Sciences Showa Women’s University Tokyo Japan Institute of Women’s Health Sciences Tokyo Japan

Citric acid has been recognized for its ability to alleviate fatigue;however, the mechanism contributing to this effect has not yet been elucidated. Our previous study suggested that the alleviation of fatigue by citric acid intake might be induced by the acceleration of gluconeogenesis. In this study, we tested this hypothesis and evaluated whether the intake of citric acid accelerates gluconeogenesis in the mouse liver through microarray analysis. Because the microarray of focus includes 200 metabolic genes, it could be used to provide information on genes related to glucose metabolism as well as other pathways such as inflammation. Eight-week-old male C57/BL6J mice were divided into the distilled water and citric acid groups (n = 6), and were administered distilled water or a citric acid solution (20 mg/30g body weight) intragastrically with a probe, respectively. Forty minutes after administration, the mice were sacrificed by decapitation. The blood glucose level of the citric acid group was significantly higher (P = 0.001) than that of the distilled water group. The expression levels of genes related to glucose metabolism (Gck, Pfkl, Pklr, Pck1, G6pc) were not changed by the intake of citric acid. On the other hand, some transcriptional differences were observed in several other genes, including those related to inflammation, blood pressure, the electron transport system, uncoupling proteins, and anti-oxidation. The expression levels of genes related to inflammation were reduced in the citric acid group;e.g., the Il6 expression level was 0.78 times lower in the citric acid group than that in the distilled water group. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that citric acid intake could accelerate gluconeogenesis and suppresses inflammation. Therefore, the fatigue-alleviation effects of citric acid might be induced by an additive effect between the maintenance of blood glucose levels and the suppression of inflammation.

关键词： Citric Acid Fatigue Gluconeogenesis Inflammation Fatigue-Alleviation Mechanism

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Expression of Genes Related to Glycolysis in the Liver and Skeletal Muscle of Rats after Citric Acid Administration

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2019年第3期10卷 325-332页

作者： Yurie Hara nakamichi watanabe Department of Nutritional Science Tokyo Kasei University Tokyo Japan Department of Health Science Showa Women’s University Tokyo Japan

Citric acid is known to alleviate physical fatigue and improve athletic performance;however, the underlying mechanism is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of citric acid administration on the expression of key glycolysis-related genes in the liver and skeletal muscle of rats. Eight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups—control and citric acid groups. The rats were fasted overnight, after which distilled water or citric acid solution was administered intragastrically;after 150 min, the rats were sacrificed, and the liver and skeletal muscle were collected. In the skeletal muscle, namely soleus and gastrocnemius muscles, the phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase gene expression were significantly decreased by citric acid administration. In contrast, the glucokinase and pyruvate kinase gene expression in the liver was significantly increased. These results suggest that exogenous dietary citric acid suppresses glycolysis in the skeletal muscle at the transcription level.

关键词： Citric Acid Gastrocnemius Muscle Glycolysis Liver Soleus Muscle

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Effects of Dietary Citric Acid on Metabolic Indicators and Gene Expression in the Skeletal Muscles of Fasted Mice

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2013年第11期4卷 1114-1119页

作者： Yurie Hara nakamichi watanabe Department of Human Health and Design Showa Women’s University Tokyo Japan Department of Human Sciences and Design Graduate School of Showa Women’s University Tokyo Japan

Citric acid is recognized and utilized as a dietary supplement for its ability to eliminate fatigue. However, the molecular and cellular mechanism underlying this effect has not been elucidated. This study investigated the effect of intragastric citric acid administration on the energy metabolism and gene expression in the skeletal muscles of mice that had been fasted without exercise, using biochemical analyses of metabolic indicators and DNA microarrays. Expression of the genes involved in the glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle and β-oxidation of fatty acids were not affected by citric acid administration. However, citric acid increased the level of blood glucose and expression of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene. These results indicate that citric acid ingestion may eliminate fatigue by promoting gluconeogenesis.

关键词： Citric Acid Fatigue Gluconeogenesis DNA Microarray TCA Cycle

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Dietary <i>γ</i>-Aminobutyric Acid Shortens the Life Span of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2011年第4期2卷 301-303页

作者： nakamichi watanabe Naomi Washio 不详

Dietary γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) has been suggested to decrease systolic blood pressure. This study aimed to ex-amine the effects of dietary GABA on the life span of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSPs). In this study, life span was determined for SHRSPs provided 1% NaCl solution or 0.01% GABA in 1% NaCl solution as drinking water. The life span of the GABA-fed group (76.3 ± 1.65 days) was significantly shorter than that of the control group (81.6 ± 0.88 days). The results of this study may not be applicable to humans. Future studies will be necessary to elucidate the mechanism underlying this phenomenon.

关键词： γ-Amino Butyric Acid Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Life Span

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Effects of Dietary Green Rooibos on Physical Endurance in Swimming Mice

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2014年第2期5卷 127-131页

作者： nakamichi watanabe Yurie Hara Satomi Sakuda Yoriko Mori Yutaka Furuya Tsuyoshi watanabe Department of Human Science and Design Showa Women’s University Tokyo Japan Department of Human Sciences and Design Graduate School of Showa Women’s University Tokyo Japan Tama biochemical Co. Ltd. Tokyo Japan

Green rooibos made from unfermented rooibos leaves contains high amounts of aspalathin. Dietary green rooibos is expected to increase physical endurance and decrease physical fatigue, because aspalathin has antioxidant activity and stimulates glucose uptake in muscle tissue. The aim of this study was to validate the effects of green rooibos and aspalathin by using a swimming mouse model. Dietary green rooibos and aspalathin tended to increase swimming time in mice. This beneficial effect might be induced by increased glycogen accumulation in the liver and skeletal muscles.

关键词： Aspalathin Fatigue Glycogen Physical Endurance Rooibos

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