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The Nature and Origin of Inertia

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Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology 2021年第2期7卷 761-772页

作者： nader Butto Petah-Tikva Israel

This paper aims to present a new theory that explains the mechanism of inertia at providing a satisfying explanation for the yet unknown mechanism for inertia. By considering the vacuum as a liquid with a measurable density, hydrodynamics laws are used to describe the behaviour of the vacuum when it is dragged by moving body. The inertia is the result of the initial resistance between the moving bodies against the static vacuum. The moving body drags the resisting vacuum during acceleration, till the point that the vacuum travels with the moving body and has the same velocity. When the body decelerates, the vacuum continues to flow and to push the body at the same direction of the original flow till its complete stop. Formulations based on Planck theory derived to prove its equivalence to Newton inertia law. Formulation based on hydrodynamics is derived to confirm the theory that the force exerted by the vacuum on static body in gravity and on moving body in inertia is equivalent to Newton law. The strong equivalence principle is reaffirmed and, consequently, Einstein’s equations are preserved.

关键词： Inertia Force Vacuum Density Drag Force Newton Inertia Law Gravitation Force

A New Theory of the Essence and Mass of Photon

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Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology 2022年第4期8卷 1084-1101页

作者： nader Butto Petah Tikva Israel

Many properties of a single photon, such as density, rest mass, and orbital angular momentum, are still unknown. In a previous study, the photon was presented as a superfluid prolate spheroid structure, with a long-axis radius, short-axis radius, and volume, embodied with two spins—transversal and longitudinal—which are responsible for the three-dimensional helical trajectory of the electromagnetic wave. In this study, the rest mass, density, and energy of photon are mathematically derived, and the relationship between the radius of photon and its frequency is demonstrated. In addition, the difference between the Compton and de Broglie wavelengths is clarified. The calculated density, volume, and rest mass of photon agree with previous experimental results. The photon’s simultaneous longitudinal and transversal spins are moving forces of longitudinal and transversal trajectories, which are the origin of the three-dimensional helix shape of the electromagnetic field. A new mechanism for the photon movement is proposed, and the reason for the zero mass moving photon is revealed;a traveling photon in space exhibits zero mass because its boundaries demonstrate zero relative velocity with the surrounding vacuum. The orbital angular momentum of photon is described using similar macroscopic rotation concepts and applying hydrodynamics laws. A rotating photon is endowed with an angular velocity vector whose magnitude measures the speed with which the radius of the principal axis sweeps an angle, and whose direction indicates the principal axis of rotation and is given by the right-hand rule. The deviation angle is calculated using trigonometric functions, and the origin of the Lorenz factor is revealed.

关键词： Photon Structure Electromagnetic Wave Photon Mass Photon Energy

A New Theory for the Essence and Nature of Electron Charge

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Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology 2021年第3期7卷 1190-1201页

作者： nader Butto Dgania Petah Tikva Israel

Charge is a fundamental physical property of matter that is responsible for its interactions with electromagnetic fields. The real nature and the essence of charge are unknown. In this paper, a new theory is presented to describe the nature and the essence of electric charge is formulated based on the vortex model of the electron which has a finite size and has an irrotational vortex structure. This theory and the vortex model of the electron enables us, for the first time, to describe the origin of bivalency, stability, quantization, equality of the absolute values of the bivalent charges, to derive a simple formulation to calculate the electric charge based on hydrodynamics without the use any constant. The difference between negative and positive charge, is revealed and the charged particles interactions are described. The electric charge is an expression of accelerated spherical mass per area reduced by the stiffness of the vacuum which has the units ε0 ML3/T2. The calculated results based on these equations comply accurately with the experimental results.

关键词： Electric Charge Irrotational Vortex Coulomb’s Law Volume Flow Rate Charge Density

SBA-15锚定Cu(Ⅱ)-DiAmSar配合物催化剂上无溶剂高效合成吡啶并吡嗪和喹喔啉衍生物（英文）

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催化学报 2015年第8期36卷 1379-1386页

作者： Marzieh Mohammadi Ghasem Rezanejade Bardajee nader Noroozi Pesyan Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Urmia University 57159 Urmia Iran Department of Chemistry Payame Noor University P.O. BOX 19395-3697 Tehran Iran

A catalytic system comprising mesoporous silica functionalized with Cu(II)-DiAmSar was synthesized. This was demonstrated as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of biologically useful pyridopyrazine and quinoxaline heterocycles under solvent-free conditions. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption, Fourtier transformation infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize the catalyst and investigate the texture of SBA-15 during the grafting process.

关键词： SBA-15 无溶剂合成催化剂衍生物喹喔啉吡嗪吡啶可回收

A New Theory for the Essence and Structure of the Photon

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Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology 2022年第4期8卷 960-977页

作者： nader Butto Petah Tikva Israel

A photon is the smallest discrete amount or quantum of electromagnetic radiation, and it is the basic unit of light. It exhibits no shape, “point particle,” according to the standard model of particle physics, meaning that a photon interacts as if it is entirely located at a single point in space and does not spread out to fill a three-dimensional volume. In this study, a new theory, in which the photon demonstrates a structure and shape, is proposed based on the perturbed quantum superfluid field (vacuum) in the photon epoch during the first seconds of the Big Bang. Photons are the nonlinear manifestation of Kelvin–Helmholtz instability that induces the formation of elliptical vortices, known as Kida vortices, which are converted to a three-dimensional spheroidal structure that remains unchanged in time and rotates with uniform angular velocity due to Coriolis force. Using hydrodynamics laws and applying them to a superfluid vacuum, the basic properties of the photon are described. Moreover, this study provides mathematical models to calculate the kinetic energy, radius, volume, charge, and particle-wave duality of photon. To confirm the proposed theory, the mathematical formulations are presented. We conclude that the photon shape is accessible to human imagination;knowing this shape helps determine photon properties and sheds light on how matter is made as well as explains the interactions of subatomic particles.

关键词： Electromagnetic Radiation Photon Quantum Electrodynamics

New Mechanism and Analytical Formula for Understanding the Gravity Constant <i>G</i>

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Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology 2020年第3期6卷 357-367页

作者： nader Butto Rabin Medical Centre Petah-Tikva Israel

The nature of gravitation and G is not well understood. A new gravitation mechanism is proposed that explains the origin and essence of the gravitational constant, G. Based on general relativity, the vacuum is considered to be a superfluid with measurable density. Rotating bodies drag vacuum and create a vortex with gradient pressure. The drag force of vacuum fluid flow in the arm of the vortex is calculated relative to the static vacuum and a value that is numerically equal to that of G is obtained. Using Archimedes’ principle, it is determined that G is the volume of vacuum displaced by a force equivalent to its weight which is equal to the drag force of the vacuum. It is concluded that the gravitational constant G expresses the force needed to displace a cubic metre of vacuum that weighs one kg in one second. Therefore, G is not a fundamental physical constant but rather is an expression of the resistance encountered by the gravitational force in the vacuum.

关键词： Gravitational Constant Vacuum Density Drag Force Vortex Formation Specific Volume Flow Archimedes’ Principle

Right to Health or the Human Right of Access to Essential Healthcare

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Journal of Philosophy Study 2013年第6期3卷 529-537页

作者： nader Ghotbi Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights refers to the human right to health and well-being including medical care, but for the majority of people whom are not covered by health insurance this is better said than done. Ensuring the access of all citizens to the needed medical care requires the provision of health insurance coverage to a population pool and gradually expanding the pool to the whole nation. The ethical perspective of pooling resources across various groups of people with different levels of income and different health risks associated with age, genetics, and lifestyle, may raise the issue of individual autonomy versus social solidarity. Governmental, social, private, and community-based healthcare coverage have been used in different countries with varying details in the sources of funding, pooling of contributions, and the purchase of the covered healthcare services; these models have had varying levels of success depending on not only the availability of funds, but also on the political commitment of the state and the social solidarity and cultural attitude of the population towards universal healthcare. Therefore, universal healthcare requires not only a certain level of economic development, but also a strong sense of solidarity among the people as well as a political commitment in their government. I argue that the statement regarding the right to health, well-being, and medical care needs to be rethought, and instead universal access to essential healthcare should be regarded as a basic human right.

关键词： health insurance health security healthcare access human rights social solidarity universal healthcoverage

Marriage in Pre-lslamic Arabia as Reflected in Poetry and Prose： The Social and Humane Relations Between Husband and Wife

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Sociology Study 2013年第11期3卷 847-857页

作者： nader Masarwah

This study aims at illuminating the institution and customs of marriage in the pre-lslamic period （Al-]ahiliyya）, and at the same time at putting to rest certain completely unfounded, fabricated and slanderous claims about this period which have been disseminated by a not inconsiderable number of scholars. It will present the facts about marriage in the period in question by way of showing how it appears in pre-lslamic literature, prose as well as poetry, and how the social and humane relations between husband and wife reflected in the pre-islamic poetry and prose.

关键词： Marriage celibacy divorce exogamous choice bridal money

Acoustic Modeling of a 3-Layered Panel Incorporating Electro-Rheological/ Magneto-Rheological (EMR) Fluids

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Open Journal of Acoustics 2014年第1期4卷 1-12页

作者： nader Mohammadi Department of Mechanical Engineering Islamic Azad University Parand Branch Tehran Iran

Applications of Electro-Rheological (ER) or Magneto-Rheological (MR) fluids as typical smart materials have been widely investigated over the past decades (since their introduction in 40’s). The special applications of these materials as a means of noise suppression are not yet investigated. Constrained Layer Damping (CLD) sheets can be realized by incorporating EMR (ER/MR) materials. In this way, a multilayered damping sheet is obtained with adaptive (tunable) stiffness and damping characteristics. These properties are easily changed in proportion to the electric (magnetic) field applied upon the EMR layer. This notion has been introduced for semi-active vibration control problems. Herein, such panels incorporating EMR material are proposed for adaptive acoustic treatments. Modeling (simulation) of a 3-layered panel with the middle layer being EMR with adjustable properties is carried out in this paper. The tunability of transmission/absorption characteristics of these composite sheets enables us making smart panels for adaptive noise and acoustic treatments. An adaptive performance can be achieved via changing the properties of such panels, on line, according to some sensor outputs. The main objective is to develop proper models to predict the Transmission Loss (TL) of such panels. Also, the TL of this panel is compared with the middle layer of a Newtonian fluid.

关键词： ER/MR Fluid Multi-Layers Panel Transmission Loss