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Towards Increasing Data Availability for Meteorological Services: Inter-Comparison of Meteorological Data from a Synoptic Weather Station and Two Automatic Weather Stations in Kenya

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American Journal of Climate Change 2021年第3期10卷 300-316页

作者： Richard Muita Paul Kucera Stella Aura David Muchemi David Gikungu Samuel Mwangi Martin Steinson Paul Oloo Nicholas Maingi Ezekiel Muigai mwaura kamau Kenya Meteorological Department Institute for Meteorological Training and Research Nairobi Kenya University Corporation for Atmospheric Research/National Centre for Atmospheric Research (UCAR/NCAR) Boulder USA

Meteorological data is useful for varied applications and sectors ranging from weather and climate forecasting, landscape planning to disaster management among others. However, the availability of these data requires a good network of manual meteorological stations and other support systems for its collection, recording, processing, archiving, communication and dissemination. In sub-Saharan Africa, such networks are limited due to low investment and capacity. To bridge this gap, the National Meteorological Services in Kenya and few others from African countries have moved to install a number of Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs) in the past decade including a few additions from private institutions and individuals. Although these AWSs have the potential to improve the existing observation network and the early warning systems in the region, the quality and capacity of the data collected from the stations are not well exploited. This is mainly due to low confidence, by data users, in electronically observed data. In this study, we set out to confirm that electronically observed data is of comparable quality to a human observer recorded data, and can thus be used to bridge data gaps at temporal and spatial scales. To assess this potential, we applied the simple Pearson correlation method and other statistical tests and approaches by conducting inter-comparison analysis of weather observations from the manual synoptic station and data from two Automatic Weather Stations (TAHMO and 3D-PAWS) co-located at KMD Headquarters to establish existing consistencies and variances in several weather parameters. Results show there is comparable consistency in most of the weather parameters between the three stations. Strong associations were noted between the TAHMO and manual station data for minimum (r = 0.65) and maximum temperatures (r = 0.86) and the maximum temperature between TAHMO and 3DPAWS (r = 0.56). Similar associations were indicated for surface pressure (r = 0.99) and R

关键词： Meteorological Data Manual Weather Station Automatic Weather Station Correlation

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Influence of Substrate Proximate Properties on Voltage Production in Microbial Fuel Cells

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Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems 2020年第2期10卷 43-51页

作者： James kamau Mbugua Damaris Nduta Mbui Joseph Mwaniki Francis mwaura Salia Sheriff Department of Chemistry University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya School of Biological Sciences University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

In the current study, we investigate the influence of proximate properties of five different fruits on voltage and current generated from a double chamber microbial fuel cell. Fruits comprising of avocado, tomato, banana, watermelon and mango were analyzed for proximate properties using standard methods. Rumen fluid was used as the inoculum in fabricated H-shaped double chamber fuel cells with graphite rods electrodes at room temperature. The voltage and current generated were monitored daily for 30 days using a DT9205A digital multi-meter. The average moisture content for the fruits samples ranged from 82.86% - 95.16% while the crude fat was in the range of 0.12% - 0.33% with avocado having fat levels at 9.03%. Carbohydrates level was the highest in banana at 19.24% and the lowest in tomato waste at 2.93%. Tomato waste produced the highest voltage of 0.702 V on day 20 while lower voltage was noted in watermelon fruit wastes at 0.019 V. The voltage and current increased linearly with time for all the fruit wastes. These results indicate that substrate proximate properties influence the voltage and current generated in microbial fuel cell. In addition, moisture content and carbohydrates level were the major factors that influence microbial fuel cells performance.

关键词： Voltage Fruits Waste Proximate Current

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Bacteriophages Isolated in China for the Control of Pectobacterium carotovorum Causing Potato Soft Rot in Kenya

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Virologica Sinica 2019年第3期34卷 287-294页

作者： Peter Muturi Junping Yu Alice Nyambura Maina Samuel Kariuki Frantis B.mwaura Hongping Wei Key Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens and Biosafety Wuhan Institute of VirologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430071China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Centre for Microbiology Research Kenya Medical Research InstituteNairobi 00202Kenya School of Biological and Life Sciences Technical University of KenyaNairobi 00200Kenya School of Biological Sciences University of NairobiNairobi 00100Kenya Sino-Africa Joint Research Centre Nairobi 00200Kenya

Soft rot is an economically significant disease in potato and one of the major threats to sustainable potato *** study aimed at isolating lytic bacteriophages and evaluating methods for and the efficacy of applying phages to control potato soft rot caused by Pectobacterium *** bacteriophages isolated from soil and water samples collected in Wuhan,China,were used to infect *** host strains isolated from potato tubers showing soft rot symptoms in Nakuru county,*** efficacy of the phages in controlling soft rot disease was evaluated by applying individual phage strains or a phage cocktail on potato slices and tubers at different time points before or after inoculation with a *** *** phages could lyse 20 strains of ***,but not Pseudomonas fluorescens control *** the 11 phages,Pectobacterium phage Wc5r,interestingly showed cross-activity against Pectobacterium atrosepticum and two phage-resistant *** *** slice assays showed that the phage concentration and timing of application are crucial factors for effective soft rot *** cocktail applied at a concentration of 1×10^9 plaque-forming units per milliliter before or within an hour after bacterial inoculation on potato slices,resulted in>90%reduction of soft rot *** study provides a basis for the development and application of phages to reduce the impact of potato soft rot disease.

关键词： Pectobacterium carotovorum Potato soft rot Bacteriophages Phage resistance

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Developing a bacteriophage cocktail for biocontrol of potato bacterial wilt

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Virologica Sinica 2017年第6期32卷 476-484页

作者： Cuihua Wei Junli Liu Alice Nyarnbura Maina Francis B mwaura Junping Yu Chenghui Yan Ruofang Zhang Hongping Wei Key Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens and Biosafety Wuhan Institute of VirologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430071China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039China Inner Mongolia Potato Engineering&Technology Research Center Inner Mongolia UniversityHohhot 010021China University of Nairobi Nairobi 00100Kenya Technical University of Kenya Nairobi 00200Kenya Sino-Africa Joint Research Center Nairobi 00200Kenya

Bacterial wilt is a devastating disease of potato and can cause an 80% production loss. To control wilt using bacteriophage therapy, we isolated and characterized twelve lytic bacteriophages from different water sources in Kenya and China. Based on the lytic curves of the phages with the pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, one optimal bacteriophage cocktail, P1, containing six phage isolations was formulated and used for studying wilt prevention and treatment efficiency in potato plants growing in pots. The preliminary tests showed that the phage cocktail was very effective in preventing potato bacterial wilt by injection of the phages into the plants or decontamination of sterilized soil spiked with R. solanacearum. Eighty percent of potato plants could be protected from the bacterial wilt(caused by R. solanacearum reference strain GIM1.74 and field isolates), and the P1 cocktail could kill 98% of live bacteria spiked in the sterilized soil at one week after ***, the treatment efficiencies of P1 depended on the timing of application of the phages, the susceptibility of the plants to the bacterial wilt, as well as the virulence of the bacteria infected,suggesting that it is important to apply the phage therapy as soon as possible once there are early signs of the bacterial wilt. These results provide the basis for the development of bacteriophagebased biocontrol of potato bacterial wilt as an alternative to the use of antibiotics.

关键词： Ralstonia solanacearum bacterial wilt potato bacteriophage therapy

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Predator-Proof Bomas as a Tool in Mitigating Human-Predator Conflict in Loitokitok Sub-County Amboseli Region of Kenya

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Natural Resources 2016年第1期7卷 28-39页

作者： David Owino Manoa Francis mwaura Born Free Foundation Nairobi Kenya Department of Geography & Environmental Studies University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) arises when wildlife shares the same physical space with humans. HWC, particularly livestock predation results in great negative impacts both to pastoralist and carnivores. Various approaches including compensation, livestock guarding, translocation of the problematic predator, and predator-proof bomas (PPB) have been used to mitigate such conflicts. We assessed PPB in mitigating human-predator conflict in Loitokitok sub-county by focusing on its effectiveness, most problematic predator, community’s perceptions, and comparing the PPB and traditional bomas characteristics. Data were obtained from 90 homesteads in Olgulului, Mbirikani and Kimana/Tikondo group ranches. Correlation and paired t-tests were used to analyze the data. Our findings suggest that the boma sizes correlated with the total number of livestock in the boma (r = 0.386, n = 90, p = 0.000) but not the number of people. Hyena and lion accounted for the highest loss of shoats and cattle, with hyena mostly killing shoats (37%) and lions preying largely on cattle (34%). The most problematic predator was as hyena (68%). We found positive relationships between the most problematic predator and total number of livestock (r = 0.319, n = 90, p = 0.002), and boma circumference (r = 0.295, n = 90, p = 0.005). Livestock predation was high in boma during the wet seasons (April, September, October and December). The erection of PPB reduced livestock predation by 91.11% (n = 45) and time spend guarding livestock at night. We recommend a continuous maintenance of the PPB as a long term solution to livestock loss at night and a close guarding of livestock during the day by adults to reduce day time predations.

关键词： Livestock Predators Predator-Proof Boma Human-Wildlife Conflict

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Evaluation of the Nursing Management for Patients on Underwater Chest Drainage at Kenyatta National Hospital

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2018年第12期8卷 1222-1235页

作者： Anthony Chege James mwaura Angeline Kirui Medical Surgical Nursing School of Nursing Sciences University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya School of Nursing Sciences University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

Aim: To evaluate the nursing management for patients undergoing underwater chest drainage (UWCD) management at Kenyatta National hospital (KNH). Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted at the medical and surgical wards of KNH. Data were obtained from 101 consenting nurses selected through simple random sampling using a researcher administered questionnaire. Ten participant observations were made among nurses who were systematically sampled. Ten key informant interviews were conducted among nurse managers of these departments who were purposively sampled. Data were analysed using SPSS version 21. Findings: Most participants (46.5%) had average knowledge while 6.9% were poor. This means that 46.5% of the participants either had to refer to guidelines on UWCD management or assisted by a more competent nurse while 6.9% were unable to manage UWCD patients. Factors affecting the levels of knowledge and competence included level of nursing education (p = 0.043), length of working experience (p = 0.022) and the attitude of the participants towards UWCD nursing management (p = 0.022). There was low adherence to the Nursing Council of Kenya (NCK) guidelines (17%). Most nurses used “shortcuts” in provision of care. Majority (62.6%) faced challenges in provision of care. The challenges include inadequate knowledge (37.1%), heavy workload (27.4%) and lack of guidelines (16.9%). Conclusions: There is a knowledge and competence gap in the nursing management of UWCD patients at KNH. Majority used “shortcuts” in nursing care with low adherence to NCK guidelines. There is a need to improve the knowledge and competence in order to ensure patients safety and reduce complications.

关键词： Underwater Chest Drainage Management Knowledge Adherence Challenges

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The Effect of Small Scale Topographic Gradient on the Distribution and Community Utilization of Indigenous Woody Species in a Lowland Dryland Environment, Lokapel Area, Turkana, Kenya

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Natural Resources 2017年第9期8卷 592-609页

作者： Francis mwaura Joel Wamalwa Tiffany Mwake Department of Geography & Environmental Studies University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya County Government of Kakamega Kakamega Kenya

The landscape of Lokapel is characterized by a distinctive dryland vegetation, whose distribution is influenced by altitudinal change and the use of woody species by the local community along 100 m altitudinal gradient from River Turkwel (662 m) to Lokapel Hill (764 m). The paper undertakes the following: (a) to establish the influence of elevation on woody vegetation species distribution in different landscapes in the area and (b) to assess the consumptive and non-consumptive uses of woody vegetation in the area by the local community and determine the utility patterns along the altitudinal gradient. A total of forty three species of woody plants were identified with the top five species in terms of widespread distribution being;Indigofera cliffordearia (10 percent), Acacia tortilis (9.8 percent), A. nubica (8.8 percent), Balanites rotundifolia (6.3 percent), and Acacia reficiens (5.4 percent). The local people used the indigenous woody species to address a total of 18 demands including provision of livestock fodder, household construction, bio-energy, and herbal medicines. The variation in woody species and their uses showed the total number of woody species distribution has the highest peak around 680 m but altitude accounted only for 51 percent of the variation in woody species.

关键词： Tropical Drylands Landscape Gradient Woody Species Distribution Vegetation Uses

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Cord Care Practices and Omphalitis among Neonates Aged 3 - 28 Days at Pumwani Maternity Hospital, Kenya

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2016年第1期4卷 27-36页

作者： Lucy Kinanu Eunice Odhiambo James mwaura Michael Habtu School of Nursing Sciences College of Health Sciences University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya

Background: Omphalitis (umbilical cord infection) among new-borns is common and a major cause of neonatal deaths in developing countries. Annually about 4 million neonatal deaths occur around the world;of these, more than 30% are caused by infections. Majority of these infections start as umbilical cord infection. Objective: The aim of the present study was to establish cord care practices associated with omphalitis among neonates aged 3-28 days at Pumwani Maternity Hospital, Kenya. Methodology: Cross-sectional descriptive study was employed among 178 mothers with neonates of 3-28 days. Participants were selected systematically and data was collected on new-born cord care practices. Omphalitis was defined as pus discharge, redness with or without pus and swelling of umbilical cord. Pearson’s chi-square test (P < 0.05) was performed to compare the significant discrepancies. Crude and adjusted odds ratios with corresponding 95% confidence interval were also used to determine the strength of association between omphalitis and cord care practices. Results: Among 178 neonates, 67 (37.6%) were diagnosed with omphalitis. In logistic regression analysis, the main predictors of omphalitis were initiation of breastfeeding after one hour of delivery [AOR = 2.47;95%CI = 1.15 - 5.30;P < 0.05] compared to within one hour and application of saliva to the cord [AOR = 6.59;95%CI = 2.02 - 21.46;P < 0.01] compared to dry cord. Conclusion: The prevalence of omphalitis among neonates was high. Health workers need to participate in educating the mothers to initiate breastfeeding within one hour and to avoid application of harmful cord care practices.

关键词： Cord Care Neonates Omphalitis Practices

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Exploring perspectives on antimicrobial stewardship:a qualitative study of health managers in Kenya

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Global Health Research and Policy 2020年第1期5卷 67-75页

作者： Samuel Mungai Mbugua George Njoroge Caroline Kijogi Moses Kamita Rachel Kimani Peter mwaura Bibianne Waiganjo Aidi Jesse Gitaka Mount Kenya University ThikaKenya

Background:Antimicrobial resistance is a significant public health concern with the establishment of antimicrobial stewardship in hospitals being increasingly *** and insights of health managers on antimicrobial stewardship(AMS),complementary health services and building blocks are imperative towards implementation of robust AMS *** study aimed to understand perspectives of hospital managers on AMS and identify areas of management engagement while addressing potential blockades to ***:A cross-sectional,qualitative,multicenter study was conducted in three hospitals in ***-informant interviews on perspectives on AMS were administered to hospital *** data was captured using audio tapes and field notes,transcribed and managed using NVivo 12 *** iterative process was used to develop the thematic framework and updated in two rounds of iteration *** charts for each emergent theme were developed and categorized across all ***:Perspectives on AMS are described in five thematic categories;Importance of antimicrobial stewardship and the role of medicines and therapeutics committee,availability of antimicrobial formulary and usage surveillance systems,laboratory competency and recommendations for infection prevention and management,educational resources and communications channels available,building blocks and low-lying fruits for Antimicrobial Stewardship *** role of stewardship collaboration in diagnosis and antimicrobial prescription was alluded to with managers indicating a growing rise in occurrence of antimicrobial *** lacked contextualized,hospital specific antimicrobial formulary and adequate laboratory *** training and communication channels were available in varying capacity across the three *** blocks identified include medicines and therapeutics committee,education,and training platforms(Continuous Medical Educati

关键词： Antimicrobial stewardship Antimicrobial resistance Building blocks/low-lying fruits

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Wildlife Population Change in Africa from the Eyes of the Public—The Case of Mara Enoonkishu Conservancy in Southern Kenya

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Natural Resources 2016年第7期7卷 434-444页

作者： Dorothy Syallow Masiga Francis mwaura Mikalitsa S. Mukhovi University of Kabianga Kericho Kenya Department of Geography & Environmental Studies University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

The aims of the study were to: 1) determine the wildlife population trends in the Mara Enoonkishu Conservancy from the eyes and minds of the public, 2) assess the recent trends in wildlife populations based on actual scientific counts, and 3) compare the two patterns and establish whether they are similar or not. The solicitation of public views was based on household surveys using a standard questionnaire which was administered to 115 randomly selected respondents. The dominant wildlife species according to 39% of the respondents was the elephant followed by the zebra with 35%. 40% of the respondents indicated that the rhino population had declined followed by wild dogs (7%) and cheetah (6%). The actual counts showed that the herbivores with increasing populations included the rhino (r2 = 0.9992), impala (r2 = 0.9824), Thomson’s gazelle (r2 = 0.6965), Grant’s gazelle (r2 = 0.7052), elephant (r2 = 0.5798), and topi (r2 = 0.4426) while the increasing predators included the lion (r2 = 1.000), cheetah (r2 = 0.9093) and hyena (r2 = 0.8462). The actual wildlife counts appeared to tally with the public views only for the elephant and zebra. The actual counts contradicted the public views in terms of the rhino, lion and gazelles whose numbers were on the increase but the people did not appear to notice. Based on this, it was concluded that the public view on the wildlife population trend was not similar to the actual wildlife population status on the ground based on scientific monitoring.

关键词： Wildlife Population Change Animal Counts Public Perception

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