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Levels of Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd) and Cobalt (Co) in Cow Milk from Selected Areas of Zanzibar Island, Tanzania

american Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2023年第7期14卷 287-304页

作者： Hassan Rashid Ali mwanahija mohamed ame Mohammed Ali Sheikh Said Suleiman Bakari School of Natural and Social Sciences The State University of Zanzibar Zanzibar Tanzania Tropical Research Centre for Oceanography Environment and Natural Resources The State University of Zanzibar Zanzibar Tanzania

Milk is one of the very important nutrients of human diet. The presence of toxic elements in milk may threaten the public health. This study reports the levels of Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co) and Lead (Pb) in raw cow’s milk collected from different areas of Zanzibar Island during March - May 2016. The samples of raw milk were analyzed by Thermo Scientific-Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer for quantitative determination of the metals in the matrix. The concentration of Co in this study ranged from ND at Mwanakwerekwe (MK1 and MK2) to a maximum of 0.004 mg/L at Mshelishelini (MS5) and Fuoni (F5) sites with mean concentration of 0.020 ± 0.003 mg/L for all sites. Concentration of Pb ranged between 0.05 - 0.51 mg/L at Fuoni (F7) and Mwanakwerekwe (MK1) respectively, with mean concentration of 0.263 ± 0.031 mg/L for all sites. However, Cd was only detected in one sample collected at Fuoni (F3) with a concentration of 0.001 mg/L. The results revealed that cow’s milk is contaminated with toxic metals, particularly Pb which exceeded the WHO maximum permissible level of 0.02 mg/L. The study furthermore sheds light on possible consequences to public health. It is recommended that, stakeholders especially in Zanzibar such as Zanzibar Food and Drug Authorities (ZFDA) and Zanzibar Bureau of Standards (ZBS) as well as researchers, use the findings of this study for policy making, future study plans, formulation of technical strategies to control milk contamination, risk assessment and develop new alternative methods to measure milk contamination even at a low detection limit for the sake of the consumers’ welfare before posing any serious effects to their health.

关键词： Milk Cobalt Lead Cadmium Zanzibar

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Rainfall Variability over Tanzania during October to December and Its Association with Sea Surface Temperature (SST)

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2021年第2期11卷 324-341页

作者： Hassan Khatib ame Agnes Lawrence Kijazi Ladislaus Benedict Changa Kantamla Biseke Mafuru mohamed Khamis Ngwali Masoud Makame Faki Asya Omar Hmad Miraji Khamis Miraji Tanzania Meteorological Authority Dar es Salaam Tanzania

The current study examines the interannual rainfall variability and its associated atmospheric circulation in Tanzania during October-December (OND) rainfall season based on 1974 to 2010 climatology. The Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF), composite and correlation analysis were used in this study. Years with enhanced precipitation are found to be associated with the low level moist and unstable wind from Congo basin which organizes and forms a confluent zone, an inter tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) extending from Congo to northern sector of the country. It however, characterizes low-level westerly moisture flux transport sourced from Congo basin, ascending limb of the local Indian Ocean Walker circulation over East Africa which enhances convection for wetness condition. Wet years are also coupled with the positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and the warm phase of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) condition. On the spatial scale, both the IOD and ENSO indices are well correlated with OND rains over the bimodal areas (Lake Victoria basin, North Eastern Highlands (NEH), and northern coast) with strong correlation being to the NEH. Strong temporal correlation is revealed between the OND rains and IOD (r = 0.6304) compared to ENSO (r = 0.5538) indicating that anomalous warming over the western Indian Ocean has a faster response to OND rains in Tanzania than the remote influence induced by anomalous warming from the central Pacific Ocean. The patterns associated with dry years are found to be linked with the low-level divergence accompanied by convergence in the upper level. This condition enhances continuous descending motion accompanied with suppression in rainfall activities. Dry years are also associated with negative IOD, cold phase of ENSO condition, descending limb of the Walker Circulation and significant reduction in the westerly moisture flux transport sourced from Congo basin towards the western sector and Lake Victoria basin.

关键词： OND Rainfall Empirical Orthogonal Function Correlation Tanzania

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Postnatal ex vivo rat model for longitudinal bone growth investigations

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Animal Models and Experimental Medicine 2019年第1期2卷 34-43页

作者： Adamu Abdul Abubakar Sahar Mohammed Ibrahim Ahmed Khalaf Ali Kareem Obayes Handool Mohammad Shuaib Khan mohamed Noordin Mustapha Tengku Azmi Ibrahim Ubedullah Kaka Loqman Mohamad Yusof Department of Companion Animal Medicine and Surgery Universiti Putra Malaysia Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology Usmanu Danfodiyo University Department of Surgery and Theriogenology College of Veterinary Medicine University of Mosul Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science Gomal University Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology Universiti Putra Malaysia Department of Pre-Clinical Veterinary Sciences Universiti Putra Malaysia Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Production and Biodiversity Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food SecurityUniversiti Putra Malaysia

Background: Chondrocytes in the growth plate(GP) undergo increases in volume during different cascades of cell differentiation during longitudinal bone growth. The volume increase is reported to be the most significant variable in understanding the mechanism of long bone ***: Forty-five postnatal Sprague-Dawley rat pups, 7-15 days old were divided into nine age groups(P7-P15). Five pups were allocated to each group. The rats were sacrificed and tibia and metatarsal bones were harvested. Bone lengths were measured after 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours of ex vivo incubation. Histology of bones was carried out, and GP lengths and chondrocyte densities were ***: There were significant differences in bone length among the age groups after 0 and 72 hours of incubation. Histological sectioning was possible in metatarsal bone from all age groups, and in tibia from 7-to 13-day-old rats. No significant differences in tibia and metatarsal GP lengths were seen among different age groups at 0 and 72 hours of incubation. Significant differences in chondrocyte densities along the epiphyseal GP of the bones between 0 and 72 hours of incubation were observed in most of the age ***: Ex vivo growth of tibia and metatarsal bones of rats aged 7-15 days old is possible, with percentage growth rates of 23.87 ± 0.80% and 40.38 ± 0.95%measured in tibia and metatarsal bone, respectively. Histological sectioning of bones was carried out without the need for decalcification in P7-P13 tibia and P7-P15 metatarsal bone. Increases in chondrocyte density along the GP influence overall bone elongation.

关键词： bone growth model chondrocytes endochondral ossification growth plate Sprague-Dawley rat

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