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Nutrient optimization for plant growth in Aquaponic irrigation using Machine Learning for small training datasets

Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture 2022年第1期6卷 68-76页

作者： Sambandh Bhusan Dhal muthukumar bagavathiannan Ulisses Braga-Neto Stavros Kalafatis Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Texas A&M UniversityUSA Department of Soil and Crop Sciences Texas A&M UniversityUSA

With the recent trends in urban agriculture and climate change,there is an emerging need for alternative plant culture techniques where dependence on soil can be eliminated.Hydroponic and aquaponic growth techniques have proven to be viable alternatives,but the lack of efficient and optimal practices for irrigation and nutrient supply limits its applications on a large-scale commercial basis.The main purpose of this research was to develop statistical methods and Machine Learning algorithms to regulate nutrient concentrations in aquaponic irrigation water based on plant needs,for achieving optimal plant growth and promoting broader adoption of aquaponic culture on a commercial scale.One of the key challenges to developing these algorithms is the sparsity of data which requires the use of Bolstered error estimation approaches.In this paper,several linear and non-linear algorithms trained on relatively small datasets using Bolstered error estimation techniques were evaluated,for selecting the best method in making decisions regarding the regulation of nutrients in hydroponic environments.After repeated tests on the dataset,it was decided that Semi-Bolstered Resubstitution Error estimation technique works best in our case using Linear Support Vector Machine as the classifier with the value of penalty parameter set to one.A set of recommended rules have been prescribed as a Decision Support System,using the output of the Machine Learning algorithm,which have been tested against the results of the baseline model.Further,the positive impact of the recommended nutrient concentrationson plant growth in aquaponic environments has been elaborately discussed.

关键词： Hydroponic Aquaponic Training datasets Non-linear algorithms Semi-bolstered error estimation Linear support vector machine Decision Support System

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Pattern Analysis and Regressive Linear Measure for Botnet Detection

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Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2022年第10期43卷 119-139页

作者： B.Padmavathi B.muthukumar Department of Computer Science and Engineering Sathyabama Institute of Science and TechnologyChennaiIndia Department of Computer Science and Engineering Easwari Engineering CollegeChennaiIndia Department of Computer Science and Engineering United Institute of TechnologyCoimbatoreIndia

Capturing the distributed platform with remotely controlled compromised machines using botnet is extensively analyzed by various researchers.However,certain limitations need to be addressed efficiently.The provisioning of detection mechanism with learning approaches provides a better solution more broadly by saluting multi-objective constraints.The bots’patterns or features over the network have to be analyzed in both linear and non-linear manner.The linear and non-linear features are composed of high-level and low-level features.The collected features are maintained over the Bag of Features(BoF)where the most influencing features are collected and provided into the classifier model.Here,the linearity and non-linearity of the threat are evaluated with Support Vector Machine(SVM).Next,with the collected BoF,the redundant features are eliminated as it triggers overhead towards the predictor model.Finally,a novel Incoming data Redundancy Elimination-based learning model(RedE-L)is built to classify the network features to provide robustness towards BotNets detection.The simulation is carried out in MATLAB environment,and the evaluation of proposed RedE-L model is performed with various online accessible network traffic dataset(benchmark dataset).The proposed model intends to show better tradeoff compared to the existing approaches like conventional SVM,C4.5,RepTree and so on.Here,various metrics like Accuracy,detection rate,Mathews Correlation Coefficient(MCC),and some other statistical analysis are performed to show the proposed RedE-L model's reliability.The F1-measure is 99.98%,precision is 99.93%,Accuracy is 99.84%,TPR is 99.92%,TNR is 99.94%,FNR is 0.06 and FPR is 0.06 respectively.

关键词： BotNet threat intrusion features linearity and non-linearity redundancy regressive linear measure classification redundancy eliminationbased learning model

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An efficient botnet detection approach based on feature learning and classification

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Journal of Control and Decision 2023年第1期10卷 40-53页

作者： B.Padmavathi B.muthukumar Department of Computer Science and Engineering Sathyabama Institute of Science and TechnologyChennaiIndia Computer Science and Engineering Easwari Engineering CollegeChennaiIndia DMI College of Engineering ChennaiIndia

Bot detection is considered a crucial security issue that is extensively analysed in various existingapproaches. Machine Learning is an efficient way of botnet attack detection. Bot detectionis the major issue faced by the existing system. This research concentrates on adopting a graphbasedfeature learning process to reduce feature dimensionality. The incoming samples arecorrectly classified and optimised using an Adaboost classifier with an improved grey wolfoptimiser (g-AGWO). The proposed IGWO optimisation approach is adopted to fulfil the multiconstraintissues related to bot detection and provide better local and global solutions (to satisfyexploration and exploitation). The extensive results show that the proposed g-AGWO model outperformsexisting approaches to reduce feature dimensionality, under-fitting/over-fitting andexecution time. The error rate prediction shows the feasibility of the given model to work over thechallenging environment. This model also works efficiently towards the unseen data to achievebetter generalization.

关键词： Botnet machine learning AdaBoost grey wolf optimisation exploration exploitation

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聚电解质链在中等受限凝胶网络中的“受挫”动力学

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高分子学报 2023年第2期54卷 151-165页

作者：贾迪 Murugappan muthukumar 中国科学院化学研究所北京分子科学国家研究中心、高分子物理与化学国家重点实验室北京100190 中国科学院大学北京100049 Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusetts 01003

带电大分子在拥堵受限水环境中的运动对于许多生命过程以及生物大分子的运输与功能至关重要.以往人们认为处于受限环境下的高分子链都能进行自由扩散运动,且遵从爱因斯坦扩散方程.即使在最强烈的受限环境下,高分子链仍能进行一维无规扩... 详细信息

带电大分子在拥堵受限水环境中的运动对于许多生命过程以及生物大分子的运输与功能至关重要.以往人们认为处于受限环境下的高分子链都能进行自由扩散运动,且遵从爱因斯坦扩散方程.即使在最强烈的受限环境下,高分子链仍能进行一维无规扩散运动,其动力学符合管道模型.我们通过实验结合理论,设计凝胶网络尺寸与高分子链尺寸的比例来调控分子链受限环境的强弱,首次发现了大分子在中等受限环境下违背了爱因斯坦扩散方程,高分子整链是不能自由扩散运动的,但是一条链内的局部链段可以在每个凝胶网格内做多级局部松弛运动.其本质是高分子整链的质心运动需要其同时克服多个熵垒,从而实现一条高分子链在所有熵阱内的链段可以同时朝着一个方向做协同运动,而这在实验的观测时间尺度内几乎是不可能实现的,因此高分子链就被“困住”,形成一种能长期存在的非扩散型的亚稳态,我们将这一新型动力学定义为非扩散型拓扑动力学.本文首先对“受限环境”——带电水凝胶的物理性质进行介绍,第二部分介绍了带电大分子在浓溶液中的耦合动力学,最后介绍带电大分子在受限环境下的非扩散型拓扑动力学,包括由熵驱动的和由焓驱动的非扩散型动力学.

关键词：聚电解质非扩散性拓扑动力学熵位垒受限环境带电凝胶网络

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Energy Efficient Green Routing for UAVs Ad-Hoc Network

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Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing 2023年第7期37卷 1111-1127页

作者： M.muthukumar Rajasekar Rangasamy Irshad Hussain Salman A.AlQahtani Department of Computer Science and Engineering Sree Sowdambika College of EngineeringTamil NaduIndia Department of Computer Science and Engineering-AI&ML School of EngineeringMalla Reddy UniversityHyderabadIndia Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar25000PeshawarPakistan Department of Computer Engineering College of Computer and Information SciencesKing Saud UniversityP.O.Box 51178Riyadh11543Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

The purpose of this article is to propose Stability-based Energy-Efficient Link-State Hybrid Routing(S-ELHR),a low latency routing proto-col that aims to provide a stable mechanism for routing in unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV).The S-ELHR protocol selects a number of network nodes to create a Connected Dominating Set(CDS)using a parameter known as the Stability Metric(SM).The SM considers the node’s energy usage,connectivity time,and node’s degree.Only the highest SM nodes are chosen to form CDS.Each node declares a Willingness to indicate that it is prepared to serve as a relay for its neighbors,by employing its own energy state.S-ELHR is a hybrid protocol that stores only partial topological information and routing tables on CDS nodes.Instead of relying on the routing information at each intermediary node,it uses source routing,in which a route is generated on-demand,and data packets contain the addresses of the nodes the packet will transit.A route recovery technique is additionally utilized,which first locates a new route to the destination before forwarding packets along it.Through simulation for various network sizes and mobility speeds,the efficiency of S-ELHR is shown.The findings demonstrate that S-ELHR performs better than Optimized Link State Routing(OLSR)and Energy Enhanced OLSR(EE-OLSR)in terms of packet delivery ratio,end-to-end delay,and energy consumption.

关键词： Connected dominatingset hybridrouting UAVAdhocnetworks link state stability

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Approximate Controllability of Second-Order Neutral Stochastic Differential Equations with Infinite Delay and Poisson Jumps

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Journal of Systems Science & Complexity 2015年第5期28卷 1033-1048页

作者： PALANISAMY muthukumar CHINNATHAMBI Rajivganthi Department of Mathematics Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed University

The modelling of risky asset by stochastic processes with continuous paths, based on Brownian motions, suffers from several defects. First, the path continuity assumption does not seem reasonable in view of the possibility of sudden price variations(jumps) resulting of market crashes. A solution is to use stochastic processes with jumps, that will account for sudden variations of the asset prices. On the other hand, such jump models are generally based on the Poisson random measure. Many popular economic and financial models described by stochastic differential equations with Poisson jumps. This paper deals with the approximate controllability of a class of second-order neutral stochastic differential equations with infinite delay and Poisson jumps. By using the cosine family of operators, stochastic analysis techniques, a new set of sufficient conditions are derived for the approximate controllability of the above control system. An example is provided to illustrate the obtained theory.

关键词： Approximate controllability Hilbert space Poisson jumps second-order neutral stochastic differential equations semigroup theory

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带电大分子在受限水环境中的非扩散型拓扑动力学

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高分子学报 2022年

作者：贾迪 Murugappan muthukumar 中国科学院化学研究所北京分子科学国家研究中心高分子物理与化学国家重点实验室中国科学院大学 Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Massachusetts

带电大分子在拥堵受限水环境中的运动对于许多生命过程以及生物大分子的运输与功能至关重要.以往人们认为处于受限环境下的高分子链都能进行自由扩散运动，且遵从爱因斯坦扩散方程.即使在最强烈的受限环境下，高分子链仍能进行一维无规...

带电大分子在拥堵受限水环境中的运动对于许多生命过程以及生物大分子的运输与功能至关重要.以往人们认为处于受限环境下的高分子链都能进行自由扩散运动，且遵从爱因斯坦扩散方程.即使在最强烈的受限环境下，高分子链仍能进行一维无规扩散运动，其动力学符合管道模型.我们通过实验结合理论，设计凝胶网络尺寸与高分子链尺寸的比例来调控分子链受限环境的强弱，首次发现了大分子在中等受限环境下违背了爱因斯坦扩散方程，高分子整链是不能自由扩散运动的，但是一条链内的局部链段可以在每个凝胶网格内做多级局部松弛运动.其本质是高分子整链的质心运动需要其同时克服多个熵垒，从而实现一条高分子链在所有熵阱内的链段可以同时朝着一个方向做协同运动，而这在实验的观测时间尺度内几乎是不可能实现的，因此高分子链就被“困住”，形成一种能长期存在的非扩散型的亚稳态，我们将这一新型动力学定义为非扩散型拓扑动力学.本文首先对“受限环境”——带电水凝胶的物理性质进行介绍，第二部分介绍了带电大分子在浓溶液中的耦合动力学，最后介绍带电大分子在受限环境下的非扩散型拓扑动力学，包括由熵驱动的和由焓驱动的非扩散型动力学.

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Implications of seismic pounding on the longitudinal response of multi-span bridges-an analytical perspective

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2004年第1期3卷 57-65页

作者： Reginald DesRoches Susendar muthukumar Georgia Institute of Technology School of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Seismic pounding between adjacent frames in multiple-frame bridges and girder ends in multi-span simply supported bridges has been commonly observed in several recent earthquakes.The consequences of pounding include damage to piers,abutments,shear keys,bearings and restrainers,and possible collapse of deck spans.This paper investigates pounding in bridges from an analytical perspective.A simplified nonlinear model of a multiple-frame bridge is developed including the effects of inelastic frame action and nonlinear hinge behavior,to study the seismic response to longitudinal ground motion.Pounding is implemented using the contact force-based Kelvin model,as well as the momentum-based stereomechanical approach.Parameter studies are conducted to determine the effects of frame period ratio,column hysteretic behavior,energy dissipation during impact and near source ground motions on the pounding response of the bridge.The results indicate that pounding is most critical for highly out-of-phase frames and is not significant for frame period ratios greater than 0.7.Impact models without energy dissipation overestimate the displacement and acceleration amplifications due to impact,especially for elastic behavior of the frames.Representation of stiffness degradation in bridge columns is essential in capturing the accurate response of pounding frames subjected to far field ground motion.Finally,it is shown that strength degradation and pounding can result in significant damage to the stiffer frames of the bridge when subjected to large acceleration pulses from near field ground motion records.

关键词： seismic pounding adjacent structures contact element method stereomechanical approach multiple-frame bridge nonlinear hinge behavior

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Coinoculation of bioinoculants improve Acacia auriculiformis seedling growth and quality in a tropical Alfisol soil

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Journal of Forestry Research 2018年第3期29卷 660-670页

作者： Thangavelu muthukumar Karuthamuthu Udaiyan Root and Soil Biology Laboratory Department of BotanyBharathiar University

We conducted a study to find out if arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungi(Acaulospora scrobiculata,Scutellospora calospora) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria(PSB, Paenibacillus polymyxa) inoculation either individually or in combinations can improve Acacia auriculiformis seedling growth, uptake of nutrients and quality in a phosphorus deficient tropical Alfisol. The seedlings were assessed for various growth and nutrient uptake parameters after 60 days of treatment. Inoculation with P.polymyxa stimulated mycorrhizal formation. Seedling height, stem girth, taproot length, number of leaves and leaf area, plant dry matter production, nodulation, and nodular dry weight were significantly higher for seedlings that were either dual inoculated or triple inoculated compared to individual inoculation of AM fungi or PSB, and uninoculated seedlings. Dual and triple application of AM fungi and PSB also significantly improved the nutrient contents of shoots and roots and nutrient uptake efficiencies. The calculated seedling quality indexes of the AM fungi and PSB inoculated seedling were 25–208% higher than uninoculated seedlings. These findings show that A.auriculiformis seedlings when dual inoculated or triple inoculated performed better than seedlings inoculated with the microbes individually and compared with uninoculated control seedlings. We conclude that bioinoculation is important for the production of high-quality A.auriculiformis seedlings in tree nurseries for planting in nutrient deficient soils.

关键词： Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Nutrient uptake efficiency Paenibacillus polymyxa Relative field mycorrhizal dependency Seedling quality

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Mean-Field, Infinite Horizon, Optimal Control of Nonlinear Stochastic Delay System Governed by Teugels Martingales Associated with Lévy Processes

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Communications in Mathematics and Statistics 2019年第2期7卷 163-180页

作者： P.muthukumar R.Deepa Department of Mathematics The Gandhigram Rural Institute(Deemed to be University)GandhigramDindigulTamil Nadu 624302India

This paper focuses on optimal control of nonlinear stochastic delay system constructed through Teugels martingales associated with Lévy processes and standard Brownian motion,in which finite horizon is extended to infinite horizon.In order to describe the interacting many-body system,the expectation values of state processes are added to the concerned system.Further,sufficient and necessary conditions are established under convexity assumptions of the control domain.Finally,an example is given to demonstrate the application of the theory.

关键词： Backward stochastic delay differential equation Infinite horizon Lévy processes Mean-field Stochastic maximum principle Teugels martingales

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