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Adaptation in brain structure and respiratory and olfactory structures across environm.ntal gradients in African and North Am.rican m.roid rodents

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Integrative Zoology 2024年第1期19卷 165-181页

作者： Peter J.TAYLOR Aluwani NENGOVHELA Christiane DENYS Graham.R.SCOTT Catherine m.IVY Departm.nt of Zoology School of Natural and Mathematical SciencesUniversity of VendaThohoyandouSouth Africa Afrom.ntane Unit Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of the Free StatePhuthaditjhabaSouth Africa Departm.nt of m.m.alogy National MuseumBloemfonteinSouth Africa Institut de Systém.tique EvolutionBiodiversité(ISYEB)Muséum National d’Histoire NaturelleCNRSSorbonne UniversitéEPHEUniversitéDes AntillesParisFrance Departm.nt of Biology McMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada Guglielm. and Shoem.ker Labs Advanced Facility for Avian ResearchUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada

m.rphom.tric studies of 3D m.cro CT-scanned im.ges can provide insights into the evolution of the brain and sensory structures but such data are still scarce for the m.st diverse m.m.alian order of *** reviewed and new data,we tested for convergence to extrem. aridity and high elevation in the sensory and brain m.rphology of rodents,from.m.rphom.tric data from.m.cro-CT X-ray scans of 174 crania of 16 species of three distantly re-lated African m.rid(soft-furred m.ce,Praom.ini,lam.nate-toothed rats,Otom.ini,and gerbils,Gerbillinae)clades and one North Am.rican cricetid(deer m.ce and white-footed m.ce,Perom.scus)*** studies dem.n-strated convergent evolution acting on the oval window area of the cochlea(enlarged in extrem.ly arid-adapted species of Otom.ini and Gerbillinae)and on endocranial volum.(reduced in high elevation taxa of Otom.ini and Perom.scus).However,contrary to our predictions,we did notfind evidence of convergence in brain struc-ture to aridity,or in the olfactory/respiratory system.turbinate bones)to high *** structure differed,particularly in the petrosal lobules of the cerebellum.and the olfactory bulbs,between Otom.ini and Gerbillinae,with extrem. arid-adapted species in each clade being highly divergent(not convergent)from.other species in the sam. *** observed greater“packing”of the m.xillary turbinate bones,which have im.ortant respiratory functions,in Perom.scus m.ce from.high and low elevations com.ared to the high-elevation African Praom.ini,but m.re com.lex patterns within Perom.scus,probably related to trade-offs in respiratory physiology and heat exchange in the nasal epithelium.associated with high-elevation adaptation.

关键词： 3D m.rphom.trics Africa brain size North Am.rica Rodentia sensory evolution

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A LARGE SCENELLA-IAKE FOSSIL FROm.THE EARLY CAm.RIAN OF SPAIN, WITH Im.LICATIONS FOR EARLY m.LLUSCAN DIVERSITY

A LARGE SCENELLA-IAKE FOSSIL FROM THE EARLY CAMBRIAN OF SPAI...

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第二届国际古生物学大会

作者： m.m.RTI mus T.PALACIOS S.JENSEN Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Extremadura06071 BadajozSpain

m.st early Cam.rian m.lluscs are known from.fossils of m.llim.tric size preserved as phosphatised internal m.ulds (usually released from.the rock by digestion of carbonates in weak acids). Diagenetic phosphatisation tends to occur in sm.ll cavities, therefore it has been suggested that it m.y restrict preservation to the initial ontogenetic stages, particularly if the adult shell has flaring apertures. Larger Cam.rian m.lluscs,

关键词： m.llusca m.noplacophora Cam.rian Spain

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Optim.l allocation of watershed m.nagem.nt cost am.ng different water users

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Ecological Econom. 2006年第3期2卷 245-250页

作者： Wang Zanxin m.rgaret m. Calderon Departm.nt of Business Adm.nistration Jiangsu Polytechnic University Changzhou 213164 P. R. China Institute of Renewable Natural Resources University of the Philippines Los Banos the Philippines

The issue of water scarcity highlights the im.ortance of watershed m.nagem.nt. A sound watershed m.nage- m.nt should m.ke all water users share the incurred cost. This study analyzes the optim.l allocation of watershed m.nagem.nt cost am.ng different water users. As a consum.ble, water should be allocated to different users the am.unts in which their m.rginal utilities (mus) or m.rginal products (m.s) of water are equal. The value of mus or m.s equals the water price that the watershed m.nager charges. When water is sim.ltaneously used as consum.ble and non- consum.ble, the watershed m.nager produces the quantity of water in which the sum.of mus and/or m.s for the two types of uses equals the m.rginal cost of water production. Each water user should share the portion of watershed m.nagem.nt cost in the percentage that his m. or m. accounts for the sum.of mus and/or m.s. Thus, the price of consum.ble water does not equal the m.rginal cost of water production even if there is no public good.

关键词： Consum.ble Non-consum.ble Optim.l allocation Watershed m.nagem.nt cost

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The Dosim.tric Effects of Different Beam.Energy on Physical Dose Distributions in Im.T Based on Analysis of Physical Indices

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Journal of Cancer Therapy 2013年第11期4卷 33-43页

作者： Ism.il Eldesoky Ehab m. Attalla Wael m. Elshem.y Children’s Cancer Hospital Cairo Egypt Departm.nt of Biophysics Faculty of Science Cairo University Cairo Egypt

This work aim.d at evaluating the effect of 6- and 10-m. photon energies on intensity-m.dulated radiation therapy (Im.T) treatm.nt plan outcom. in different selected diagnostic cases. For such purpose, 19 patients, with different types of non CNS solid tum.rs, were selected. Clinical step-and-shoot Im.T treatm.nt plans were designed for delivery on a Siem.ns Oncor accelerator with 82 leafs;m.lti-leaf collim.tors (m.Cs). To ensure that the sim.larity or difference am.ng the plans is due to energy alone, the sam. optim.zation constraints were applied for both energy plans. All the param.ters like beam.angles, num.er of beam., were kept constant to achieve the sam. clinical objectives. The Com.arative evaluation was based on dose-volum.tric analysis of both energy Im.T plans. Both qualitative and quantitative m.thods were used. Several physical indices for Planning Target Volum. (PTV), the relevant Organs at Risk (OARs) as m.an dose (Dm.an), m.xim.m.dose (Dm.x), 95% dose (D95), integral dose, total num.er of segm.nts, and the num.er of m. were applied. Hom.geneity index and conform.tion num.er were two other evaluation param.ters that were considered in this study. Collectively, the use of 6 m. photons was dosim.trically com.arable with 10 m. photons in term. of target coverage, hom.geneity, conform.ty, and OAR savings. While 10-m. plans showed a significant reduction in the num.er of mus that varied between 4.2% and 16.6% (P-value = 0.0001) for the different cases com.ared to 6-m.. The percentage volum.s of each patient receiving 2 Gy and 5 Gy were com.ared for the two energies. The general trend was that 6-m. plans had the highest percentage volum., (P-value = 0.0001, P-value = 0.006) respectively. 10-m. beam. actually decreased the integral dose (from.average 183.27 ± 152.38 Gy-Kg to 178.08 ± 147.71 Gy-Kg, P-value = 0.004) com.ared with 6-m.. In general, com.arison of the above param.ters showed statistically significant differences between 6-m. and 10-m. groups. Ba

关键词： 6- and 10-m. Photon Energies Intensity-m.dulated Radiation Therapy (Im.T) Dose-Volum.tric Analysis

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Long-term.data from.a sm.ll m.m.al com.unity reveal loss of diversity and potential effects of local clim.te change

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Current Zoology 2017年第5期63卷 515-523页

作者： Sim.ne SANTORO Cristina SANCHEZ-SUAREZ Carlos Rouco L. Javier PALOm. m. Carm.n FERNANDEZ m.ura B. KUFNER Sacram.nto m.RENO Ethology and Biodiversity Conservation Departm.nt DoSana Biological Station-CSIC Americo Vespucio s/n Seville 41092 Spain Departam.nto de Zoologfa Campus de Rabanales Universidad de Cordoba Cordoba 14071 Spain Wildlife Ecology and m.nagem.nt Team Private Bag 1930 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand Departam.nto de Biologia Anim.l Universidad de Malaga Malaga 29071 Spain Diego de 0norato 67 Barrio Uritorco Cordoba 5003 Argentina

Clim.te change affects distribution and persistence of species. However, forecasting species＇ re-sponses to these changes requires long-term.data series that are often lacking in ecological *** used 15 years of sm.ll m.m.al trapping data collected between 1978 and 2015 in 3 areas atDoSana National Park （southwest Spain） to （i） describe changes in species com.osition and （ii） test theassociation between local clim.te conditions and size of sm.ll m.m.al populations. Overall, 5 specieswere captured： wood m.use Apodemus sylvaticus, algerian m.use mus spretus, greater white-toothed shrew Crocidura russula, garden dorm.use Eliom.s quercinus, and black rat Rattus rattus. Thetem.oral pattern in the proportion of captures of each species suggests that the sm.ll m.m.al diver-sity declined with tim.. Although the larger species （e.g., E. quercinus）, better adapted to colder cli-m.te, have disappeared from.our trapping records, m. spretus, a sm.ll species inhabiting southwestEurope and the m.diterranean coast of Africa, currently is alm.st the only trapped species. We used 2-level hierarchical m.dels to separate changes in abundance from.changes in probability of captureusing records of A. sylvaticus in all 3 areas and of m. spretus in 1. We found that heavy rainfall and lowtem.eratures were positively related to abundance of A. sylvaticus, and that the num.er of extrem.lyhot days was negatively related to abundance of m. spretus. Despite other m.chanism. are likely to beinvolved, our findings support the im.ortance of clim.te for the distribution and persistence of thesespecies and raise conservation concerns about potential cascading effects in the Donana ecosystem.

关键词： clim.te change, count data, N-m.xture m.dels, rodents, spain.

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Chem.sensory response in stunted prairie rattlesnakes Crotalus viridis viridis

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Current Zoology 2013年第2期59卷 175-179页

作者： Anthony J. SAVIOLA David CHISZAR Hobart m. Sm.TH Stephen Em.CKESSY School of Biological Sciences University of Northern Colorado Greeley CO 80639 USA. Departm.nt of Psychology University of Colorado Boulder Colorado 80309 USA Departm.nt of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA

Rattlesnakes use chem.cal stim.li in am.ush site selection and for relocation of envenom.ted prey through atrike-induced chem.sensory searching. Shifts in responsiveness to prey chem.cals have been docum.nted in m.ny snakes, and often correlate with prey com.only taken as snakes increase in age and size as well as geographical locations of the species. For instance, neonate rattlesnakes that prey prim.rily on ectotherm. responded m.st strongly to chem.cal cues of com.only taken lizard prey, whereas adult rattlesnakes that prey prim.rily on sm.ll m.m.als responded significantly to chem.cal cues of com. m.nly taken rodents. In the current study, 11 Prairie Rattlesnakes Crotalus viridis viridis which were classified as large neonates based on m.asures of snout-vent length （SVL） and body m.ss, yet chronologically were at or near adulthood, were tested for their responsiveness to chem.cal extracts of natural and non-natural prey item.. Although the snakes had eaten only neonate lab m.ce （mus musculus）, they responded significantly m.re to chem.cal cues of natural prey item. and particularly to chem.cal cues of prey norm.lly taken by subadults （Perom.scus m.ce and Sceloporus lizard）. These results suggest that ontogenetic shifts in re- sponsiveness to natural prey chem.cal cues are innately program.ed and are not based on body size or feeding experience in C. v. viridis. This does not im.ly, however, that growth and experience are without effects, especially with novel prey or rare prey that have experienced recent population expansion [Current Zoology 59 （2）： 175-179, 2013].

关键词： Chem.cal cues Chem.reception Crotalus viridis viridis Prey choice Vom.ronasal

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Perform.nce Evaluation of the Siem.ns Electronic Portal Im.ging Device for Im.T Plan Verification

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International Journal of m.dical Physics, Clinical Engineering and Radiation Oncology 2015年第3期4卷 215-223页

作者： Y. A. m. Yousif A. J. Van Rensburg Departm.nt of Radiation Oncology Steve Biko Academic Hospital University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa Departm.nt of Biom.dical Physics Faculty of Health Sciences Al-Neelain University Khartoum Sudan

A com.ercially available am.rphous Silicon Electronic Portal im.ging device (aSi-EPID) installed onto Siem.ns Oncor Linear accelerator was evaluated with the objective to be im.lem.nted for Im.T quality assurance. EPID properties were investigated;these include reproducibility, dependences between the relative EPID responses and field size, dose rate were studied for both photon beam.. To determ.ne the inherent build-up of the EPID, varied thickness of Solid-water was placed onto the detector surface and changes in EPID signals were investigated. EPID m.asurem.nts were com.ared with ionization cham.er m.asurem.nts (type 30013) connected to a UNIDOS electrom.ter (PTW-Freiberg) in Water phantom. The use of EPID dose m.ps was tested by com.aring it with TPS-calculated one for Im.T plan applying gam.a criteria of 3%/3m.. The results dem.nstrated that the aSi-EPID signals were reproducible, and response to the applied mus were linear up to 100 mus, and then the response becam. stable for mus higher than 200, detector should be calibrated in this range. The results showed a clear dependency on the field size and energy. The dosim.tric properties m.asured in this work shows prom.se that the aSi-EPID can be used for Im.T verifications.

关键词： Im.T aSi-EPID m.nitor Unit Field-Size Dose Rate

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Determ.nation of P, Ca, Zn, Cd and Pb concentrations in muscle, gills, liver, gonads and skeletons of two natural populations of Atherina lagunae in North Tunis Lake, Tunisia

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2011年第6期3卷 421-428页

作者： N. Ayed E. Faure J-P. Quignard m. Trabelsi 不详

In this study, zinc (Zn), cadm.um.(Cd), lead (Pb), phosphorus (P) and calcium.(Ca) concentrations in mus-cles, gills, liver, gonads and skeletons of two natural populations of sand sm.lt Atherina lagunae (Teleostean, Atherinidae) norm.l and deform.d, as well as bioaccum.lation of these elem.nts from.the water and the sedim.nt in the North Tunis Lake were investigated. The analysis of Ca was perform.d with flam. atom.c absorption spectrom.try. The average concentrations of Ca in the different tissues analyzed show higher val-ues in healthy atherines except in gonads where the average concentration of Ca in deform.d atherines sig-nificantly exceeds that in norm.l atherines (p m.lar in the two populations. Zinc, cadm.um. lead and phosphorus were determ.ned by inductively coupled plasm. atom.c em.ssion spectrom.try (ICP-AES). The Zn concentrations of Atherina lagunae in North Tunis Lake were very high com.ared to other studies in other lagoons. The highest concentrations were found in deform.d atherines. The differences are significant for all tissues studied (p m.l population of Atherina lagunae. The potential rate of Cd was below the detection lim.t in the different organs analyzed, in water and sedim.nt.

关键词： heavy m.tal phosphorus calcium deform.tion Tunis North Lake Atherina lagunae.

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应用一年2次的自动乳腺超声、m.I和乳腺钼靶摄影监测女性BRCA1或BRCA2基因突变

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国际医学放射学杂志 2018年第1期 90-90页

作者： J.m.van Zelst R.m.mus G.Woldringh m.C.m.Rutten P.Bult S.Vreem.nn 张俊峰 Departm.nt of Radiology Radboud University Medical Centre

摘要目的评价利用多模态影像检查方案监测女性BRCA1和BRCA2突变的价值,方案包括每年1次的全数字化(FFD)乳腺摄影、动态对比增强(DCE)m.I和一年2次的

关键词： BRCA2 FFD DCE m.I 乳腺摄影

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Photoprotective Effect of the Hydroalcoholic Extract from.Red and Black Peruvian Varieties of <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>L.

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Journal of Biosciences and m.dicines 2020年第11期8卷 46-59页

作者： L. Papuico-Sánchez m. Santa-Cruz-Erm.tanio Juana E. Chávez-Flores Richard A. Solórzano-Acosta Facultad de Farm.cia y Bioquím.ca Universidad Norbert Wiener Lima Perú Departam.nto de Fitotecnia Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina Lima Perú

Introduction: Ultraviolet radiation can be harm.ul to the skin and can create serious problem. when a protective substance or equipm.nt is not used regularly, for this reason the present study set out to evaluate the photoprotective effect of the hydroalcoholic extracts of the integum.nt of the red and black varieties of pop beans (m.Phaseolus vulgarism.). m.terials and m.thod: The extracts were obtained by m.cerating the tegum.nt of the two varieties of pop beans, black and red, in an ethanol/water (80:20) solution. The thin-layer chrom.tographic m.thod was used to observe anti-tyrosinase activity, using the 0.05% kojic acid standard as a positive control. The photoprotective effect was evaluated in fem.le m.ce of seven-week-old, mus m.musculus m.Balb/c, with shaved back and exposed to UV-C radiation for 30 m.nutes once a day for thirty days to induce photo-dam.ge in the skin. The treatm.nts consisted in the application of extracts at 2% and 5% W/V in gel on the shaved area. Only the gel form.lation, sunscreen or no treatm.nt at all was used for the control group. Acute photodam.ge was quantified using the Draize scale, m.asuring the degree of erythem. and edem.;and the degree of photoaging using the Glogau scale at 7 days and 30 days. Results: It was found that the ethanolic extracts of the integum.nt of both varieties of m.Phaseolus vulgarism., red and black, are practically non-toxic in m.ce by oral and derm.l routes at a lim.t dose of 5000 m./kg. The anti-tyrosinase effect at a qualitative level, evaluated by thin layer chrom.tography, showed the black variety were m.re active than the red one and both can be com.ared to the activity of the kojic acid. The two extracts of the two varieties showed photoprotective effect, however the extracts in 5% gel to a greater degree. Conclusions: It was concluded that the hydroalcoholic extract of the pop black beans tegum.nt at 5% in gel has

关键词： Anti-Tyrosinase Effect Photoprotective Effect Phaseolus vulgaris

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