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Energy and flux measurements of laser-induced silver plasma ions by using Faraday cup

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Plasma Science and Technology 2021年第8期23卷 188-198页

作者： muhammad Usman Aslam BHATTI Shazia BASHIR Asma HAYAT Khaliq MAHMOOD Rana AYUB Mubashir JAVED muhammad shahzad khan Centre for Advanced Studies in Physics(CASP) GC UniversityLahore 54000Pakistan

Silver(Ag)plasma has been generated by employing Nd:YAG laser(532 nm,6 ns)laser *** energy and flux of ions have been evaluated by using Faraday cup(FC)using time of flight(TOF)*** dual peak signals of fast and slow Ag plasma ions have been *** energy and flux of fast and slow ions tend to increase with increasing irradiance from 7 GW cm-2 to 17.9 GW cm-2 at all distances of FC from the target *** a decreasing trend of energies and flux of ions has been observed with increasing distance of FC from the *** maximum value of flux of the fast component is21.2×10^(10) cm^(-2),whereas for slow ions the maximum energy and flux values are 8.8 keV,8.2×10^(10) cm^(-2) *** the analysis of plume expansion dynamics,the angular distribution of ion flux measurement has also been *** overall analysis of both spatial and angular distributions of Ag ions revealed that the maximum flux of Ag plasma ions has been observed at an optimal angle of~15°.In order to confirm the ion acceleration by ambipolar field,the self-generated electric field(SGEF)measurements have also been performed by electric probe;these SGEF measurements tend to increase by increasing laser *** maximum value of 232 V m^(-1) has been obtained at a maximum laser irradiance of 17.9 GW cm^(-2).

关键词： laser ablation laser-induced plasma ions Faraday cup time of flight measurements self-generated electric field angular distribution

Improved Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithm for Sequential Security-constrained Optimal Power Flow Based on Expert Knowledge and Safety Layer

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2024年第3期12卷 742-753页

作者： Yanbo Chen Qintao Du Honghai Liu Liangcheng Cheng muhammad shahzad Younis State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources and School of Electrical&Electronic Engineering North China Electric Power UniversityBeijing 102206China School of Engineering Xining UniversityXining 810008Chinaand Key Laboratory of Smart Operation of New Energy Power SystemMinistry of EducationQinghai UniversityXining 810016China China Electric Power Research Institute Nanjing 210003China National University of Sciences and Technology Islamabad44000Pakistan

In recent years,reinforcement learning(RL)has emerged as a solution for model-free dynamic programming problem that cannot be effectively solved by traditional optimization *** has gradually been applied in the fields such as economic dispatch of power systems due to its strong selflearning and self-optimizing ***,existing economic scheduling methods based on RL ignore security risks that the agent may bring during exploration,which poses a risk of issuing instructions that threaten the safe operation of power ***,we propose an improved proximal policy optimization algorithm for sequential security-constrained optimal power flow(SCOPF)based on expert knowledge and safety layer to determine active power dispatch strategy,voltage optimization scheme of the units,and charging/discharging dispatch of energy storage *** expert experience is introduced to improve the ability to enforce constraints such as power balance in training process while guiding agent to effectively improve the utilization rate of renewable ***,to avoid line overload,we add a safety layer at the end of the policy network by introducing transmission constraints to avoid dangerous actions and tackle sequential SCOPF *** results on an improved IEEE 118-bus system verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

关键词： Sequential security-constrained optimal power flow(SCOPF) expert experience safety layer renewable energy safe reinforcement learning

Al^(3+) doped CeO_(2) for proton conducting fuel cells

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2024年第10期31卷 2253-2262页

作者： Sarfraz shahzad Rasool muhammad Khalid MAKYousaf Shah Bin Zhu Jung-Sik Kim muhammad Imran Asghar Nabeela Akbar Wenjing Dong Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Solar Energy Science and Technology/Energy Storage joint Research Center School of Energy and EnvironmentSoutheast UniversityNanjing 210096China School of Microelectronics Hubei UniversityWuhan 430062China Sino-French Engineer School/School of General Engineering Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191China Renewable Energy Technologies Group Faculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesTampere UniversityFI-33014Finland

Developing high ionic conducting electrolytes is crucial for applying proton-conducting fuel cell(PCFCs)*** cur-rent study investigates the effect of alumina on the structural,morphological,electrical,and electrochemical properties of CeO_(2).Lattice oxygen vacancies are induced in CeO_(2) by a general doping concept that enables fast ionic conduction at low-temperature ranges(300-500℃)for *** refinement of the X-ray diffraction(XRD)patterns established the pure cubic fluorite structure of Al-doped CeO_(2)(ADC)samples and confirmed Al ions’fruitful integration in the CeO_(2) *** electronic structure of the alumina-doped ceria of the materials(10ADC,20ADC,and 30ADC)has been *** a result,it was found that the best composition of 30ADC-based electrolytes induced maximum lattice oxygen *** corresponding PCFC exhibited a maximum power output of 923 mW/cm^(2)at 500℃.Moreover,the investigation proves the proton-conducting ability of alumina-doped ceria-based fuel cells by using an oxide ion-blocking layer.

关键词： proton ceramic fuel cells oxygen vacancies higher fuel cell performance doping fast ions transportation

Divergent consequences of bio-resources on morphological plasticity and biochemical responses in early-stage leguminous species:Sustainable productivity approaches

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Geoscience Frontiers 2024年第3期15卷 312-321页

作者： Taimoor Hassan Farooq muhammad Farrakh Nawaz muhammad Qasid Awais Shakoor Irfan Ahmad Sadaf Gul Khuram shahzad Xiaoyong Chen Bangor College China A Joint Unit of Bangor University and Central South University of Forestry and TechnologyChangsha 410004China Institute of Environmental Studies University of KarachiKarachi 75270Pakistan Department of Forestry and Range Management University of Agriculture FaisalabadPakistan Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW 2751Australia Department of Botany University of KarachiKarachi 75270Pakistan Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of SciencesChaoyang DistrictBeijing 100101China College of Arts and Sciences Governors State UniversityUniversity ParkIL 60484USA

Inorganic resources can be detrimental to the environment when *** comparison,organic resources help balance the soil’s carbon and nitrogen(C/N)ratio,enhance soil fertility and benefit ecological *** climate crises,rapid urbanization,and fast population growth are causing many natural forests to be converted to agricultural and industrial lands to fulfill ever-increasing food and developmental *** of different bio-resources becomes necessary for sustainable productivity of available *** study explores the effects of various organic amendments on the growth,morpho-physiological and biochemical attributes of three leguminous tree species:Dalbergia sissoo,Vachellia nilotica,and Acacia ampliceps,concerning sustainable ***-year-old healthy,disease-free,and homogenous seedlings were used as study material in a greenhouse pot *** organic amendments,i.e.,compost(CMP),cow dung(CD),poultry manure(PM),and biochar(BC),along with a control(CK)treatment,were *** showed that all the organic amendments performed significantly better(P<0.05)than *** produced the most significant results,followed by BC application,while PM influence was the *** all treatments and species,the maximum values of root length,root biomass,chlorophyll content,carotenoids,catalase,and total phenolic content were recorded under the CD *** for plant height and collar diameter,no big differences were observed between CD and BC(P=0.054).While comparing species,*** growth was significantly enhanced under organic amendments,followed by *** and comparative results of studied parameters conclude that CD and BC were the most effective organic amendments,which greatly improved the growth of experimental leguminous tree species;this makes these two biofertilizers a powerful tool for sustainable agricultural *** study contributes toward an enhanced understanding of plant’

关键词： Bio-fertilizers Crop productivity Ecological sustainability Nitrogen fixation Organic cultivation Physiological responses

Morpho-anatomical adaptations of dominantly grown wild Datura inoxia to wastewater resource:Productivity and ecological issues

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Geoscience Frontiers 2024年第3期15卷 248-258页

作者： Taimoor Hassan Farooq Shagufta Jabeen Awais Shakoor muhammad Saleem Arif Nadia Siddique Khuram shahzad muhammad Umair Riaz Yong Li Bangor College China a Joint Unit of Bangor University and Central South University of Forestry and TechnologyChangsha 410004HunanChina Department of Botany The Islamia University of BahawalpurBahawalpur 63100Pakistan Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW 2751Australia Department of Environmental Sciences Government College University FaisalabadFaisalabad 38000Pakistan Department of Forestry Rangeand Wildlife ManagementThe Islamia University of BahawalpurBahawalpur 63100Pakistan Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry and Ecology in South China Central South University of Forestry and TechnologyChangsha 410004HunanChina

With the increasing global water scarcity,wastewater irrigation has become widespread,but it can have detrimental ecological *** wastewater contains valuable nutrients for plants,improper treatment or the use of untreated wastewater in irrigation can negatively impact soil fertility and plant *** study is divided into two parts:firstly,a phytosociological survey was conducted to identify plant species with the highest importance value index(IVI)in the vicinity of wastewaterirrigated ***,a comparative morpho-anatomical analysis was carried out to investigate the morpho-anatomical adaptations of the species with the highest IVI under wastewater irrigation compared to normal water *** results of the phytosociological survey revealed the presence of 51 plant species in the vicinity of the wastewater-irrigated areas,with varying relative densities and *** inoxia exhibited the highest IVI(28.79),followed by Xanthium strumarium(24.34),while Lippia nodiflora showed the lowest IVI(1.86).The morphological growth of *** was superior under normal water irrigation,but the average root length was greater under wastewater *** cell anatomy,cell thickness and cell area characteristics in the dermal,ground,and vascular tissues of the stem and root tended to be greater under wastewater ***,the opposite trend was observed in leaf anatomical analysis,possibly due to the combined effect of wastewater and climatic *** and root xylem thickness were greater under wastewater irrigation,whereas phloem thickness was higher under normal water *** number of vascular bundles in the stem,root,and leaf was higher under wastewater treatment compared to normal water irrigation,but their arrangement was circular in the latter and scattered under wastewater *** inoxia demonstrated strong adaptive potential under wastewater irrigation,as indicated by its highest relative d

关键词： Water pollution Phytosociology Structural growth Phytoremediation Agricultural irrigation Ecological concerns

Multi-Elemental Chemostratigraphy,Sequence Development,Depositional History,and Environmental Importance of Early Eocene Red Beds(Kuldana Formation)in NW Himalayas,Pakistan

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Journal of Earth Science 2024年第2期35卷 349-375页

作者： Amir shahzad George Kontakiotis Thierry Adatte Khawaja Shoaib Ahmed muhammad Tayyib Riaz Hammad Tariq Janjuhah Evangelia Besiou Institute of Geology University of Azad Jammu and KashmirMuzaffarabad13100Pakistan Department of Historical Geology-Paleontology Faculty of Geology and GeoenvironmentSchool of Earth SciencesNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensPanepistimiopolisZografou15784Greece Institute of Earth Sciences(ISTE) University of LausanneLausanneCH-1015Switzerland Department of Geology Shaheed Benazir Bhutto UniversitySheringalPeshawar18050Pakistan

The Eocene Kuldana Formation(KF)in the Yadgar area of Pakistan,comprises a diverse range of sedimentary facies,including variegated red beds of shales,mudstones,and sandstones,as well as interbedded limestone and *** this study,we conducted an integrated micropaleontological,sedimentological,mineralogical,and geochemical investigation to determine the depositional setting,biochronology,provenance,and paleoclimate of the *** study identified six lithofacies and six microfacies,which indicate a variety of environments ranging from floodplains and channels to the margins and shallow marine *** nannofossil biostratigraphy places the KF in the Early Eocene,more precisely the NP10 zone(Ypresian),and the fossil zone of benthic foraminifera classifies the study section as the Shallow Benthic Zone SBZ-8(Middle Ilerdian 2).In terms of petrography,the KF sandstone was classified as litharenite and feldspathic litharenite,while the QtFL diagram suggests a recycled *** proxies indicate an oxidizing environment,a high-to-low regular sedimentation rate,moderate-to-intense chemical weathering in the source region,and a warm-humid to dry climate during the deposition of ***,the findings suggest that the deposition of KF marks the end of Neo-Tethys due to the Early Eocene Indian–Kohistan collision and that the uplifting of the Himalayas provided the source for the deposition of KF in the foreland *** study provides new insights into the depositional environment,biochronology,provenance,and paleoclimate of KF,and highlights the potential for red beds as reliable indicators of oxygenation levels in proximity to mineral deposits.

关键词： sedimentary microfacies Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum stratigraphic correlations paleoenvironmental reconstruction nannofossils paleontology

A review on marine collagen:sources,extraction methods,colloids properties,and food applications

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胶原与皮革（英文） 2024年第1期6卷 1-27页

作者： shahzad Farooq muhammad Ijaz Ahmad Shijie Zheng Usman Ali Yang Li Cui Shixiu Hui Zhang Jiaxing Institute of Future Food Jiaxing 314050China College of Biosys-tems Engineering and Food Science Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food ProcessingZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China Jiaxing Institute of Future Food Jiaxing 314050China College of Biosys-tems Engineering and Food Science Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food ProcessingZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China

The growing interest in valorizing industrial by-products has led researchers to focus on exploring different sources and optimizing collagen extraction conditions over the past *** bovine hide,cattle bones,pork,and pig skins remain the most abundant collagen sources,there is a growing trend in the industrial utilization of collagen from non-mammalian *** review explores alternative marine collagen sourcesand summarizes emerging trends in collagen recovery from marine sources,with a particular focus on environmentally friendly ***-tionally,this review covers the colloidal structure-forming properties of marine collagens,including foam,film,gel,and emulsion *** also highlights the potential and important applications of marine collagen in various food *** on the currently reported marine sources,collagens extracted from fish,jellyfish,and sea cucumbers were found to have the highest yield and mostly comprised type-l collagen,while crustaceans and mollusks yielded lower percentages of *** extraction techniques isolate collagen based on acetic acid and pepsin treatment,but they come with drawbacks such as being time-consuming,causing sample destruction,and using ***,marine collagen extracted using conventional methods assisted with ultrasonication resulted in higher yields and strengthened the triple-stranded helical ***,an increasing number of new applications have been found in the food industry for marine collagens,such as biodegradable film-forming materi-als,colloid stabilizers,foaming agents,and micro-encapsulating ***,collagen is a modern foodstuff and is extensively used in the beverage,dairy,and meat industries to increase the stability,consistency,and elasticity of products.

关键词： Marine collagen Jellyfish Sea cucumber Colloid stabilizer Edible film Dairy product

An Implementation of Multiscale Line Detection and Mathematical Morphology for Efficient and Precise Blood Vessel Segmentation in Fundus Images

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第5期79卷 2565-2583页

作者： Syed Ayaz Ali Shah Aamir shahzad Musaed Alhussein Chuan Meng Goh Khursheed Aurangzeb Tong Boon Tang muhammad Awais Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering COMSATS University IslamabadAbbottabad CampusAbbottabad22060Pakistan Department of Computer Engineering College of Computer and Information SciencesKing Saud UniversityP.O.Box 51178Riyadh11543Saudi Arabia Faculty of Information and Communication Technology University Tunku Abdul RehmanKampar CampusKampar31900Malaysia Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research University Teknologi PETRONASBandar Seri IskandarPerak32610Malaysia School of Computing Sciences University of East AngliaNorwichNR47TJUK

Diagnosing various diseases such as glaucoma,age-related macular degeneration,cardiovascular conditions,and diabetic retinopathy involves segmenting retinal blood *** task is particularly challenging when dealing with color fundus images due to issues like non-uniformillumination,low contrast,and variations in vessel appearance,especially in the presence of different ***,the speed of the retinal vessel segmentation system is of utmost *** the surge of now available big data,the speed of the algorithm becomes increasingly important,carrying almost equivalent weightage to the accuracy of the *** address these challenges,we present a novel approach for retinal vessel segmentation,leveraging efficient and robust techniques based on multiscale line detection and mathematical *** algorithm’s performance is evaluated on two publicly available datasets,namely the Digital Retinal Images for Vessel Extraction dataset(DRIVE)and the Structure Analysis of Retina(STARE)*** experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method,withmean accuracy values of 0.9467 forDRIVE and 0.9535 for STARE datasets,aswell as sensitivity values of 0.6952 forDRIVE and 0.6809 for STARE ***,our algorithmexhibits competitive performance with state-of-the-art ***,it operates at an average speed of 3.73 s per image for DRIVE and 3.75 s for STARE *** is worth noting that these results were achieved using Matlab scripts containing multiple *** suggests that the processing time can be further reduced by replacing loops with *** the proposed algorithm can be deployed in real time *** summary,our proposed system strikes a fine balance between swift computation and accuracy that is on par with the best available methods in the field.

关键词： Line detector vessel detection localization mathematical morphology image processing

Recent progress in two-dimensional metallenes and their potential application as electrocatalyst

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2024年第7期94卷 577-598页

作者： Umer shahzad Mohsin Saeed muhammad Fazle Rabbee Hadi M.Marwani Jehan Y.Al-Humaidi muhammad Altaf Raed H.Althomali Kwang-Hyun Baek Md.Rabiul Awual Mohammed M.Rahman Department of Chemistry Faculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah 21589Saudi Arabia Department of Biotechnology Yeungnam UniversityGyeongsanSouth Korea Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research(CEAMR) King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah 21589Saudi Arabia Department of Chemistry College of SciencePrincess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman UniversityP.O.BOX 84428Riyadh 11671Saudi Arabia Department of Chemistry Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry(PERCH-CIC)Center of Excellence in Materials Science and TechnologyFaculty of ScienceChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200Thailand Department of Chemistry College of Art and SciencePrince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz UniversityWadi Al-Dawasir 11991Saudi Arabia Western Australian School of Mines:Minerals Energy and Chemical EngineeringCurtin UniversityGPO Box U 1987PerthWA 6845Australia

In this article,we looked at metallenes,a novel class of two-dimensional(2D)metals that are attracting interest in the energy and catalysis *** is one area where their exceptional physicochemical and electrical characteristics might be *** are unique because they include several metal atoms that are not in a coordinated *** makes them more active and improves their atomic uti-lization,which in turn increases their catalytic *** article delves into the potential of two-dimensional metals as electrocatalysts for carbon dioxide reduction,fuel oxidation,oxygen evolution,and oxygen reduction reactions in the context of sustainable energy *** to the exception-ally high surface-to-volume ratio,large surface area as well as their optimized atomic use efficiency,2D materials defined by atomic layers are crucial for surface-related sustainable energy *** to its exceptional properties,such as high conductivity and the ability to enhance the exposure of active metal sites,2D metallenes have recently attracted a lot of interest for use in catalysis,electronics,and energy-related *** their highly mobility,adjustable surface states,and electrical struc-tures that can be fine-tuned,2D metallenes are promising nanostructure materials for use in energy con-version with the sustainable applications.

关键词： Metallenes Electrocatalysts Electrochemical processes Atomically thin structure