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Structural Properties of Baked Clay Bricks Fired with Alternate Fuels

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Engineering（科研） 2016年第10期8卷 676-683页

作者： Nawab Ali Lakho muhammad auchar zardari Department of Civil Engineering Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering Science and Technology Nawabshah Pakistan

Coal is used as a traditional fuel for firing of clay bricks in kilns. The cost of coal is high and is increasing continuously. This paper describes the effect of alternate fuels on compressive strength, water absorption and density of fired clay bricks. The alternate fuels used in this study were 1) rapeseed husk (Type I), 2) combination of sugarcane-bagasse, rice husk and used clothes (Type II) and 3) coal (Type III). The results show that compressive strength of bricks fired using Type I and Type II fuels was decreased to 11% and 7%, respectively, compared to those fired with coal. However, the values of water absorption and density of bricks fired with Type I and Type II fuels were almost same as exhibited by those baked with coal. This study shows that a saving of 25%, and 18% could be achieved when the bricks were fired using Type I and Type II fuels, respectively, compared to those fired with coal.

关键词： Baked Clay Bricks Compressive Strength Water Absorption Density Alternate Fuels Coal

Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Baked Clay Beams

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Engineering（科研） 2016年第7期8卷 403-409页

作者： Nawab Ali Lakho muhammad auchar zardari Department of Civil Engineering Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering Science and Technology Nawabshah Pakistan

Construction of Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) houses is unaffordable for low income people living in plains of Pakistan because of high cost of cement and aggregates. In such regions, use of Reinforced Baked Clay (RBC) is considered to be a cheaper alternative for RCC. This paper presents structural behaviour of RBC beams. The results of RBC beams were compared with a control RCC beam of same size and reinforcement. Both types of the beams showed similar load deflection behaviour in pre-yield stage. Whereas, in post yield stage, the RBC beams showed comparatively more deflection as compared to the RCC beam. The ultimate load carrying capacity of the RBC beams was almost similar to that of the RCC beam. This study suggests that the RBC beams can be used economically instead of RCC beams without losing strength and safety of a building.

关键词： Reinforced Baked Clay Ultimate Load Deflection Low Cost Compressive Strength

Comparison of Compressive and Tensile Strength of Baked Clay with Those of Normal Concrete

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Engineering（科研） 2016年第6期8卷 301-307页

作者： Nawab Ali Lakho muhammad auchar zardari Department of Civil Engineering Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering Science and Technology Nawabshah Pakistan

Due to high cost of aggregates, cement and steel in plain regions of Pakistan, low income people are unable to get their houses constructed using Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC). In this study, potential of baked clay as an economical material of building construction is investigated in order to replace normal concrete. For this purpose, compressive strength and tensile strength of baked clay fired at 1000℃ were determined. The results show that the compressive strength and tensile strength of baked clay are about 65%, and 80% more than those of corresponding values of normal concrete, respectively. This implies that by utilizing reinforced baked clay instead of RCC, saving of cement aggregates and reinforcing steel could be achieved.

关键词： Baked Clay Tensile Strength Compressive Strength Modulus of Rupture Normal Concrete Compaction

Effect of Reinforcement on Deflection and Cracks in Baked Clay Beams

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Engineering（科研） 2016年第10期8卷 684-690页

作者： Nawab Ali Lakho muhammad auchar zardari Department of Civil Engineering Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering Science and Technology Nawabshah Pakistan

For low cost houses in Pakistan, Reinforced Baked Clay (RBC) is considered to be a potential construction material as a substitute of Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC). Deflection and cracks are important parameters for design of beams in a building. However, for RBC beams it is still unknown that how the deflection and crack width could be controlled by increasing ratio of reinforcement. This study investigates the effect of ratio of reinforcement on deflection and cracking behaviour of baked clay beams. The results show that by increasing area of reinforcement by 50% in baked clay beams: 1) deflection was decreased to 2.5 times, and 2) crack width was reduced to three times.

关键词： Baked Clay Deflection Crack Width Reinforcement Ultimate Load Low Cost Houses

Relation between Compressive Strength of Baked Clay Cubes and Cylinders

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Engineering（科研） 2016年第8期8卷 509-514页

作者： Nawab Ali Lakho muhammad auchar zardari Department of Civil Engineering Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering Science and Technology Nawabshah Pakistan

Reinforced Baked Clay (RBC) seems to be potential alternative of Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) for construction of low cost houses. In order to utilize RBC as a construction material for buildings, it is necessary to understand compression behaviour of baked clay. In this paper, relation between cube crushing strength and cylinder strength of baked clay is presented. For this purpose, clay beams were cast in a mould and compacted at a pressure of 6 MPa. The clay beams were dried and fired in a kiln at a temperature of 900?C. Cubes of 150 mm size were sawed from a baked clay beam. Cylinders of 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height were cut, from another baked clay beam, using core cutter machine. Both the cubes and cylinders were tested for compressive strength in Universal Testing Machine. The results showed that the cube crushing strength of baked clay was 25 MPa and the ratio of the compressive strength of the cylinders and the cubes was found to be 0.6. Suggestions for improvement of compressive strength of baked clay cylinders are also discussed.

关键词： Baked Clay Compressive Strength Cubes Cylinders Low Cost Houses

Effect of Reinforcement on Deflection and Cracks in Baked Clay Beams Subjected to Impact Loading

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Engineering（科研） 2016年第10期8卷 691-696页

作者： Nawab Ali Lakho muhammad auchar zardari Department of Civil Engineering Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering Science and Technology Nawabshah Pakistan

Attempts are being made to utilize Reinforced Baked Clay (RBC) as a substitute of Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) for construction of low cost houses in plains of Pakistan. Since baked clay is considered to be more brittle as compared to concrete. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate how deflection and crack width of RBC beams subjected to impact loading are governed by amount of reinforcement. This paper presents the behaviour of RBC beams under drop weight impact loading. The beams were reinforced with two steel bars, one in compression zone and the other in tension zone. In group A beams, the diameter of steel bars was 12.7 mm, while the beams of group B were reinforced with steel bars of 15.8 mm diameter. The RBC beams were subjected to repeated impacts of a hammer of mass 21 kg falling from a height of 1000 mm. The results show that 1) three times reduction in deflection, and 2) 2.5 times decrease in crack width, were achieved in RBC beams by increasing the area of steel to 50%. In addition to this, all the RBC beams failed within nine blows of the hammer, irrespective of area of reinforcement.

关键词： Reinforced Baked Clay Impact Load Deflection Cracks Compressive Strength

Experimental Study of Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Baked Clay Beams under Impact Loading

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Engineering（科研） 2016年第6期8卷 347-352页

作者： Nawab Ali Lakho muhammad auchar zardari Department of Civil Engineering Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering Science and Technology Nawabshah Pakistan

This paper presents behaviour of Reinforced Baked Clay (RBC) beams under drop weight impact loading. The beams were made of two different grades of baked clay with cube crushing strength of 20 MPa and 30 MPa, respectively. The RBC beams were subjected to repeated drop weight loading by a hammer of weight equal to that of the specimen being tested. The results showed that the impact resistance of the RBC beams was governed by the compressive strength of the baked clay. Failure of grade 20 beams occurred due to irregular cracks and the beams of grade 30 failed by opening of a single crack at mid span. It was observed that the beams of grade 30 had sustained about 1.5 times more number of impacts until steel in tension zone yielded and failed completely after necking.

关键词： Baked Clay Impact Loading Cracks Deflection Compressive Strength Reinforcement