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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2011年第7期23卷 1194-1198页

作者： Shinobu kazama Narue Tameike Naoko Nakagawa Masahiro Otaki Department of Human Environmental Science Ochanomizu University INAX Co. 1-23-6 Yoshino-cho Kita-ku Satiama 331-0811 Japan Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Tokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minamiosawa Hachioji City Tokyo 192-0397 Japan

A composting toilet using sawdust as a matrix has the potential to trap pathogens that might occasionally be contained in human feces. Therefore, care should be taken when handling the sawdust. It should also be noted that pathogenic viruses tend to have stronger tolerance than pathogenic bacteria. The fates of several species of coliphages, T4, λ, Qβ and MS2, in sawdust were investigated as a viral model. The fates of coliphages were significantly different among them, and they changed in response to temperature and the water content of the sawdust. As the results, T4 coliphage had the strongest tolerance and Qβ had the weakest one in sawdust. It was estimated the days required to decrease virus to a safe level based on a risk assessment. According to the rates of Qβ and T4, 15 days and 167 days were required respectively for a safe level of infection risk based on actually operated composting toilet condition. Thus, it was significantly different depending on the species and sawdust conditions.

关键词： composting toilet viral indicator coliphage risk assessment

Confirmation of Novel Quantitative Trait Loci for Seed Dormancy at Different Ripening Stages in Rice

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Rice science 2013年第3期20卷 207-212页

作者： Kazuhiro SASAKI Yuri kazama Youn CHAE Tadashi SATO Graduate School of Life Sciences Tohoku University Plant Breeding Genetics and Biotechnology DivisionInternational Rice Research Institute

Seed dormancy contributes resistance to pre-harvest sprouting. Effects on respective quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for dormancy should be assessed by using fresh seeds before germinability altered through storage. We investigated QTLs related to seed dormancy using backcross inbred lines derived from a cross between Nipponbare and Kasalath. Four putative QTLs for seed dormancy were detected immediately after harvest using composite interval mapping. These putative QTLs were mapped near C1488 on chromosome 3 （qSD-3.1）, R2171 on chromosome 6 （qSD-6.1）, R1245 on chromosome 7 （qSD-7.1） and C488 on chromosome 10 （qSD-IO.1）. Kasalath alleles promoted dormancy for qSD-3.1, qSD-6.1 and qSD-7.1, and the respective proportions of phenotypic variation explained by each QTL were 12.9%, 9.3% and 8.1%. We evaluated the seed dormancy harvested at different ripening stages during seed development using chromosome segment substitution lines （CSSLs） to confirm gene effects. The germination rates of CSSL27 and CSSL28 substituted with the region including qSD-6.1 were significantly lower than those of Nipponbare and other CSSLs at the late ripening stage. Therefore, qSD-6.1 is considered the most effective novel QTL for pre-harvest sprouting resistance among the QTLs detected in this study.

关键词： chromosome segment substitution line heading date quantitative trait locus rice seeddormancy

Lymphomatous involvement of gastrointestinal tract: Evaluation by positron emission tomography with ^(18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2005年第46期11卷 7284-7289页

作者： Sith Phongkitkarun Vithya Varavithya Toshiki kazama Silvana C Faria Martha V Mar Donald A Podoloff Homer A Macapinlac Departments of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear MedicineBox 057 The University of Texas MDAnderson Cancer Center1515 Holcombe Blvd.HoustonTXUnited States

AIM： To demonstrate the ^18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography （18F-FDG PET） findings in patients with non-Hodgkin＇s lymphoma （NHL） involving the gastrointestinal （GI） tract and the clinical utility of modality despite of the known normal uptake of FDG in the GI tract. METHODS： Thirty-three patients with biopsy-proven gastrointestinal NHL who had undergone FDG-PET scan were induded. All the patients were injected with 10-15 mCJ FDG and scanned approximately 60 min later with a CTI/ Siemens HR （＋） PET scanner. PET scans were reviewed and the maximum standard uptake value （SUVmax） of the lesions was measured before and after the treatment, if data were available and compared with histologic diagnoses. RESULTS： Twenty-five patients had a high-grade lymphoma and eight had a low-grade lymphoma. The stomach was the most common site of the involvement （20 patients）. In high-grade lymphoma, PET showed focal nodular or diffuse hypermetabolic activity. The average SUVmax＋SD was 11.58±5.83. After the therapy, the patients whose biopsies showed no evidence of lymphoma had a lower uptake without focal lesions. The SUVmax＋SD decreased from 11.58±5.83 to 2.21± 0.78. in patients whose post-treatment biopsies showed lymphoma, the SUVmax＋SD was 9.42±6.27. Low-grade follicular lymphomas of the colon and stomach showed diffuse hypermetabolic activity in the bowel wall （SUVmax= 8.2 and 10.3, respectively）. The SUVmax was 2.02-3.8 （mean 3.02） in the stomach lesions of patients with MALT lymphoma. CONCLUSION： ^18F-FDG PET contributes to the diagnosis of high-grade gastrointestinal non-Hodgldn＇s lymphoma, even when there is the normal background FDG activity. Furthermore, the SUV plays a role in evaluating treatment response. Low-grade NHL demonstrates FDG uptake but at a lesser intensity than seen in high-grade NHL.

关键词： Positron emission tomography Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma Gastrointestinal neoplasm

Effect of Free Cells and Additional Supporting Material on Performance of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-Pellet Reactor to Treat NH4-N Contaminated Groundwater

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2011年第1期3卷 12-21页

作者： Wilawan Khanitchaidecha Tatsuo Sumino Futaba kazama 不详

To study the effect of free cells (suspended bacteria) on performance of entrapped bacteria system (i.e. polyethylene glycol (PEG)-pellet reactor) to treat NH4-N contaminated groundwater, two PEG-pellet reactors with a lot of free cells - Reactor A containing PEG-pellet and Reactor B containing PEG-pellet and supporting material - and the another control reactor without free cells (Reactor C) were set-up. Three reactors were operated under various NH4-N concentrations (40-60 mg/L) and various temperatures (5-25oC). The results show that the free cells effected on the NH4-N removal efficiency significantly. The free cells developed to be a biofilm layer on the pellet surface for Reactor A, the biofilm layer caused the decreasing NH4-N diffusion and incomplete nitrification eventually. On the other hand, most free cells attached to the supporting material for Reactor B. Although the NH4-N could diffuse properly, the free cells consuming acetate caused the added acetate was insufficient for complete denitrification. However, the results suggest that the supporting material could reduce the effect of free cells on the reactor performance at low temperature as indicated by 1) higher efficiency and 2) lower activation energy (Ea) for nitrification and denitrification in Reactor B than Reactor A.

关键词： NH4-N removal Nitrification and Denitrification Groundwater Purification Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-Pellet Supporting Material Free Cells

Influence of Carbon Source on Biological Nitrogen Removal by Immobilised Bacteria

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2010年第6期2卷 527-531页

作者： Wilawan Khanitchaidecha Tatsuo Sumino Futaba kazama 不详

Acetate, ethanol, and hydrolysed rice were used as external carbon sources in an ammonium removal process employing immobilised bacteria. The influence of the carbon source on the occurrence of free cells and total nitrogen removal efficiency was examined at C/N ratios of 1.5 (low), 2.5 (medium), and 3.5 (high). At the low C/N ratio, no free cells were found in the reactors and the use of acetate as the carbon source resulted in the highest total nitrogen removal efficiency, followed by ethanol and hydrolysed rice. The occurrence of free cells in reactors fed with acetate and ethanol led to a negligible increase in the total nitrogen removal efficiency with increasing C/N ratio. The results suggest that acetate is the most appropriate carbon source for nitrogen removal and that the number of free cells should be minimized to achieve the highest efficiency during long-term operation.

关键词： Nitrogen Removal Nitrification and Denitrification Carbon Sources

Distributed Hydrological Model for Assessing Flood Hazards in Laos

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2019年第8期11卷 937-958页

作者： Sengphrachanh Phrakonkham So kazama Daisuke Komori Soliya Sopha Department of Civil Engineering Tohoku University Sendai Japan Deaprtment of Frontier science for Advance Environment Tohoku University Sendai Japan

Many natural disasters have recently occurred in Laos. Among them, flooding has been the greatest problem. Land use change (deforestation and urbanization) and climate change have played significant roles, and it is important to understand the impacts of these changes on flooding. We have developed an integrated hazard map based on a combination of four hazard maps of flooding, land use change and climate change to assess hazard areas at the national scale. The hazard map was developed using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and a hazard index. Finally, we divided the map into four hazard area categories, which include low, medium, intermediate and high. Based on this analysis, the integrated hazard map of Laos indicates that low hazard areas cover 87.44% of the total area, medium hazard areas cover 8.12%, and intermediate and high hazard areas respectively cover 2.42% and 2% of the land area. We compared the results with historical events to confirm that the proposed methodology is valid.

关键词： Flood Land Use Change Climate Change

Erosion of Grooved Surfaces by Cavitating Jet with Hydraulic Oil

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Journal of Flow Control, Measurement & Visualization 2015年第2期3卷 41-50页

作者： Toshiharu kazama Kento Kumagai Yasuhiro Osafune Yukihito Narita Shohei Ryu College of Design and Manufacturing Technology Muroran Institute of Technology Muroran Japan

To study the effect of impingement surface geometry, a cavitation erosion experiment was conducted using a submerged cavitating jet rig with hydraulic oil. The test setup comprised a test chamber with a long-orifice nozzle, a hydraulic pump with an electric motor, hydraulic auxiliaries, including valves, a cooler, a filter, a reservoir, and measuring instruments, including pressure gages and a thermometer. Hexahedral specimens made of aluminum alloy with flat and grooved surfaces and oblique angles were prepared. Hydraulic oil with a viscosity grade of 32 was used at 40°C as the test fluid. The upstream absolute pressure was kept at 10.1 MPa and the cavitation numbers were set at 0.02 - 0.04. The results of this experiment yielded the following conclusions. The mass loss of the grooved specimens did not increase monotonically as the exposure time increased. The standoff distances at the maximum mass loss for the flat and grooved specimens were almost equivalent. The mass loss decreased as the oblique angle increased and the cavitation number increased, regardless of the presence of grooves. The surfaces were eroded in a ring-like region, but the region elongated as the angle increased. For the grooved specimens, the ridges on the ring were eroded, and when the directions of the grooves and the flow matched, the roots and flanks were severely eroded.

关键词： Oil-Hydraulics Cavitation Erosion Jet Grooves

The Wheat Plastochron Mutant, fushi-darake, Shows Transformation of Reproductive Spikelet Meristem into Vegetative Shoot Meristem

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2013年第12期4卷 28-36页

作者： Chikako Tahira Naoki Shitsukawa Yusuke kazama Tomoko Abe Koji Murai Department of Bioscience Fukui Prefectural University Eiheiji-cho Japan RIKEN Innovation Center Woko Japan RIKEN Nishina Center Woko Japan

In wheat plants at the vegetative growth stage, the shoot apical meristem (SAM) produces leaf primordia. When reproductive growth is initiated, the SAM forms an inflorescence meristem (IM) that differentiates a series of spikelet meristem (SM) as the branch. The SM then produces a series of floret meristem (FM) as the branch. To identify the mechanisms that regulate formation of the reproductive meristems in wheat, we have investigated a leaf initiation mutant, fushi-darake (fdk) which was developed by ion beam mutagenesis. The morphological traits were compared in wild type (WT) and fdk mutant plants grown in the experimental field. WT plants initiated leaves from SAM at regular intervals in spiral phyllotaxy, while fdk plants had 1/2 alternate phyllotaxy with rapid leaf emergence. The fdk plants have increased numbers of nodes and leaves compared with WT plants. The time interval between successive leaf initiation events (plastochron) was measured in plants grown in a growth chamber. The fdk plants clearly show the rapid leaf emergence, indicating a shortened plastochron. Each tiller in fdk plants branches at the upper part of the culm. The fine structure of organ formation in meristems of fdk plants was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM analysis indicated that fdk plants show transformation of spikelet meristems into vegetative shoot meristems. In conclusion, the fdk mutant has a heterochronic nature, i.e., both reproductive and vegetative programs were simultaneously in operation during the reproductive phase, resulting in a shortened plastochron and transformation of reproductive spikelets into vegetative shoots.

关键词： Einkorn Wheat Heterochrony Ion Beam Mutagenesis Phyllotaxy Plastochron Shoot Meristems Spikelet Meristems Triticum monococcum

Quantification of the Pain and Physical Burden Experienced during Positioning for Craniocaudal Imaging in Mammography, Evaluated by Measurement of Muscle Activity

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Health 2015年第1期7卷 23-34页

作者： Mieko Uchiyama Yongbum Lee Kiyoko kazama Yasuko Minagawa Masaki Tsurumaki Graduate School of Health Sciences Niigata University Niigata Japan Niigata Hand Surgery Foundation Niigata Hand Care Center Niigata Japan Kaetsu Comprehensive Health Development Center Shibata Japan Nakajo Central Hospital Niigata Japan

Mammography is carried out in a special position, i.e. “an image is taken while the breast is compressed, stretched and kept in a fixed position”. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate quantitatively and qualitatively the physical and psychological burden due to positioning and breast compression during mammography. Muscle activity of each part of the body during positioning for the standard imaging method, to obtain craniocaudal (CC) view images, was measured in 15 adult females using surface EMG. The associated pain was analyzed using visual analogue scale (VAS) scores. During positioning for the CC view, muscle activity was highest in the biceps (24.44 iEMG/s) followed by the trapezius (17.78 iEMG/s) on the imaging side. Muscle activity of the biceps and the sternocleidomastoid on the imaging side showed significant differences compared with pre-imaging activity (biceps P < 0.031, sternocleidomastoid P < 0.005). The pain during mammography was rated as moderate to severe pain (VAS = 3.3 - 6.7) for CC views. As a result, the activities of not only the muscles directly involved in mammography positioning but also those indirectly involved were high as compared with the normal state. Measurement of muscle activity during mammography is expected to be used effectively, such as in the care to reduce pain for the subjects.

关键词： Mammography Muscle Activity Physical Pain Surface Electromyography Visual Analogue Scale