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Post Drought Population Status and Trend of Specialized Browsers in the Mid Kenya-Tanzania Borderland

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Natural Resources 2016年第10期7卷 580-610页

作者： moses Makonjio Okello john Warui Kiringe Philip Muruthi Lekishon Kenana Hanori Maliti Noah Wasilwa Sitati Erastus Kanga Fiesta Warinwa Samwel Bakari Stephen Ndambuki Nathan Gichohi Edeus Massawe David Kimutai Machoke Mwita Daniel Muteti SFS Center for Wildlife Management Nairobi Kenya Moi University Department of Tourism Eldoret Kenya African Wildlife Foundation Nairobi Kenya Kenya Wildlife Service Nairobi Kenya Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Arusha Tanzania

We examined the population status, trend and distribution of Gerenuk, Fringe-eared Oryx and Lesser kudu in the Northern Tanzania and Southern Kenya borderland after the 2007 to 2009 drought. The species were characterized by low numbers and sparsely distributed in the borderland but were more prevalent and abundant in the Amboseli region. However, West Kilimanjaro had the highest positive change in density between 2010 and 2013 [Gerenuk = +1650.48 ± 1150.31, lesser kudu = +912.78 ± 487.63 and Fringe-eared Oryx = +366.65 ± 233.32]. Changes in density and composition varied seasonally among the different sectors of the borderland, with Gerenuk having the highest change in the Amboseli area during the wet season. Lesser kudu had the highest change in Amboseli and Kilimanjaro during the wet season while Fringe-eared Oryx had the highest change in the wet season in West Kilimanjaro area. Spatial distribution of the species varied seasonally and across different sectors of the borderland. In the dry season, Gerenuk exhibited a clumped distribution mainly in Amboseli National Park, and between Natron and West Kilimanjaro but in the wet season, it spread out more though higher concentrations were still found Amboseli and West Kilimanjaro. Lesser concentrated in mostly in West Kilimanjaro and Amboseli during the dry season but was widely dispersed during the wet season. Similarly, during the dry season, the Fringe-eared Oryx was confined in the Amboseli and West Kilimanjaro areas but during the wet season, it much more spread out with clusters in the Mbirikani area of the Amboseli region and a few places in Magadi, Natron and West Kilimanjaro. Management implications of the findings obtained in this study area here-in discussed.

关键词： Borderland Fringe-Eared Oryx Gerenuk Kenya Lesser Kudu Population Trend and Status Tanzania

Population Status and Trend of the Maasai Ostrich in the Mid Kenya—Tanzania Borderland

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Natural Resources 2016年第10期7卷 558-579页

作者： moses Makonjio Okello john Warui Kiringe Lekishon Kenana Fiesta Warinwa Hanori Maliti Noah Wasilwa Sitati Erastus Kanga Samwel Bakari Stephen Ndambuki Philip Muruthi Nathan Gichohi Edeus Massawe David Kimutai Machoke Mwita Daniel Muteti SFS Center for Wildlife Management Nairobi Kenya Moi University Department of Tourism Eldoret Kenya Kenya Wildlife Service Nairobi Kenya African Wildlife Foundation Nairobi Kenya Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Arusha Tanzania

The Maasai ostrich (Struthio camelus) is a the largest avian species in East Africa and though it’s not considered to be a species of conservation concern, some populations are on the decline and this is attributed to bush meat activities, predation on their eggs illegal consumption by humans, habitat destruction and forage competition with other large wildlife species. Climate change is also emerging to be another major threat due to interference with food availability which in turn interferes with the breeding rhythm. Thus, this study examined the population status, trend and distribution of the Maasai ostrich in the Southern Kenya and Northern Tanzania borderland after the 2007 to 2009 drought. The results showed that the species was found across the entire borderland but the Amboseli region had the highest number and density of Maasai ostrich (726.00 ± 100.9;0.08 ± 0.01 ostriches per km2), followed by Lake Natron area (330.8 ± 69.8;0.05 ± 0.01 ostriches per km2) and the least was in West Kilimanjaro (85.5 ± 18.0;0.03 ± 0.01 ostriches per km2). Drought caused a decline in the population of the Maasai ostrich but the Amboseli area experienced the highest decline in density (?13.44 ± 12.61) compared to other borderland sectors. However, the populations increased in most sectors after the drought, and wet season numbers and densities were higher than the dry season. The highest positive increase in number and density was in Lake Natron area (+85.65 ± 91.06) followed by West Kilimanjaro (+68.39 ± 59.54), and the least was in the Magadi area (+22.26 ± 32.05). There is a need to enhance conservation of avian species like the Maasai ostrich other than just focusing on the charismatic species such as the African elephant and black rhino. We therefore recommend joint collaboration in monitoring all large wildlife populations across the Kenya-Tanzania borderland with a view of understanding their status, trend and best management actions th

关键词： Borderland Kenya Maasai Ostrich Population Trend and Status Tanzania

Population Status and Trend of the Maasai Giraffe in the Mid Kenya-Tanzania Borderland

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Natural Resources 2015年第3期6卷 159-173页

作者： moses Makonjio Okello Lekishon Kenana Honori Maliti john Warui Kiringe Erastus Kanga Fiesta Warinwa Samwel Bakari Stephen Ndambuki Hamza Kija Noah Sitati David Kimutai Nathan Gichohi Daniel Muteti Philip Muruthi Machoke Mwita SFS Center for Wildlife Management Nairobi Kenya Kenya Wildlife Service Nairobi Kenya Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Arusha Tanzania African Wildlife Foundation Nairobi Kenya

Among the nine sub-species of giraffes, the Maasai giraffe is the most widespread and common in Northern and Southern Kenya. Although it’s considered by the IUCN to be a species of no conservation concern, they have been reported to have declined in some of their range areas mostly due to bush meat activities, habitat fragmentation and loss. There are also concerns recent climatic changes especially prevalence of droughts is increasingly becoming another threat to their survival. In this regard, this study examined the status and trend of the Maasai giraffe in the Kenya-Tanzania border after the 2007 to 2009 drought. Amboseli had the highest giraffe number (averaging 2, 062.5 ± 534.7 giraffes), followed by a distant Lake Natron area (725.8 ± 129.4 giraffes), Magadi/Namanga (669.5 ± 198.0 giraffes), and lastly West Kilimanjaro area (236.5 ± 47.8 giraffes). Further, the proportion of giraffes were highest in Amboseli (55.09% ± 5.65%) followed by Lake Natron area (20.98% ± 3.42%), Magadi/Namanga area (16.35% ± 3.83%), and lastly West Kilimanjaro (7.58% ± 2.12%). But in terms of population growth after droughts, giraffe had positive growth in all locations in the borderland, with Magadi leading (+339.82 ± 329.99) followed Lake Natron area (+37.62 ± 83.27), Amboseli area (+38.11 ± 7.09), and lastly West Kilimanjaro (+3.21 ± 57.95.27). Their wet season population and density was much higher than that of the dry season. However, though the species was widely spread in the borderland, they seemed to avoid the region between Lake Magadi and Amboseli which is traversed by the Nairobi-Namanga highway both in wet and dry season. There is a need to develop a collaborative management framework for cross-border conservation to enhance their protection, conservation and genetic linkage.

关键词： Drought Effects Kenya-Tanzania Borderland Maasai Giraffe Status and Distribution

Population Status and Trend of Water Dependent Grazers (Buffalo and Waterbuck) in the Kenya-Tanzania Borderland

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Natural Resources 2015年第2期6卷 91-114页

作者： moses Makonjio Okello Lekishon Kenana Hanori Maliti john Warui Kiringe Erastus Kanga Fiesta Warinwa Samwel Bakari Nathan Gichohi Stephen Ndambuki Hamza Kija Noah Sitati David Kimutai Machoke Mwita Daniel Muteti Philip Muruthi SFS Center for Wildlife Management Nairobi Kenya Kenya Wildlife Service Nairobi Kenya Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Arusha Tanzania African Wildlife Foundation Nairobi Kenya

Even though over many years the IUCN has considered the African buffalo and waterbuck and abundant species in Africa with no conservation concern, the situation is rapidly changing. Using aerial counts in wet and dry season in 2010 and 2013, this study assessed the trend, population status and distribution of the African buffalo and common waterbuck in the Northern Tanzania and Southern Kenya borderland. Both species were rare in the borderland, with the Amboseli region had the highest number of buffalo (241.5 ± 29.9), followed by Magadi/Namanga (58.0 ± 22.0), West Kilimanjaro (38.8 ± 34.9), and lastly Lake Natron (14.5 ± 9.0) areas. In terms of density, Amboseli also led with 0.03 ± 0.00 (buffalo per km2), but rest had similar densities of 0.01 ± 0.00 buffalo per km2. In terms of percent changes in buffalo, Amboseli area had a positive increase (+10.59 ± 27.71), but with a negative growth of -17.12 in the dry season. All other changes in all locations had negative (decline) buffalo numbers over time. For waterbuck numbers, Amboseli area also led with 12.3 ± 3.9 waterbuck), followed by Magadi/Namanga (10.3 ± 3.7.0), Lake Natron (3.8 ± 3.4), and lastly West Kilimanjaro (0.5 ± 0.5) areas. In terms of waterbuck density, they were low and less than 0.00 ± 0.00 per km2. For percent changes in waterbuck numbers, Magadi/Namanga had higher positive change (+458.33 ± 291.67), but all other locations had negative (decline) changes with the worst being West Kilimanjaro and Lake Natron areas. Further, buffalo number was dependent (p = 0.008) on the season, with numbers being higher in the wet season than dry season. For waterbuck, numbers were independent (p = 0.72) of the season, with numbers being similar across seasons. The findings of this study showed that both species were negatively affected by drought. We recommend a constant joint monitoring program between Kenya and Tanzania, and jointly combat poaching, habitat fragmentation and encroachment to build viable populatio

关键词： African Buffalo Common Waterbuck Borderland Kenya Population Trend and Status Tanzania

Using data from‘visible’populations to estimate the size and importance of‘hidden’populations in an epidemic:A modelling technique

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Infectious Disease Modelling 2020年第1期5卷 798-813页

作者： Anna M.Foss Holly J.Prudden Kate M.Mitchell Michael Pickles Reynold Washington Anna E.Phillips Michel Alary Marie-Claude Boily Stephen moses Charlotte H.Watts Peter T.Vickerman Department of Global Health and Development and Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine15-17 Tavistock PlaceLondonWC1H 9SHUK Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology School of Public HealthImperial College LondonMedical School BuildingSt Mary’s CampusNorfolk PlaceLondonW21PGUK St john’s Research Institute 100 Feet RoadJohn NagarKoramangalaBangalore560034KarnatakaIndia Department of Community Health Sciences Max Rady College of MedicineRady Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of ManitobaS113-750 Bannatyne AvenueWinnipegManitobaR3E 0W3Canada Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-UniversitéLaval 1050 Chemin Ste-FoyQuébec(Qc)G1S 4L8Canada Département de médecine sociale et préventive Facultéde médecineUniversitéLaval1050avenue de la MédecineQuébec(Qc)G1V 0A6Canada

We used reported behavioural data from cisgender men who have sex with men and transgender women(MSM/TGW)in Bangalore,mainly collected from‘hot-spot’locations that attract MSM/TGW,to illustrate a technique to deal with potential issues with the representativeness of this sample.A deterministic dynamic model of HIV transmission was developed,incorporating three subgroups of MSM/TGW,grouped according to their reported predominant sexual role(insertive,receptive or versatile).Using mathematical modelling and data triangulation for‘balancing’numbers of partners and role preferences,we compared three different approaches to determine if our technique could be useful for inferring characteristics of a more‘hidden’insertive MSM subpopulation,and explored their potential importance for the HIV *** for 2009 across all three approaches suggest that HIV prevalence among insertive MSM was likely to be less than half that recorded in the surveys(4.5e6.5%versus 13.1%),but that the relative size of this subgroup was over four times larger(61e69%of all MSM/TGW versus 15%).We infer that the insertive MSM accounted for 10e20%of all prevalent HIV infections among urban males aged *** modelling can be used with data on‘visible’MSM/TGW to provide insights into the characteristics of‘hidden’MSM.A greater understanding of the sexual behaviour of all MSM/TGW is important for effective HIV *** broadly,a hidden subgroup with a lower infectious disease prevalence than more visible subgroups,has the potential to contain more infections,if the hidden subgroup is considerably larger in size.

关键词： HIV Infectious diseases Mathematical modelling Men who have sex with men Transgender women India

利拉鲁肽对糖尿病的影响和作用:心血管预后结果的评估(LEADER(?))试验的原理与研究设计

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利拉鲁肽对糖尿病的影响和作用:心血管预后结果的评估(LEADER(?))...

Growth indices of seeds(maize and cowpea)grown in heavy metal contaminated soil treated with ginger extract

中华医学会糖尿病学分会第十六次全国学术会议

作者：罗小夫 Richard Bergenstal Gilbert Daniels Johannes Mann Steven Nissen Stuart Pocock Bernard Zinman john Buse Alan moses Marcin Zychma Steven Marso University of Toronto International Diabetes Center MinneapolisMNUSA Massachusetts General Hospital BostonMAUSA Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen MunichGermany Cleveland Clinic Foundation ClevelandOHUSA London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine LondonUK University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine Chapel HillNCUSA Novo Nordisk Inc PrincetonNJUSA Novo Nordisk CopenhagenDenmark Saint Luke’s Mid America Heart and Vascular Institute Kansas CityMOUSA

目的利拉鲁肽是1 d1次注射的人胰高糖素样肽-1类似物,已被批准用于治疗T2DM患者。尽管利拉鲁肽能显著降低空腹血糖、HbA1c、体重和收缩压,但其对心血管(CV)预后的影响尚未明确。LEADER是一项国际化、多中心、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验...

目的利拉鲁肽是1 d1次注射的人胰高糖素样肽-1类似物,已被批准用于治疗T2DM患者。尽管利拉鲁肽能显著降低空腹血糖、HbA1c、体重和收缩压,但其对心血管(CV)预后的影响尚未明确。LEADER是一项国际化、多中心、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验,旨在探讨以下假设:在T2DM患者中,利拉鲁肽联合标准治疗非劣于安慰剂与联合标准治疗,以主要不良CV事件为复合终点。

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Toxicology Advances 2023年第4期5卷 15-23页

作者： Tatah Verwiyeh Silas Ezeonu Chukwuma Stephen moses Adondua Abah Abu Sunday Michael Umaru john Isaac Roy Yohanna Emochone Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences Federal University WukariWukariPMB 1020Taraba StateNigeria

The consumption of maize and cowpea in Africa and developing countries is high,owing to the fact that they are readily available,coupled the with nutritional benefits they *** loss has been seen in crops cultivated on heavy metal polluted soils as a consequence of alterations in physiological and biochemical *** study was aimed at assessing the growth indices of seeds(maize and cowpea)grown on heavy metal contaminated soil treated with ginger *** study adopted a Complete Randomized Design(CRD)in which growth indices of either maize or cowpea were examined from each crop type grown on soil without any pollutant or treatment and soils with metal pollutants;with or without treatment with ginger extracts in the individual *** were analyzed using *** results showed that ginger extract induced oxidative stress on cowpea after 10 days of cultivation with root length significantly(P≤0.05)higher on the normal control-G-M and+L-G which recorded 7.60 and 7.3 cm *** of growth indices noticed after 30 and 40 days of cowpea cultivation were variable showing least growth in leaf *** maize root(27.00 cm),shoot(8.85 cm)and leaf(25.25 cm)development were recorded in maize grown on soil without metal contamination but treated with ginger(+G-M-positive control)after days 10,40 and 40 after *** was observed that the soil contaminated with heavy metals affected the growth pattern of the crops thereby causing stunted growth,chlorosis,discoloration and *** could be concluded that cowpea performed better in shoot of both treated and untreated soils even though the values were not significantly different from that of root and leaf while maize showed a decrease in shoot even though the values for root and leaf were not significantly different.

关键词： contaminants cowpea ginger extract maize heavy metals antioxidant bioremediation

强效高选择性PPAR-α激动剂对致动脉粥样硬化性血脂紊乱或高胆固醇血症患者的影响—两项随机对照试验

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美国医学会杂志（中文版） 2008年第2期27卷 76-86页

作者： Steven E. Nissen, MD Stephen J. Nicholls, MBBS, PhD Kathy Wolski, MPH Daniel C. Howey, MD Ellen McErlean, RN, MSN Ming-Dauh Wang, PhD Elisa V. Gomez, MS john M. Russo, MD 靳文英(译) 顾佳(校) Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Cleveland Clinic Lemer School of Medicine Cleveland Ohio Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis Ind Guilford Medical Associates and moses Cone Health System Greensboro. NC 不详

背景：贝特类药物是一种较弱的过氧化体增殖物激活型受体仪（peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-α，PPAR-α）激动剂。目前尚无有关效果更强、选择性更高的相关制剂的报道。目的：研究PPAR-α激动剂LY518674的安全性和疗效... 详细信息

背景：贝特类药物是一种较弱的过氧化体增殖物激活型受体仪（peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-α，PPAR-α）激动剂。目前尚无有关效果更强、选择性更高的相关制剂的报道。目的：研究PPAR-α激动剂LY518674的安全性和疗效。设计、地点及参试者：开展两项多中心、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照研究，其中一项针对高甘油三酯及低HDL-C血症患者（致动脉粥样硬化陛血脂紊乱），另一项针对高LDL-C患者（即高胆固醇血症）。2005年8月至2006年8月，参与血脂紊乱研究的研究人员在美国医疗中心随机入选309例患者，参与高胆固醇血症研究的研究人员入选304例患者。干预：在血脂紊乱研究中，患者服用安慰剂、非诺贝特（200mg）或LY518674（10μg、25μg、50μg或100μg），共12周。在高胆固醇血症研究中，患者首先服用安慰剂或阿托伐他汀（10mg或40mg）4周，然后服用安慰剂或LY518674（10μg或50μg）12周。主要观测指标：血脂紊乱研究的观测指标为HDL-C和甘油三酯变化的百分比，高胆固醇血症研究的观测指标为LDL-C变化的百分比。结果：血脂紊乱研究显示，LY518674（25μg）和非诺贝特分别使HDL—C水平增加5．9mg／dL和5．5mg／dL（15．8％和14．4％）（与安慰剂相比P值均≤0．001，组间比较P：0．79）。更高剂量的LY518674对HDL．C水平的影响不大。LY518674可使甘油三酯水平降低97．3～114．5rag／dE（34．9％～41．7％），与非诺贝特效果相似。LY518674可使LDL—C水平呈剂量依赖性升高，100μg LY518674可使LDL—C升高20．4mg／dL（19．5％），而非诺贝特仅使LDL-C升高0．3mg／dL（2．3％）。非诺贝特和LY518674（50μg和100μg）均可增加血清肌酐值（与安慰剂相比P≤0．001），分别有38％和37．3％的患者肌酐值超出正常范围。非诺贝特还可增加磷酸肌酸激酶水平（与安慰剂相比P=0．004），LY518674则无此反应。高胆固醇血症研究显示，LY518674（10μg或50μg）可使LDL—C降低21．4～26．0mg／dL（13．2％～15．8％），使甘油三酯降低约37％，使HDL-C升高6．3～6．7mg／dL（12．5％～15．0％）。当与阿托伐他汀合用时，LY518674可使HDL．C变化-0．7～6．2mg／dL（-0．6％～11．9％），使甘油三酯显著降低，但对LDL—C无明显的进一步降低作用。结论：在血脂紊乱患者中，LY518674和非诺贝特可降低甘油三酯水平，升高HDL-C水平，但同时也增加血清肌酐水平。与非诺贝特不同，LY518674还可升高LDL-C水平。在高胆固醇血症患者中，LY518674可降低甘油三酯水平，升高HDL-C水平，但与阿托伐他汀合用时并不能进一步降低LDL—C水平。非诺贝特和LY518674的安全陛均需进一步观察。

关键词：高胆固醇血症随机对照试验 PPAR-α 血脂紊乱动脉粥样硬化性激动剂高选择性过氧化体增殖物激活型受体