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Effect of temperature on the Bulinus globosus-Schistosoma haematobium system

Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2017年第1期6卷 495-501页

作者： Chester Kalinda moses j.chimbari Samson Mukaratirwa School of Nursing and Public Health College of Health SciencesHoward College CampusUniversity of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa School of Life Sciences College of AgricultureEngineering and ScienceWestville CampusUniversity of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa

Background:Given that increase in temperature may alter host-parasite relationships,the anticipated rise in temperature due to global warming might change transmission patterns of certain diseases.However,the extent to which this will happen is not well understood.Methods:Using a host-parasite system involving Bulinus globosus and Schistosoma haematobium,we assessed the effect of temperature on snail fecundity,growth,survival and parasite development under laboratory conditions.Results:Our results show that temperature may have a non-linear effect on snail fecundity and snail growth.Snails maintained at 15.5℃ and 36.0℃ did not produce egg masses while those maintained at 25.8℃ laid 344 and 105 more egg masses than snails at 31.0℃ and 21.2℃,respectively.Attainment of patency led to a reduction in egg mass production among the snails.However,the reduction in fecundity for snails maintained at 21.2℃ occurred before snails started shedding cercariae.Parasite development was accelerated at high temperatures with snails maintained at 31.0℃ reaching patency after three weeks.Furthermore,snail growth rate was highest at 25.8℃ while it was inhibited at 15.5℃ and reduced at 31.0℃.Increase in temperature increased snail mortality rates.Snails maintained at 36.0℃ had the shortest survival time while those maintained at 15.5℃ had the longest survival time.Conclusions:We concluded that temperature influences fecunxdity,growth,survival and parasite development in the snail and thus dictates the time it takes the parasite to complete the life cycle.This has implications on transmission of schistosomiasis in the context of global warming.

关键词： Bulinus globosus Cercariae Development rate Fecundity Schistosomiasis Schistosoma haematobium Temperature

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Schistosomiasis in Zambia:a systematic review of past and present experiences

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2018年第1期7卷 394-403页

作者： Chester Kalinda moses j.chimbari Samson Mukaratirwa School of Nursing and Public Health College of Health SciencesHoward College CampusUniversity of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa College of Health Sciences Howard College CampusUniversity of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa School of Life Sciences College of AgricultureEngineering and ScienceWestville CampusUniversity of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa

Background:The speedy rate of change in the environmental and socio-economics factors may increase the incidence,prevalence and risk of schistosomiasis infections in Zambia.However,available information does not provide a comprehensive understanding of the biogeography and distribution of the disease,ecology and population dynamics of intermediate host snails.The current study used an information-theoretical approach to understand the biogeography and prevalence schistosomiasis and identified knowledge gaps that would be useful to improve policy towards surveillance and eradication of intermediate hosts snails in Zambia.Methods:To summarise the existing knowledge and build on past and present experiences of schistosomiasis epidemiology for effective disease control in Zambia,a systematic search of literature for the period 2000-2017 was done on PubMed,Google Scholar and EBSCOhost.Using the key words:‘Schistosomiasis’,‘Biomphalaria’,‘Bulinus’,‘Schistosoma mansoni’,‘Schistosoma haematobium’,and‘Zambia’,in combination with Booleans terms‘AND’and‘OR’,published reports/papers were obtained and reviewed independently for inclusion.Results:Thirteen papers published in English that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected for the final review.The papers suggest that the risk of infection has increased over the years and this has been attributed to environmental,socio-economic and demographic factors.Furthermore,schistosomiasis is endemic in many parts of the country with infection due to Schistosoma haematobium being more prevalent than that due to S.mansoni.This review also found that S.haematobium was linked to genital lesions,thus increasing risks of contracting other diseases such as HIV and cervical cancer.Conclusions:For both S.haematobium and S.mansoni,environmental,socio-economic,and demographic factors were influential in the transmission and prevalence of the disease and highlight the need for detailed knowledge on ecological modelling and mapping the distribution of the disease and intermediate host snai

关键词： Biomphalaria Bulinus Epidemiology Ecology Literature review Schistosomiasis Schistosoma haematobium Schistosoma mansoni Zambia

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Insecticide resistance in malaria-transmitting mosquitoes in Zimbabwe: a review

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2015年第1期4卷 359-370页

作者： White Soko moses j.chimbari Samson Mukaratirwa School of Nursing and Public Health University of KwaZulu-NatalHoward CampusDurban 4001South Africa College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu-NatalKwaZulu-NatalSouth Africa Ministry of Health and Child Care National Institute of Health ResearchP.O.Box CY 573CausewayZimbabwe

Malaria is a global public health problem,with about 3.2 billion people at risk of infection.The populations at risk mainly reside in Africa,Asia and America,with African populations accounting for the largest burden of the disease.In 2013,close to 198 million malaria cases were reported,leading to 584,000 deaths.Much(90%)of the mortality rates were recorded from the World Health Organization(WHO)database in the African region and 78%of these occurred in children under the age of five.In Zimbabwe,approximately half of the population is at risk of infection with malaria.Insecticide residual spraying(IRS)has been documented as an effective way to control malaria and has been adopted globally by the WHO and national governments.However,both insecticide resistance and climate change threaten to reverse the progress made by IRS in malaria control.Resistance has been reported in all four classes of insecticides approved by the WHO for vector control intervention.Variability of environmental temperature is suspected to complicate the situation through alteration in the genetic structure,and enzyme and protein profiles of mosquitoes.In Zimbabwe,little research has been done on the interaction between climate change,temperature variability and insecticide resistance in malarial mosquitoes over time.Such information is important for informing policies on insecticide selection for IRS.We reviewed literature on insecticide sensitivity among malarial mosquitoes in Zimbabwe from 1972 to 2014.International peer-reviewed articles on insecticide sensitivity in Zimbabwe,published in English in this time period,were searched using MEDLINE®(PubMed),Google Scholar,Google and grey literature.Eight publications were eligible for the present study,with one of the articles being a review paper.Six articles covered insecticide resistance,while the other two articles,published in 2000,were about the absence of resistance.Contradicting resistance results were reported in 2014.The insecticide sensitivity status and distribution of insecticid

关键词： Malaria Mosquitoes Vector control Insecticide resistance Insecticide sensitivity Zimbabwe

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Malaria endemicity and co-infection with tissue-dwelling parasites in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2015年第1期4卷 290-299页

作者： Nyamongo W.Onkoba moses j.chimbari Samson Mukaratirwa College of Health Sciences School of Nursing and Public HealthUniversity of KwaZulu-NatalHoward CampusDurbanSouth Africa Departmet of Tropical Infectious Diseases Institute of Primate ResearchKarenNairobiKenya School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu-NatalWestville CampusDurbanSouth Africa

Mechanisms and outcomes of host-parasite interactions during malaria co-infections with gastrointestinal helminths are reasonably understood.In contrast,very little is known about such mechanisms in cases of malaria co-infections with tissue-dwelling parasites.This is lack of knowledge is exacerbated by misdiagnosis,lack of pathognomonic clinical signs and the chronic nature of tissue-dwelling helminthic infections.A good understanding of the implications of tissuedwelling parasitic co-infections with malaria will contribute towards the improvement of the control and management of such co-infections in endemic areas.This review summarises and discusses current information available and gaps in research on malaria co-infection with gastro-intestinal helminths and tissue-dwelling parasites with emphasis on helminthic infections,in terms of the effects of migrating larval stages and intra and extracellular localisations of protozoan parasites and helminths in organs,tissues,and vascular and lymphatic circulations.

关键词： Malaria Tissue-dwelling helminths Zoonosis Co-infection Immunomodulation

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Spatial Heterogeneity Association of HIV Incidence with Socio-economic Factors in Zimbabwe

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journal of Geographical Research 2021年第3期4卷 51-60页

作者： Tawanda Manyangadze moses j chimbari Emmanuel Mavhura Geography Department Faculty of Science and EngineeringBindura University of Science EducationBag 1020BinduraZimbabwe School of Nursing and Public Health Department of Public Health Medicine University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa

This study examined the spatial heterogeneity association of HIV incidence and socio-economic factors including poverty severity index,permanently employed females and males,unemployed females,percentage of poor households i.e.,poverty prevalence,night lights index,literacy rate,household food security,and Gini index at district level in Zimbabwe.A mix of spatial analysis methods including Poisson model based on original log likelihood ratios(LLR),global Moran’s I,local indicator of spatial association-LISA were employed to determine the HIV hotspots.Geographically Weighted Poisson Regression(GWPR)and semi-parametric GWPR(s-GWPR)were used to determine the spatial association between HIV incidence and socio-economic factors.HIV incidence(number of cases per 1000)ranged from 0.6(Buhera district)to 13.30(Mangwe district).Spatial clustering of HIV incidence was observed(Global Moran’s I=-0.150;Z score 3.038;p-value 0.002).Significant clusters of HIV were observed at district level.HIV incidence and its association with socio-economic factors varied across the districts except percentage of females unemployed.Intervention programmes to reduce HIV incidence should address the identified socio-economic factors at district level.

关键词： HIV and AIDS Spatial modelling Geographical weighted Poisson regression model Socio-economic factors Zimbabwe

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Efficacy of praziquantel treatment regimens in pre-school and school aged children infected with schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa:a systematic review

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2018年第1期7卷 723-729页

作者： Muhubiri Kabuyaya moses john chimbari Samson Mukaratirwa Discipline of Public Health Medicine Howard CollegeUniversity of KwaZulu-NatalP.O Box 4041DurbanSouth Africa College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa

Background:Schistosomiasis is a serious public health burden in sub-Saharan Africa.Praziquantel is the only drug recommended by the World Health Organization to treat both urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis.The reliance on a single drug to treat a disease with such a huge burden has raised concerns of possible drug resistance mainly in endemic areas.This systematic review was conducted to identify gaps and recent progress on the efficacy of different regimens of praziquantel in treating schistosomiasis among children in sub-Saharan Africa where Schistosoma mansoni and S.haematobium are endemic.Main text:A literature search of peer-reviewed journals was done on Google Scholar,MEDLINE(under EBSCOhost)and PubMed databases using pre-defined search terms and Boolean operators.The search included studies published from 2008 to 2017(August)with emphasis on the efficacy of praziquantel on S.haematobium and S.mansoni infections among preschool and school children.Nineteen publications satisfied the inclusion criteria for the review.The studies reviewed were from 10 sub-Saharan African countries and 7/19 of the studies(37%)were conducted in Uganda.Seven studies(37%)focused on Schistosoma mansoni,6/19(31.5%)on S.haematobium and another 6 on mixed infection.A single standard dose of 40 mg/kg body weight was the most used regimen(9)followed by the repeated single standard dose assessed for efficacy at 3-4 weeks post-treatment.Conclusions:A repeated standard dose of 40 mg/kg achieved satisfactory efficacy compared to a single dose against both parasite species.However,findings on efficacy of repeated doses in co-infection of S.mansoni and S.haematobium were not conclusive.Praziquantel administrated at 60 mg/kg was slightly more efficacious than the 40 mg/kg standard dose.Minor and transitory side-effects were reported for both regimens.The review indicates that further investigations are necessary to conclusively determine efficacy of praziquantel on coinfection of S.haematobium and S.mansoni to formulate concrete guide

关键词： Praziquantel Efficacy Resistance Schistosoma mansoni Schistosoma haematobium Sub-Saharan Africa

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Efficacy of praziquantel on Schistosoma haematobium and re-infection rates among school-going children in the Ndumo area of uMkhanyakude district,KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2017年第1期6卷 728-736页

作者： Muhubiri Kabuyaya moses john chimbari Tawanda Manyangadze Samson Mukaratirwa Discipline of Public Health Medicine Howard CollegeUniversity of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanP.O Box 4041South Africa College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa

Background:Despite its low cure rates and possible resistance,praziquantel(PZQ)is the only drug available for schistosomiasis treatment.Hence,monitoring its efficacy is crucial.This study assessed the efficacy of PZQ,determined re-infection and incidence rates of Schistosoma haematobium infection among school-going children in the Ndumo area,KwaZulu-Natal.Methods:A cohort of 320 school-going children(10-15 years)in 10 primary schools was screened for S.haematobium infection using the filtration technique.Infected children were treated at different times and hence were divided into two sub-cohorts;A1 and A2.Non-infected children constituted the sub-cohort B.Children who continued excreting viable eggs 4 weeks post-treatment received a second dose of PZQ.Re-infection rates were determined in sub-cohort A1 and A2 at 28 and 20 weeks post-treatment,respectively.Cure rates(CR)and egg reduction rates(ERR)were calculated.Incidence rate was assessed 28 weeks post baseline survey using children that were negative for schistosome eggs at that survey.Analysis of data was done using the Chi square and the Wilcoxon rank test.A 95%confidence interval with a P-value<0.05 determined significance.Results:At baseline,120(37.5%)of the 320 study participants were found infected with Schistosoma haematobium.Heavy infections accounted for 36.7%.The calculated cure rates were 88.07%and 82.92%for females and males,respectively.Egg Reduction Rates of 80%and 64%for females and males were observed 4 weeks after the initial treatment.After the second treatment,CR was 100%in females and 50%in males with an ERR of 100%in females and 70%in males.At 20 and 28 weeks post treatment,reinfection rates of 8.03%and 8.00%were observed,respectively,giving an overall rate of 8.1%.An incidence rate of 4.1%was observed 28 weeks after the baseline screening.Conclusions:The study indicated high CR while the ERR was low suggesting a reduced PZQ efficacy.The efficacy improved among females after the second dose.Re-infection rates at 20 and 28 weeks posttreatme

关键词： Schistosoma haematobium Praziquantel efficacy Reinfection Incidence Schoolchildren Ndumo KwaZulu-Natal South Africa

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Prevalence and risk factors of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases among preschool aged children (1-5 years) in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a cross-sectional study

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2019年第3期8卷 102-103页

作者： Hlengiwe Sacolo-Gwebu moses chimbari Chester Kalinda School of Nursing and Public Health College of Health SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu-NatalHoward CampusDurbanSouth Africa

Background:Despite efforts to control neglected tropical diseases(NTDs),schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases remain widely prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa.Recent data suggest that these infections are prevalent among preschool aged children(PSAC)in poor communities.Evidence of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths(STH)infection patterns and prevalence among PSAC is essential for effective treatment and control programmes.The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence,intensity and risk factors of schistosomiasis and STH infection among PSAC in the Ingwavuma area of uMkhanyakude District,South Africa.Methods:A cross-seaional study was conducted among 1143 PSAC aged 1-5 years in 34 preschools and early childhood development(ECD)centres.Data on risk factors was collected using a semi-struaured questionnaire.A Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the differences in infection intensity with age.Pearson Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression were performed to assess the association between PSAC infection status,sociodemographic,household,water and sanitation variables and hygiene practices of PSAC and their caregivers.Results:We observed a low prevalence o f Schistosom a haem atobium(1.0%)and 5.m ansoni(0.9%).The prevalence of Ascaris lum bricoides(18.3%)was high compared to Trichuris trichiuro(1.2%),hookworms(1.6%)and Taenio(6.4%).The odds of schistosome infection were lowest among PSAC under younger(15-24 years)caregivers(0.1,95%CI:0.02-0.54)and those who used tap water(0.3,95%Cl:0.09-0.78)for domestic purposes.Schistosome infection was however higher among PSAC who bathed in river water(17.4,95%CI:5.96-51.04).STH infection on the other hand was lowest among PSAC who did not play in soil(0.1,95%CI:0.51-0.28),were from households that used tap water for domestic purposes(0.5,95%CI:0.27-0.80)and PSAC under the care of younger(25-35 years)caregivers(0.3,95%Cl:0.10-0.75).The risk of STH infeaion was highest among PSAC who did not wash their hands with soap(3.5,95%CI:1.04-11.6

关键词： Prevalence Risk factor Schistosomiasis Soil-transmitted helminth Preschool aged children KwaZulu-Natal South Africa

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Phosphate,calcium,and vitamin D signaling,transport,and metabolism in the endometria of cyclic ewes

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journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2023年第3期14卷 1012-1025页

作者： Claire Stenhouse Makenzie G.Newton Katherine M.Halloran Robyn M.moses Nirvay Sah Larry j.Suva Fuller W.Bazer Departments of Animal Science Texas A&M UniversityKleberg CenterTX 77843‑2471 College StationUSA Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology Texas A&M UniversityTX 77843 College StationUSA

Background Recent evidence suggests important roles for progesterone(P4)and interferon tau in the regulation of calcium,phosphate,and vitamin D signaling in the uteri of pregnant sheep.However,the effects of P4 and estradiol(E2),with respect to the expression of their receptors PGR and ESR1,respectively,in uterine epithelia on mineral signaling during the estrous cycle has not been investigated.Estrous cycles of mature Suffolk ewes were synchronized,prostaglandin F2αwas administered,and ewes were observed for estrus(designated as Day 0)in the presence of vasectomized rams.On Days 1,9,or 14 of the estrous cycle,hysterectomies were performed.Results 25-hydroxyvitamin D was more abundant in plasma from ewes on Day 14 than Day 1(P<0.05).Expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2(FGFR2),a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17(ADAM17),and parathyroid hormone-related protein(PTHrP)mRNAs was greater in endometria on Day 9 compared to Days 1 and 14(P<0.01).Similarly,expression of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 6(TRPV6)mRNA was greater in endometria on Day 9 than Day 1(P<0.05).ATPase plasma membrane Ca^(2+)transporting 4(ATP2B4)and S100 calcium binding protein G(S100G)mRNA expression was greater in endometria on Day 14 than on Days 1 and 9(P<0.01).In contrast,endometrial expression of vitamin D receptor(VDR)mRNA was lower on Days 9 and 14 than Day 1(P<0.01).Expression of klotho(KL)(P<0.05)and cytochrome P450 family 24 subfamily A member 1(CYP24)(P<0.01)mRNAs was lower on Day 14 than Days 1 and 9.ADAM17,FGF23,CYP2R1,CYP27B1,KL,and VDR proteins immunolocalized to the uterine myometrium,blood vessels,and uterine luminal(LE),superficial glandular(sGE),and glandular(GE)epithelia.S100A9 protein was weakly expressed in the uterine myometrium,LE,sGE,and GE.Immunoreactivity of CYP2R1 and KL proteins in uterine LE and sGE was less on Day 1 than on Days 9 and 14.In contrast,S100G protein was expressed exclusively by GE,and immunoreactive S100G protein was less on Day 9.S100A12 protein localized to

关键词： Calcium Endometrium Ovine Phosphate Vitamin D

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Dynamics of sexual development in teleosts with a note on Mugil cephalus

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Aquaculture and Fisheries 2022年第5期7卷 507-518页

作者： j.Logamanya Tilak Angeline Samuel A.Kalarani R.moses Inbaraj Endocrinology Unit Department of ZoologyMadras Christian CollegeTambaramChennai600059India

The process of sex determination(SD)and sex differentiation(Sd)with associated sex-specific behaviour in teleosts is brought about by genetic factors and environmental factors under the influence of chemical messengers.SD is initiated by inherited genes,which in turn influence Sd by the production of hormones.To understand the plasticity of SD in fishes,the functional role of genes must be clearly elucidated.During early development,the dimorphic expression of male and female are mediated by the differentially sexualized brain.In mammals,SD region(SDR)on the Y chromosome(SRY)can be considered as male-specific copy of SOX3 and in the absence of SRY in teleosts suggests SD might be regulated by alternate genes.DM(doublesex/mab)-related genes,AMH(anti-mullerian hormone),TGF-b(transforming growth factor beta),GSDF(gonadal soma derived growth factor)and other genes(around 18)located in chromosomes of teleosts are found to be responsible for SD.The SD gene,sdY(sexually dimorphic on the Y chromosome)has been detected in more than 15 salmonid species,and in medaka and tilapia SD system is governed by heterogametic mechanism.In mullet,Mugil cephalus Dor et al.identified 27 SDR genes and suggested to be potential candidate genes for SD.Recently whole-genome sequencing data were produced from mullet and assembled into a draft genome sequence in which>30 loci are potentially associated with SD.Further analysis is required to know the involvement of each sex-biased gene for its functional influence on sex.Investigators attempted to know the sex-linkage group in tilapia and found that 2 linkage group i.e.LG1 and LG22 show SD loci,whereas in mullet it was documented that LG8 is the SD loci.Rigorous study with all male population(YY)or knockout of male marker gene,might give conclusive understanding on SD in future.The review highlights the absence of genomic understanding of SD and SDR genes for futuristic direction of research.

关键词： Sex determination SRY sdY Sex differentiation Mugil cephalus

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