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Evaluation of the Antifungal Activity of Aqueous and Alcoholic Extracts of Six Spices

American Journal of Plant Sciences 2016年第1期7卷 118-125页

作者： moses ikegbunam Maduagwu Ukamaka Osazuwa Emmanuel Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology University of Benin Benin Nigeria

Background: Nigeria is plagued with a variety of socioeconomic problems mainly poverty, poor access to quality healthcare and poor hygienic conditions resulting in the myriad of fungal infections that are frequently encountered in clinical practice. Method: The antifungal activity of aqueous, methanolic, propanolic and benzyl alcohol extracts of Capsicum annuum fruits and seeds, Capsicum chinense fruits and seeds, Aframomum melegueta pods and seeds, Allium sativum bulbs, Allium cepa bulbs and Zingiber officinale rhizomes on Candida albicans (yeast), Aspergillus niger (mould) and Trichophyton rubrum (dermatophyte) were evaluated by the agar well diffusion method. The aqueous and alcoholic filtered plant extracts were obtained by maceration, and also methanolic extracts were also obtained by Soxhlet extraction. The results were obtained by measuring the inhibition zone diameter in millimeters and were presented by subtracting the activity of the control. Results: Aqueous and methanolic extracts of Allium sativum gave the highest inhibition of the growth of Candida albicans (22 mm), followed closely by its propanolic extract with inhibition zone diameter of 15 mm, and also, propanolic extracts of Aframomum melegueta and Allium cepa gave inhibition zone diameters of 12 mm each. Soxhlet methanolic extract of Allium sativum had the highest inhibition of the growth of Aspergillus niger with an inhibition zone diameter of 25 mm, followed closely by Zingiber officinale Soxhlet methanolic extract with an inhibition zone diameter of 22 mm, also, the propanolic extract of Allium sativum gave an inhibition zone diameter of 21 mm, whereas Soxhlet methanolic extracts of Aframomum melegueta and Allium cepa gave an inhibition zone diameter of 19 mm each. The highest activity against Trichophyton rubrum was obtained with the Soxhlet methanolic extract of Allium sativum (39 mm), followed closely by its propanolic extract with an inhibition zone diameter of 27 mm. An inhibition zone di

关键词： Spices Antifungal Activity Agar Well Diffusion

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Comparison of Microscopic Determination and Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) in the Detection of Plasmodium Infection

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Advances in Microbiology 2015年第8期5卷 604-609页

作者： Onyeka Linda Anagu moses Nkechukwu ikegbunam Chinelo Kene Unachukwu Ogwaluonye Uchenna C Charles Okey Esimone Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria

Malaria infection is the most common diagnosis made in Africa. Efficient diagnosis of malaria parasite is very vital for treatment of malaria infection. The efficacy of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) in comparison to microscopy, the gold standard, in the diagnosis of malaria in Nigeria has not been fully ascertained. This study compared the sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of RDTs available in Nigeria market with microscopy. Two RDT kits were used and their results were compared with the gold standard, microscopy using thick and thin blood films (TBF and tBF). TBF had sensitivity of 85%, specificity of 30%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 55.2%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 66.6%;tBF had sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 35%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 55.2%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 63.6%. Among the RDTs, Care Start HRP2 kit had sensitivity of 65%, specificity of 50%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 56.5%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 59% while SD Bioline kit had sensitivity of 55%, specificity of 65%, PPV of 61%, and NPV of 59%. It can thus be inferred that rapid diagnostic test kits are not as sensitive as microscopy in diagnosis of malaria parasite, but they are more accurate and are thus suitable alternatives to microscopy.

关键词： Plasmodium falciparium Microscopy Rapid Diagnostic Tests

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Evaluation of Antiplasmodial Effect of Methanol Leaf Extract and Fractions of Eucalyptus camadulensis (Denhn) in Albino Wistar Mice

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2023年第6期14卷 662-676页

作者： Amarachi Akachukwu moses ikegbunam Emmanuel Enyi Theresa Osarunwese Ifeyinwa Onochie-Igbinedion Harrison Abone Dorothy Ezeagwuna Joy Nnanna Chibueze Ihekwereme Chukwuemeka Nworu Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Molecular Research Foundation for Students and Scientists Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of Parasitology and Entomology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Nigeria Nsukka Nigeria

Nigeria is one of the malaria-endemic countries, where the treatment of malaria has relied heavily on natural and traditional medicines. This study was designed to investigate and ascertain the preference of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in treating malaria using three standard models among local herbalists. Extraction was carried out on the leaves of Eucalyptus camadulensis using methanol. The methanol crude extract and other solvent fractions obtained were used for analysis. An acute toxicity test (LD50) was carried out using Lorke’s Method. The extract and its fractions were screened for phytochemical constituents using standard procedures. Different doses of the methanol crude extract (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg) and other solvent fractions (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg) were assessed for their antiplasmodial property using the Suppressive, Curative, and Prophylactic models on different days. One hundred and eighty grams (18% w/w) of the extract were recovered from 1000 g of powdered leaves. The weight of fractions and their yields calculated from 50 g crude extract are n-hexane fraction (3.45 g, 6.9%), ethylacetate fraction (11.65 g, 23.3%), and butanol (7.84 g, 15.68%). The result of the acute toxicity test showed that the lethal dose of the plant was above 5000 mg/kg. For the crude extract, the 1000 mg/kg dose had the highest percentage of parasitemia suppression of 97.3%, 95.30%, and 75.97% in the curative, suppressive, and prophylactic models, respectively. The fractions exhibited a significant chemosuppressive effect when compared with the negative control, with the butanol fraction (500 mg/kg) showing a higher percentage suppression. The findings in this study justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine for the management of malaria fever and tally with its folkloric use. However, more research is needed to establish the functions of the constituents in relation to antiplasmodial activity.

关键词： Eucalyptus camadulensis Antiplasmodial

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The Prevalence of Dengue Virus and Malaria Co-Infection among HIV-Infected Patients within South Eastern Nigeria

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2022年第1期12卷 106-117页

作者： Onochie-Igbinedion Ifeyinwa Theresa Osarumwense ikegbunam moses Nkechukwu Ekpunobi Nzube Favour Ibeagha Izuchukwu Chukwuma Okechukwu George Adikwu Micheal Umale Esimone Charles Okechukwu Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Molecular Research Foundation for Students and Scientists Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku-Ozalla Enugu Nigeria APIN Public Health Initiative Makurdi Benue State Nigeria Medical Laboratory Science Department Nnamdi Azikiwe University Nnewi Nigeria Department of Pharmaceutics University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN) Nsukka Enugu Nigeria

Background: Dengue and malaria are infections of great public health concern, especially in tropical countries like Nigeria where the burden of HIV infection is high. This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of dengue virus and dengue/malaria coinfection among febrile HIV-infected patients attending the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital and Nnamdi Azikiwe University teaching university both in the southeastern region of Nigeria. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, blood samples from 338 consenting HIV-infected patients were collected and tested for plasmodiasis and DENV using malaria microscopy and ELISA, respectively. Interviewer-based questionnaires were used to assess subjects’ sociodemographic variables and dengue risk factors. This study was conducted within the peak period of the dry season (January-February 2016). Results: Of the 338 screened participants, 13.02% were seropositive for DENV, whereas 55.8% were positive for Plasmodium spp. About 2.7% were positive for both dengue virus and Plasmodium spp. The overall seroprevalence of dengue virus by NS1 antigenemia, IgM and IgG antibodies was 9.5%, 5.6% and 8%. Conclusion: The high prevalence of malaria and DENV indicates the need to strengthen vector control and dengue surveillance programs.

关键词： Dengue Malaria Coinfection Seroprevalence Southeast Nigeria

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HIV-1 RNA Viral Load, CD4 Count and Some Haematological Parameters of People Living with HIV in the Enugu Metropolis

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World Journal of AIDS 2023年第2期13卷 57-69页

作者： Izuchukwu Ibeagha Evelyn Ada Kyrian-Ogbonna Felix Emelike Ekene Ibeagha Emmanuel Enyi Theresa Osarunwese Ifeyinwa Onochie-Igbinedion Harrison Abone Dorothy Ezeagwuna Chinwe Chukwuka moses ikegbunam Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) Laboratory University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku Enugu Nigeria APIN Public Health Initiative Makurdi Nigeria Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Medical Laboratory Department Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma Nigeria Center for Clinical Care and Clinical Research of Nigeria (CCRN) Makurdi Nigeria Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of Parasitology and Entomology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Molecular Research Foundation for Students and Scientists (MRFSS) Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria

Background: It is widely known that the human immune-deficiency virus (HIV) induces biochemical and physiological changes in affected persons. Consequently, the overall aim of this study was to evaluate the HIV-1 RNA viral load, CD4 count, and certain haematological parameters among HIV treatment-na?ve subjects in the Enugu metropolis of Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 252 HIV-infected, ART-native subjects (≥18) attending the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) in Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu were recruited for this study and were made up of 157 (62.3%) females and 95 (37.7%) males. A total of 250 HIV-negative subjects were used as control subjects (100 males and 150 females). Blood samples were collected from all the participants and their HIV-1 status was confirmed by an immunoblot confirmatory test. Their haematological parameters and CD4 count were evaluated, while the HIV-1 viral load was only assessed on confirmed HIV-positive subjects. Results: There was female predominance (62.3%) among these HIV-positive subjects. The mean age of HIV-positive subjects was 39.16 ± 10.08 years while the mean age of the control subjects was 34.8 ± 8.6 years. The age group of 31 - 40 years (102/252 (40.5%)) constituted most of the test subjects. The total white blood cells (TWBC) (6.05 ± 5.46), lymphocyte counts (36 ± 14), haemoglobin concentrations (Hb) (9.85 ± 7.36) and the CD4 counts (242 ± 228) of the HIV-infected subjects showed a significant difference when compared with their control counterpart values of TWBC (4.5 ± 0.568), lymphocytes (39.67 ± 8.2), Hb (13.48 ± 1.5), and CD4 counts (807 ± 249) (p 0.05). Anaemia, lymphocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia were the haematological abnormalities seen in the HIV-positive subjects. HIV viral load correlated with haemoglobin concentration, CD4 count, lymphocyte count, and neutrophil count (p Conclusion: Prognostic factors, such as haemoglobin concentrations, CD4 counts, lymphocyte counts, and neutrophil counts can be

关键词： HIV-1 RNA CD4 Count Haematological Parameters

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Comparative Performance of Different Malaria Diagnostic Tools among Pregnant Cohorts in Onitsha Southeast Nigeria

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2021年第4期11卷 384-394页

作者： Christian Chibuzo Uba moses Nkechukwu ikegbunam Ifeoma Sandra Anagor Lilian Chinyere Eleanya Eucharia Nkiruka Ezeumeh Stephen Nnaemeka Ezekwueche Edith Chinenye Okechukwu Charles Okechukwu Esimone Department of Microbiology Paul University Awka Nigeria Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of Microbiology Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Uli Campus Uli Nigeria Department of Medical Laboratory Science Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Igbariam Campus Igbariam Nigeria

Background of Study: The reliability of microscopic techniques has become questionable in most endemic regions in Africa leading to its decreased utilization and increased utilization of RDT kits and other laboratory-based methods. Objective: To evaluate the performance of Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) kits and nest Polymerase Chain Reaction (nPCR) methods in detecting malaria infections among pregnant women visiting private hospitals in Onitsha district area of Anambra State, South-Eastern Nigeria. Methods: A total of 100 blood samples of pregnant women submitted to medical laboratory units of private maternal hospitals for malaria diagnosis in Onitsha district area were randomly selected for this study. Diagnosis was through microscopy, RDT kit (SD Bioline Pf-only test) and nPCR. Results: Pregnant cohorts had 95, 90 and 12 positive samples confirmed through microscopy RDT and nPCR respectively. RDT had a sensitivity and specificity of 89.47% and 0% while nPCR recorded sensitivity and specificity of 12.63% and 100% respectively. RDT and nPCR have a positive predictive value (PPV) of 94.44% of 100% respectively. Conclusion: This study revealed that nPCR is more efficient and reliable when compared with RDT in the diagnosis of malaria infection, having recorded the highest value for positive predictive value (PPV) and specificity than the RDT among pregnant women.

关键词： RDT Microscopy PCR Sensitivity Specificity Pregnancy

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Comparison of Four Diagnostic Tests Methods for the Detection of Dengue Virus Non-Structural-1 Antigen and IgM/IgG Antibodies

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2022年第5期10卷 179-190页

作者： moses N. ikegbunam Ifeyinwa T.O. Onochie-Igbinedion Nzube F. Ekpunobi Abone Harrison Enyi Emmanuel Simon Nkpeh Ushie Micheal U. Adiukwu Charles O. Esimone Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Molecular Research Foundation for Students and Scientists Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of Medical Microbiology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of Pharmaceutics University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN) Nsukka Nigeria

Objectives: Dengue virus (DENV) infection is a mosquito-borne disease that stands out as one of the major public health issues and has a wide-ranging geographical distribution throughout the tropics and subtropics. The general alarming increase in the number of cases over the last two decades can be attributed to an extent by the change in national practices to keeping records and reporting dengue to the Ministries of Health, and WHO. Dengue diagnosis is routinely carried out by detection of dengue virus (DENV) antigen NS1 (Non-structural Antigen 1) and/or anti-DENV IgM/IgG antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). This study compared the performance of three RDTs and one ELISA used for dengue diagnosis in southeastern, Nigeria. Design: This study adopted a cross-sectional design that included prospective hospital-based surveillance of cases among febrile participants attending two major health facilities within the southeastern region of Nigeria. In this study, 338 HIV-infected participants from two teaching hospitals in Nigeria’s southeast were systematically tested for Dengue with four methods: NS1 RDT, IgG RDT, IgM RDT, and NS1 ELISA. Their specificities and sensitivities were compared, as well as their level of concordance. Their respective performances were also evaluated using the Receivers Operational curve (ROC). Results: Out of the 338 patients, the dengue prevalence from the four dengue diagnostic methods Dengue virus NS1 ELISA, NS1 RDT, IgM and IgG seropositivity were 8.9%, 0.6%, 5.6%, and 8.0%, respectively. The Dengue IgM RDT test indicated 36.8% sensitivity, 92.8% specificity, the IgG anti-dengue specific test indicated 29.6% sensitivity, 92.9% specificity and the dengue NS1 RDT test indicated 3.3% sensitivity, 99.4% specificity when compared with the Dengue NSI Elisa test method as a reference method. Conclusion: The use of NSI ELISA for DENV diagnosis showed good performance and the RDTs showed,

关键词： Dengue Virus Diagnosis Methods Comparison Performance Southeastern Nigeria

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